{"id":35758,"date":"2019-10-31T22:06:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:06:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:06:11","slug":"zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev","title":{"rendered":"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd stres: interspecifick\u00e1 synchronizace \u00farovn\u011b kortizolu na p\u0159\u00edkladu ps\u016f a jejich majitel\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\n
\n\u010clov\u011bk je soci\u00e1ln\u00ed bytost. I kdy\u017e se jedinec sna\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt odd\u011blen\u00fd nebo distancovan\u00fd, na n\u011bj tak \u010di onak budou m\u00edt vliv ostatn\u00ed lid\u00e9, a\u0165 u\u017e si to uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, nebo ne. Tento jev se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed reakce uvnit\u0159 druhu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm slovem v t\u00e9to dlouh\u00e9 definici je \"uvnit\u0159 druhu\". To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee takovou reakci lze pozorovat nejen ve skupin\u00e1ch lid\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 ve st\u00e1d\u011b pt\u00e1k\u016f, v lvu nebo dokonce ve st\u00e1du ovc\u00ed. Organismy, kter\u00e9 jsou v t\u011bsn\u00e9m kontaktu po dlouhou dobu, na sebe tak \u010di onak budou p\u016fsobit, v\u010detn\u011b aspekt\u016f psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu. Dnes se budeme bavit o v\u00fdzkumu, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledky, podle autor\u016f, se staly prvn\u00edm hmatateln\u00fdm d\u016fkazem interspecifick\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed reakce. Jak se tento jev projevuje, kdo se stal pokusn\u00fdm objektem ve v\u00fdzkumu a \u010d\u00edm v\u011bdci podkl\u00e1daj\u00ed sv\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry? To se dozv\u00edme z reportu v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Jdeme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nPokud se zept\u00e1te, jak\u00fdmi charakteristikami se \u010dlov\u011bk odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00edch bytost\u00ed, mnoz\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed inteligenci, a to bude spr\u00e1vn\u00e9. Jin\u00ed p\u0159idaj\u00ed soci\u00e1lnost a emocionalitu, ale tyto p\u0159\u00edvlastky se net\u00fdkaj\u00ed pouze lid\u00ed. Jak\u00e1koliv bytost \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed ve skupin\u00e1ch je soci\u00e1ln\u00ed. Co se t\u00fd\u010de emoc\u00ed, \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt a m\u00e1 \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spektrum emoc\u00ed a metod jejich vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad surikata, ale emoce nejsou jeho unik\u00e1tn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed stav jedince je siln\u011b spojen s prost\u0159ed\u00edm, v n\u011bm\u017e \u017eije, zejm\u00e9na se spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ho obklopuje. V\u011bdci tomu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed naka\u017eliv\u00e9 emoce, mezi kter\u00fdmi je nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \"infekc\u00ed\" stres. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee u student\u016f, jejich\u017e u\u010ditel vn\u00e1\u0161el trval\u00fd stres, je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 hladina kortizolu*<\/i>. <\/p>\n

Kortizol*<\/b> je biologicky aktivn\u00ed glukokortikoidn\u00ed hormon, kter\u00fd se pod\u00edl\u00ed na reakc\u00edch organismu na stresov\u00e9 situace.<\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Podobn\u00fd obraz lze pozorovat i u pr\u00e9riov\u00fdch hrabo\u0161\u016f (Microtus ochrogaster), kter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed korelaci hladin stresu s partnerem, kter\u00fd byl d\u0159\u00edve vystaven stresoru*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Stresor*<\/b> \u2014 jak\u00fdkoli faktor, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 stres.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ale to jsou p\u0159\u00edklady intraspecifick\u00e9 korelace stresu. Mezi druhy tak\u00e9 existuje, a\u010dkoli nen\u00ed tak prozkoum\u00e1na. Aby to bylo napraveno, v\u011bdci navrhli prozkoumat \u00farovn\u011b stresu u dom\u00e1c\u00edch ps\u016f a jejich majitel\u016f. Jak jsme ji\u017e diskutovali minul\u00fd p\u00e1tek<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010dlov\u011bk a pes spolu existuj\u00ed ji\u017e tis\u00edce let. Oba jsou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed bytosti, tak\u017ee je docela o\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00e9, \u017ee psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed interakce m\u00e1 m\u00edsto v takov\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a jeho \u010dty\u0159noh\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtelem m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout mezi druhy dlouhodob\u00e1 synchronizace stresov\u00e9ho hormonu (kortizolu), jeho\u017e \u00farove\u0148 lze prov\u011b\u0159it pomoc\u00ed vlas\u016f. Krev a sliny byly vylou\u010deny, proto\u017ee tyto materi\u00e1ly poskytuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, zat\u00edmco vlasy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed posoudit dlouhodob\u00e9 hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed pozad\u00ed. Vlasy rostou, jakkoli ban\u00e1ln\u011b to m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt, a kortizol v nich zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 svou stopu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeho prozkoum\u00e1n\u00edm lze z\u00edskat retrospektivn\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159 koncentrac\u00ed tohoto hormonu. Podobn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza ji\u017e byla provedena s \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed matek a jejich d\u011bt\u00ed, jejich\u017e \u00farove\u0148 kortizolu byla synchronizov\u00e1na na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o psy, d\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed ve spojen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka se sv\u00fdm dom\u00e1c\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem je tr\u00e9nink a nastaven\u00ed hierarchie. Pokud pes nen\u00ed vycvi\u010den, m\u016f\u017ee se chovat nevhodn\u011b (nap\u0159\u00edklad zal\u00e9vat va\u0161e obl\u00edben\u00e9 kv\u011btiny tak, jak byste si to nep\u0159\u00e1li, nebo \u0161t\u011bkat a \u00fato\u010dit na kolemjdouc\u00ed). Aby dos\u00e1hli discipl\u00edny, pes mus\u00ed ch\u00e1pat, \u017ee jeho majitel je v\u016fdce, tedy dominantn\u00ed jedinec ve sme\u010dce. Proces tr\u00e9nov\u00e1n\u00ed a disciplinov\u00e1n\u00ed ps\u016f vede nejen k emocion\u00e1ln\u00edmu spojen\u00ed mezi n\u00edm a \u010dlov\u011bkem, ale tak\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z dy\u00e1d*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Dy\u00e1da*<\/b> \u2014 symbi\u00f3za, v n\u00ed\u017e existuje hierarchick\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost. Dy\u00e1da je tak\u00e9 souhrn dvou navz\u00e1jem spojen\u00fdch objekt\u016f, tedy p\u00e1r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00darove\u0148 kortizolu, jak uk\u00e1zaly studie, u ps\u016f a \u010dlov\u011bka tak\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na osobnostn\u00edch charakteristik\u00e1ch majitele a dokonce na kombinaci pohlav\u00ed psa\/majitele v dy\u00e1d\u011b. <\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\n\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci studie: border kolie (vlevo) a sheltie (vpravo).<\/i><\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to studii se v\u011bdci rozhodli podrobn\u011bji prozkoumat ot\u00e1zku interspecifick\u00e9 psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed synchronizace na p\u0159\u00edkladu diody \u010dlov\u011bk-pes. K tomu bylo pozv\u00e1no 58 lid\u00ed a jejich dom\u00e1c\u00edch mazl\u00ed\u010dk\u016f (t.j. 58 di\u00e1d). V\u011bdci sledovali fyzickou aktivitu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho psa pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho obojku, kter\u00fd p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161el data o stavu organismu psa. \u00darove\u0148 kortizolu u ps\u016f a majitel\u016f byla m\u011b\u0159ena v letn\u00edch a zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 analyzovat jeho zm\u011bny v obdob\u00ed mezi odb\u011brem biologick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (srst). Ve studii byly z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bny psi dvou plemen \u2013 sheltie (33 jedinc\u016f: 18 samic a 15 samc\u016f) a border kolie (25 jedinc\u016f: 13 samic a 12 samc\u016f), mezi kter\u00fdmi byli jak b\u011b\u017en\u00ed mazl\u00ed\u010dci, tak trval\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci r\u016fzn\u00fdch sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed. V\u0161echny majitelky ps\u016f byly \u017eeny. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk ps\u016f z t\u00e9to skupiny byl 4,7 \u00b1 0,4 roku pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 mazl\u00ed\u010dky a 4,7 \u00b1 0,7 pro \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk majitelek ps\u016f byl 46,3 \u00b1 1,7 roku.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nPro anal\u00fdzu efektu \u010dlov\u011bka na psa byla pou\u017eita zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 line\u00e1rn\u00ed model se zohledn\u011bn\u00edm pohlav\u00ed, plemene a \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu mazl\u00ed\u010dk\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1<\/i><\/p>\n

Jak je vid\u011bt na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m grafu, \u00farove\u0148 kortizolu majitele skute\u010dn\u011b siln\u011b ovliv\u0148uje stejn\u00fd ukazatel u ps\u016f jak v zim\u011b (N = 55, \u03c72 = 13.796, P < 0.001, \u03b2 = 0.027), tak v l\u00e9t\u011b (N = 57, \u03c72 = 23.697, P < 0.001, \u03b2 = 0.235). Jin\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b kortizolu u \u010dlov\u011bka se to sam\u00e9 d\u011blo i u ps\u016f.<\/p>\n

V letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch byly nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vztahy mezi HCC (koncentrace kortizolu v srsti) \u010dlov\u011bka a \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem psa (\u03c72 = 6.268, P = 0.012, 2A<\/b>) a mezi HCC a pohlav\u00edm psa (\u03c72 = 5.200, P = 0.023, 2B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2: vztah HCC a \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu (2A<\/b>); vztah HCC a pohlav\u00ed psa (2B<\/b>).<\/i><\/p>\n

Vliv na HCC \u010dlov\u011bka m\u011bli v\u0161ichni psi bez ohledu na pohlav\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed styl, ale nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm efektem disponovaly samice a psi, kte\u0159\u00ed se \u00fa\u010dastnili sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V zim\u011b m\u011bl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv plemeno (\u03c72 = 6,451, P = 0,011): u sheltie byla HCC v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e u border kolie (12.905 \u00b1 1.417 oproti 12.069 \u00b1 1.203).<\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3: vztah HCC a ro\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, kdy byly odebr\u00e1ny biologick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pro anal\u00fdzu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch faktor\u016f existuj\u00ed i jin\u00e9 (pracuje-li majitel psa, v\u011bk psa, \u017eila-li se jin\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty atd.). Tyto faktory v\u0161ak m\u011bly na v\u00fdsledky prakticky zanedbateln\u00fd vliv, proto se jimi v\u011bdci d\u00e1le nezab\u00fdvali.<\/p>\n

Fyzick\u00e1 aktivita v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee skute\u010dn\u011b ovlivnit hladinu kortizolu v t\u011ble, proto se v\u011bdci rozhodli prov\u011b\u0159it vztah mezi dlouhodobou hladinou kortizolu a aktivitou ps\u016f. Stav \u010dty\u0159noh\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho obojku monitorovali po dobu 1 t\u00fddne, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bdci vybrali 3 pracovn\u00ed a 1 voln\u00fd den pro anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu, kter\u00e9 psi str\u00e1vili ve stavu st\u0159edn\u00ed a vysok\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 aktivity, bylo v korelaci s HCC ps\u016f. P\u0159itom nebyly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 korelace ani s letn\u00edm HCC (N = 44, r = -0,213, P = 0,165), ani se zimn\u00edm HCC (N = 43, r = -0,239, P = 0,122).<\/p>\n

Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm faktorem, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje hladinu kortizolu, z\u016fst\u00e1val charakter, tedy osobnostn\u00ed rysy psa a jeho majitele. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci studie vyplnili 2 dotazn\u00edky: DPQ (Dotazn\u00edk osobnosti psa) a The Big Five Inventory (dotazn\u00edk osobnostn\u00edch rys\u016f \u010dlov\u011bka).<\/p>\n

Jak se uk\u00e1zalo, charakter majitele m\u00e1 velk\u00fd vliv na hladinu kortizolu jeho psa. Zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se \u00farove\u0148 neurotismu u \u010dlov\u011bka m\u011bla negativn\u00ed vliv na HCC psa (l\u00e9to: \u03c72 = 7.951, P = 0.005, \u03b2 = \u22120.364; zima: \u03c72 = 4.919, P = 0.027, \u03b2 = \u22120.026).<\/p>\n

Nakonec v\u011bdci zkoumali, jak sama ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed hladinu kortizolu, nebo\u0165 vzorky byly z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny v l\u00e9t\u011b a v zim\u011b. Zjistili, \u017ee v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed je hladina stresov\u00e9ho hormonu v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v l\u00e9t\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"Naka\u017eliv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/i><\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza vztahu mezi ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm a \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee dom\u00e1c\u00ed psi maj\u00ed v zim\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladinu kortizolu, zat\u00edmco sout\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed psi v l\u00e9t\u011b (4A<\/b>). Pokud jde o rozd\u00edl v pohlav\u00ed, samice vykazovaly vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed HCC jak v zim\u011b, tak v l\u00e9t\u011b (4B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nVztah psychicko-emo\u010dn\u00edch stav\u016f dvou nebo v\u00edce jedinc\u016f stejn\u00e9ho druhu, kte\u0159\u00ed spolu \u017eij\u00ed po del\u0161\u00ed dobu, byl a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nesporn\u00fd. Co se t\u00fd\u010de mezidruhov\u00e9 synchronizace kortizolu, v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch objev\u016f se nedo\u010dk\u00e1me. Tato pr\u00e1ce nebyla zam\u011b\u0159ena na objevy, ale byla nezbytn\u00e1 k potvrzen\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve vysloven\u00e9 teorie, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk a pes, jako z\u00e1stupci soci\u00e1ln\u00edch druh\u016f, maj\u00ed siln\u00fd vliv jeden na druh\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci z univerzity v Link\u00f6pingu (\u0160v\u00e9dsko), kte\u0159\u00ed toto v\u00fdzkum provedli, se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee psi jsou projekc\u00ed emo\u010dn\u00edho stavu sv\u00fdch majitel\u016f. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv na psa v oblasti dlouhodob\u00e9 synchronizace hladiny kortizolu. Krom\u011b toho tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee podobn\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 studie d\u0159\u00edve nebyla provedena.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ekvapuje n\u00e1s v\u00fdsledek t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce, byl pro n\u00e1s neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd? Sp\u00ed\u0161e ne, ne\u017e ano. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b jsme znovu z\u00edskali v\u011bdeck\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed r\u010den\u00ed \u201ejsme odpov\u011bdn\u00ed za ty, kter\u00e9 jsme zkrotili\u201c. <\/p>\n

P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b>

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed, milujte zv\u00ed\u0159ata a v\u0161em p\u0159eji skv\u00e9l\u00e9 v\u00edkendov\u00e9 chv\u00edle, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42 <\/p>\n

\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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