{"id":35942,"date":"2019-10-31T22:07:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gps-dlya-navoznogo-zhuka-multimodalnaya-sistema-orientirovaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:07:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:54","slug":"gps-dlya-navoznogo-zhuka-multimodalnaya-sistema-orientirovaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/gps-dlya-navoznogo-zhuka-multimodalnaya-sistema-orientirovaniya","title":{"rendered":"GPS pro hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji: multimod\u00e1ln\u00ed orienta\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\nExistuj\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 jsme si kladli nebo se na n\u011b sna\u017eili odpov\u011bd\u011bt: pro\u010d je obloha modr\u00e1, kolik hv\u011bzd je na nebi, kdo je siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed - b\u00edl\u00fd \u017eralok nebo kosatka atd. A jsou ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 jsme si nekladli, ale odpov\u011b\u010f na n\u011b nen\u00ed o nic m\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. K takov\u00fdm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m pat\u0159\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed: co tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 se rozhodli zkoumat v\u011bdci ze spojen\u00fdch univerzit v Lund (\u0160v\u00e9dsko), Witwatersrand (JAR), Stockholm (\u0160v\u00e9dsko) a W\u00fcrzburg (N\u011bmecko)? Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b to je n\u011bco velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho, velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9ho a neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho. No, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 s t\u00edmto jednozna\u010dn\u011b souhlasit, ale rozhodn\u011b je to velmi fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed, a to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b - jak se hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji orientuje v prostoru. Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale n\u00e1\u0161 sv\u011bt je pln\u00fd v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nejsou tak jednoduch\u00e9, jak se zdaj\u00ed, a hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji je toho d\u016fkazem. Tak\u017ee, co je tak unik\u00e1tn\u00ed na naviga\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu hmyzu \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho na hnoji, jak to v\u011bdci ov\u011b\u0159ili a jak\u00fd to m\u00e1 vztah k sout\u011b\u017ei? Na tyto a dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky najdeme odpov\u011bdi v zpr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Poj\u010fme na to.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed hrdina<\/h3>\n

\nNejd\u0159\u00edve se seznamme s hlavn\u00edm hrdinou t\u00e9to studie. Je siln\u00fd, pracovit\u00fd, d\u016fvtipn\u00fd, hezk\u00fd a pe\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Je to hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji z nad\u010deledi skaraboidn\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\nHmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji dostal sv\u00e9 m\u00e9n\u011b atraktivn\u00ed jm\u00e9no kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm gastronomick\u00fdm preferenc\u00edm. Na jednu stranu to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt trochu odpudiv\u00e9, ale pro hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji je to skv\u011bl\u00fd zdroj \u017eivin, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina druh\u016f t\u00e9to rodiny nepot\u0159ebuje jin\u00e9 zdroje potravy ani vody. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou je druh Deltochilum valgum, jeho\u017e z\u00e1stupci si r\u00e1di pochutnaj\u00ed na stono\u017ek\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed hmyzu \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho na hnoji by mohlo z\u00e1vid\u011bt v\u011bt\u0161ina ostatn\u00edch \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, proto\u017ee ob\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u0161echny kontinenty krom\u011b Antarktidy. Jejich are\u00e1l se pohybuje od chladn\u00fdch les\u016f po hork\u00e9 pou\u0161t\u011b. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee velk\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed hmyzu \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho na hnoji je jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed potkat v oblastech ob\u00fdvan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159aty, kter\u00e1 jsou \"tov\u00e1rnami\" na v\u00fdrobu jejich potravy. Hmyz \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na hnoji d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed potravy do budoucna. <\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nKr\u00e1tk\u00e9 video o hmyzu \u017eij\u00edc\u00edm na hnoji a slo\u017eitosti jejich \u017eivota (BBC, David Attenborough).<\/i><\/p>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy brouk\u016f maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed formuj\u00ed kuli\u010dky z trusu, kter\u00e9 kut\u00e1\u010d\u00ed daleko od m\u00edsta sb\u011bru a zakop\u00e1vaj\u00ed je do nory. Jin\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed tunely pod zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pln\u00ed potravou. A ti t\u0159et\u00ed, znaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed o Mohamedovi a hor\u00e1ch, jednodu\u0161e \u017eij\u00ed ve hromad\u00e1ch trusu.<\/p>\n

Sklady potravy jsou pro brouka d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, ale ne tolik z d\u016fvod\u016f zachov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho \u017eivota, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e pro p\u00e9\u010di o budouc\u00ed potomstvo. Je to proto, \u017ee larvy hnoja\u0159\u016f \u017eij\u00ed v tom, co jejich rodi\u010d d\u0159\u00edve nasb\u00edral. A \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce trusu, tedy potravy pro larvy, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Narazil jsem na tuto formulaci p\u0159i shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed a zn\u00ed to pon\u011bkud podivn\u011b, zejm\u00e9na posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st:<\/b>...Samci bojuj\u00ed o samice, op\u00edraj\u00ed se nohama o st\u011bny tunelu a rohovit\u00fdmi v\u00fdr\u016fstky strkaj\u00ed protivn\u00edka... N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed samci nemaj\u00ed rohy, a proto se ne\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed z\u00e1pasu, ale maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pohlavn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy a hl\u00eddaj\u00ed samici v sousedn\u00edm tunelu...<\/p>\n

Nu\u017ee, od lyriky p\u0159ejdeme p\u0159\u00edmo k samotn\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n

Jak jsem ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve zm\u00ednil, n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy hnoja\u0159\u016f formuj\u00ed kuli\u010dky a kut\u00e1\u010d\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmou lini\u00ed, ani\u017e by braly v \u00favahu kvalitu a slo\u017eitost vybran\u00e9 trasy, do nory na skladov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto brouk\u016f zn\u00e1me nejl\u00e9pe d\u00edky mno\u017estv\u00ed dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch film\u016f. Tak\u00e9 v\u00edme, \u017ee krom\u011b s\u00edly (n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy mohou zvednout v\u00e1hu, kter\u00e1 je 1000kr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jejich vlastn\u00ed), gastronomick\u00fdch preferenc\u00ed a p\u00e9\u010de o potomstvo, se hnoja\u0159i skv\u011ble orientuj\u00ed v prostoru. Nav\u00edc jsou jedin\u00fdmi hmyzem, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou schopni se orientovat v noci podle hv\u011bzd.<\/p>\n

V Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe (m\u00edsto pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed) hnoja\u0159, kdy\u017e najde \u201eko\u0159ist\u201c, vytvo\u0159\u00ed kuli\u010dku a za\u010dne ji kut\u00e1\u010det p\u0159\u00edmou lini\u00ed v n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, hlavn\u011b daleko od konkurent\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nepohrdnou odcizen\u00edm jeho nasb\u00edran\u00e9 potravy. Aby byl \u00fat\u011bk efektivn\u00ed, je nutn\u00e9 se st\u00e1le pohybovat stejn\u00fdm sm\u011brem, ani\u017e by sezm\u011bnil kurz. <\/p>\n

Slunce je hlavn\u00edm orienta\u010dn\u00edm bodem, jak ji\u017e v\u00edme, ale nen\u00ed to nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fd\u0161ka slunce se b\u011bhem dne m\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e sni\u017euje p\u0159esnost orientace. Pro\u010d tedy brouci neza\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed krou\u017eit, nepletou se v sm\u011bru a nekontroluj\u00ed mapu ka\u017ed\u00e9 2 minuty? Logicky bychom mohli p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee slunce nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed pro orientaci v prostoru. A zde v\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee druh\u00fdm orienta\u010dn\u00edm bodem pro brouky je v\u00edtr, p\u0159esn\u011bji jeho sm\u011br. To nen\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e1 vlastnost, proto\u017ee mravenci a dokonce i \u0161v\u00e1bi jsou schopni pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00edtr k nalezen\u00ed cesty.<\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci se v\u011bdci rozhodli prozkoumat, jak brouci hnoja\u0159i vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tuto multimod\u00e1ln\u00ed senzorickou informaci, kdy d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost orientaci podle slunce a kdy podle sm\u011bru v\u011btru, a zda oba varianty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b. Byly provedeny pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00edch subjekt\u016f, stejn\u011b jako ve simulovan\u00fdch kontrolovan\u00fdch laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nV t\u00e9to studii hr\u00e1l hlavn\u00ed testovan\u00fd subjekt brouk druhu Scarabaeus lamarcki<\/i>, a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna na \u00fazem\u00ed farmy \"Stonehenge\", nedaleko Johannesburgu (Ji\u017en\u00ed Afrika). <\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: zm\u011bny rychlosti v\u011btru b\u011bhem dne (A<\/b>), zm\u011bny sm\u011bru v\u011btru b\u011bhem dne (V<\/b>).<\/i><\/p>\n

Byla provedena p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti a sm\u011bru v\u011btru. V noci byla rychlost nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed (<0,5 m\/s), ale bl\u00ed\u017ee k \u00fasvitu se zvy\u0161ovala, dosahuj\u00edc denn\u00edho maxima (3 m\/s) v obdob\u00ed od 11:00 do 13:00 (v\u00fd\u0161ka slunce ~70\u00b0).<\/p>\n

Hodnoty rychlosti jsou pozoruhodn\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed pr\u00e1h 0,15 m\/s, pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro menotaktickou orientaci hnoja\u0159sk\u00fdch brouk\u016f. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vrchol rychlosti v\u011btru \u010dasov\u011b koresponduje s vrcholem aktivity brouk\u016f. Scarabaeus lamarcki<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Brouci tla\u010d\u00ed svou ko\u0159ist v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 linii od m\u00edsta sb\u011bru na dostate\u010dn\u011b velkou vzd\u00e1lenost. V pr\u016fm\u011bru cel\u00fd \u00fasek trv\u00e1 6.1 \u00b1 3.8 minut. Proto b\u011bhem tohoto \u010dasov\u00e9ho \u00faseku mus\u00ed dodr\u017eovat trasu maxim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokud hovo\u0159\u00edme o sm\u011bru v\u011btru, v obdob\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity brouk\u016f (od 06:30 do 18:30) pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 zm\u011bna sm\u011bru v\u011btru b\u011bhem \u010dasov\u00e9ho \u00faseku 6 minut nep\u0159esahuje 27.0\u00b0.<\/p>\n

Zkombinov\u00e1n\u00edm dat o rychlosti a sm\u011bru v\u011btru b\u011bhem dne v\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky sta\u010d\u00ed pro multimod\u00e1ln\u00ed orientaci brouk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n

Nastal \u010das pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Aby se prozkoumal mo\u017en\u00fd vliv v\u011btru na vlastnosti orientace hnoja\u0159sk\u00fdch brouk\u016f v prostoru, byla vytvo\u0159ena kulat\u00e1 'ar\u00e9na', uprost\u0159ed kter\u00e9 byla potrava. Brouci mohli voln\u011b kut\u00e1let sv\u00e9 vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 koule jak\u00fdmkoli sm\u011brem od st\u0159edu za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti kontrolovan\u00e9ho stabiln\u00edho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho proudu o rychlosti 3 m\/s. Tyto testy se prov\u00e1d\u011bly ve slune\u010dn\u00fdch dnech, kdy se v\u00fd\u0161ka slunce b\u011bhem dne m\u011bnila n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem: \u226575\u00b0 (vysok\u00e1), 45\u201360\u00b0 (st\u0159edn\u00ed) a 15\u201330\u00b0 (n\u00edzk\u00e1).<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bny vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho proudu a postaven\u00ed slunce se mohou m\u011bnit o 180\u00b0 mezi dv\u011bma pr\u016flety brouka (2A<\/b>). Je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu i to, \u017ee skler\u00f3zou brouci netrp\u00ed, a proto si po prvn\u00edm pr\u016fletu zapamatuj\u00ed zvolenou trasu. V\u011bdci tedy zohled\u0148uj\u00ed zm\u011bny \u00fahlu v\u00fdstupu z ar\u00e9ny b\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu brouka jako jeden z ukazatel\u016f \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti orientace. <\/p>\n

P\u0159i v\u00fd\u0161ce slunce \u226575\u00b0 (vysok\u00e1) se zm\u011bny azimutu v reakci na zm\u011bnu sm\u011bru v\u011btru o 180\u00b0 mezi prvn\u00edm a druh\u00fdm pr\u016fletem seskupily kolem 180\u00b0 (P <0,001, V-test) s pr\u016fm\u011brnou zm\u011bnou 166,9 \u00b1 79,3\u00b0 (2B<\/b>). P\u0159itom zm\u011bna postaven\u00ed slunce (bylo pou\u017eito zrcadlo) o 180\u00b0 vyvolala m\u00e1lo znatelnou reakci 13,7 \u00b1 89,1\u00b0 (doln\u00ed kruh na 2B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee p\u0159i st\u0159edn\u00ed a n\u00edzk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce slunce se brouci dr\u017eeli sv\u00fdch tras, bez ohledu na zm\u011bny sm\u011bru v\u011btru \u2014 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka: -15,9 \u00b1 40,2\u00b0; P <0,001; n\u00edzk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka: 7,1 \u00b1 37,6\u00b0, P <0,001 (2C<\/b> a 2D<\/b>). Zat\u00edmco zm\u011bny sm\u011bru slune\u010dn\u00edch paprsk\u016f o 180\u00b0 m\u011bly opa\u010dnou reakci, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bnu sm\u011bru trasy brouka \u2014 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka: 153,9 \u00b1 83,3\u00b0; n\u00edzk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka: \u2212162 \u00b1 69,4\u00b0; P <0,001 (doln\u00ed kruhy na 2A<\/b>, 2C<\/b> a 2D<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee na orientaci neovliv\u0148uje s\u00e1m v\u00edtr, ale v\u016fn\u011b. Pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed toho byla druh\u00e9 skupin\u011b testovan\u00fdch brouk\u016f odstran\u011bna dist\u00e1ln\u00ed segmenty tykadel, odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za \u010dich. Zm\u011bny trasy v reakci na zm\u011bnu sm\u011bru v\u011btru o 180\u00b0, kter\u00e9 tyto brouci demonstrovali, byly st\u00e1le v\u00fdrazn\u011b skupinov\u00e1ny kolem 180\u00b0. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, rozd\u00edly v \u00farovni orientace u brouk\u016f s a bez \u010dichu vlastn\u011b neexistuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Meziv\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee hnojn\u00ed brouci p\u0159i sv\u00e9 orientaci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed slunce a v\u00edtr. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v kontrolovan\u00fdch laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u011btrn\u00fd kompas nad slune\u010dn\u00edm v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vysok\u00fdch poloh slunce, ale situace za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 m\u011bnit, kdy\u017e se slunce bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k horizontu. <\/p>\n

Tato pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee existuje dynamick\u00fd multimod\u00e1ln\u00ed kompasov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ve kter\u00e9m interakce mezi dv\u011bma modalitami se m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na senzorick\u00fdch informac\u00edch. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee brouk se orientuje v kteroukoli denn\u00ed dobu na z\u00e1klad\u011b nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho zdroje informac\u00ed v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku (slunce n\u00edzko \u2014 orientace na slunce; slunce vysoko \u2014 orientace na v\u00edtr).<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le v\u011bdci cht\u011bli ov\u011b\u0159it, zda v\u00edtr pom\u00e1h\u00e1 brouk\u016fm v orientaci \u010di nikoli. K tomu byla p\u0159ipravena ar\u00e9na o pr\u016fm\u011bru 1 m s potravou uprost\u0159ed. Celkov\u011b brouci uskute\u010dnili 20 pokus\u016f p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 poloze slunce: 10 s v\u011btrem a 10 bez v\u011btru (2F<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Jak se o\u010dek\u00e1valo, p\u0159\u00edtomnost v\u011btru zvy\u0161ovala p\u0159esnost orientace brouk\u016f. Bylo zaznamen\u00e1no, \u017ee v ran\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00edch p\u0159esnosti slune\u010dn\u00edho kompasu se zm\u011bna azimutu mezi dv\u011bma po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edmi pokusy zdvojn\u00e1sobuje p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 poloze slunce (> 75\u00b0) ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed polohou (<60\u00b0).<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee jsme pochopili, \u017ee v\u00edtr hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v orientaci hnojn\u00edch brouk\u016f, kompenzuj\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159esnosti slune\u010dn\u00edho kompasu. Ale jak sb\u00edr\u00e1 brouk informace o rychlosti a sm\u011bru v\u011btru? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee se to d\u011bje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tykadel. Aby se v tom ujistili, v\u011bdci provedli testy v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti p\u0159i konstantn\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu (3 m\/s) se dv\u011bma skupinami brouk\u016f \u2014 s tykadly a bez nich (3A<\/b>). <\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3<\/i><\/p>\n

Jako hlavn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium p\u0159esnosti orientace byla zvolena zm\u011bna azimutu mezi dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00edstupy p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b sm\u011bru proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu o 180\u00b0.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna sm\u011bru pohybu brouk\u016f s tykadly byla skupinov\u00e1na okolo 180\u00b0, na rozd\u00edl od brouk\u016f bez tykadel. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 absolutn\u00ed zm\u011bna azimutu u brouk\u016f bez tykadel \u010dinila 104,4 \u00b1 36,0\u00b0, co\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od absolutn\u00ed zm\u011bny u brouk\u016f s tykadly \u2014 141,0 \u00b1 45,0\u00b0 (graf na 3B<\/b>). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee brouci bez tykadel nemohli spr\u00e1vn\u011b orientovat podle v\u011btru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, st\u00e1le se dob\u0159e orientovali podle slunce.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku 3A<\/b> je zobrazena instalace testu pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed schopnosti brouk\u016f kombinovat informace z r\u016fzn\u00fdch senzorick\u00fdch modalit pro \u00fapravu jejich trasy. K tomu byly v testu p\u0159\u00edtomny oba orienta\u010dn\u00ed body (v\u00edtr + slunce) b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu nebo pouze jeden orienta\u010dn\u00ed bod (slunce nebo v\u00edtr) b\u011bhem druh\u00e9ho. T\u00edmto byly porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny multimodalita a unimodalita.<\/p>\n

Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee zm\u011bny sm\u011bru pohybu brouk\u016f po p\u0159echodu od multi- k unimod\u00e1ln\u00ed orientaci byly soust\u0159ed\u011bny okolo 0\u00b0: pouze v\u00edtr: \u22128,2 \u00b1 64,3\u00b0; pouze slunce: 16,5 \u00b1 51,6\u00b0 (grafy uprost\u0159ed a vpravo na 3C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Tato charakteristika orientace se neli\u0161ila od t\u00e9, kter\u00e1 byla z\u00edsk\u00e1na p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edtomnosti dvou (slunce + v\u00edtr) orienta\u010dn\u00edch bod\u016f (graf vlevo na 3C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

To ukazuje na to, \u017ee za kontrolovan\u00fdch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee brouk vyu\u017e\u00edt jeden orienta\u010dn\u00ed bod, pokud druh\u00fd neposkytuje dostate\u010dn\u00e9 informace, tedy kompenzovat nep\u0159esnost jednoho orienta\u010dn\u00edho bodu druh\u00fdm. <\/p>\n

Pokud si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee t\u00edm to v\u011bdci skon\u010dili, tak to nen\u00ed pravda. D\u00e1le bylo t\u0159eba ov\u011b\u0159it, jak dob\u0159e brouci uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed informace o jednom z orienta\u010dn\u00edch bod\u016f, a zda je v budoucnu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako dopln\u011bk. K tomu byly provedeny 4 p\u0159\u00edstupy: v prvn\u00edm byl 1 orienta\u010dn\u00ed bod (slunce), ve druh\u00e9m a t\u0159et\u00edm byl p\u0159id\u00e1n vzdu\u0161n\u00fd proud, a b\u011bhem \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho byl pouze vzdu\u0161n\u00fd proud. Tak\u00e9 byl proveden test, kde byly orienta\u010dn\u00ed body v opa\u010dn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed: v\u00edtr, slunce+v\u00edtr, slunce+v\u00edtr, slunce.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 teorie je, \u017ee pokud mohou brouci uchov\u00e1vat informace o obou orientac\u00edch ve stejn\u00e9 oblasti prostorov\u00e9 pam\u011bti v mozku, mus\u00ed si uchov\u00e1vat stejn\u00fd sm\u011br p\u0159i prvn\u00edm a \u010dtvrt\u00e9m pr\u016fletu, tj. zm\u011bny sm\u011bru pohybu se mus\u00ed seskupovat okolo 0\u00b0.<\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/p>\n

Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e1 data o zm\u011bn\u011b azimutu b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho a \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho pr\u016fletu potvrdila v\u00fd\u0161e uvedenou hypot\u00e9zu (4A), kter\u00e1 byla d\u00e1le potvrzena i modelov\u00e1n\u00edm, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledky jsou zobrazeny v grafu 4C (vlevo).<\/p>\n

Jako dodate\u010dn\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byly provedeny testy, kde byl vzdu\u0161n\u00fd proud nahrazen skvrnou ultrafialov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed (4B a 4C vpravo). V\u00fdsledky byly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 identick\u00e9 s v\u00fdsledky test\u016f s pou\u017eit\u00edm slunce a vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho proudu.<\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nSoubor v\u00fdsledk\u016f experiment\u016f jak v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, tak v kontrolovan\u00e9m uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee u hnoji\u0161\u0165\u00e1k\u016f se vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed a mechanosenzorick\u00e9 informace spojuj\u00ed do spole\u010dn\u00e9 neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed se jako sn\u00edmek multimod\u00e1ln\u00edho kompasu. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed efektivity pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slunce nebo v\u011btru jako orienta\u010dn\u00edho bodu uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee brouci v\u00edce up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed ten orienta\u010dn\u00ed bod, kter\u00fd poskytuje v\u00edce informac\u00ed. Druh\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed jako z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed nebo dopl\u0148kov\u00fd.<\/p>\n

To se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t velmi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 pro n\u00e1s, ale nesm\u00edme zapom\u00ednat, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 mozek je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mozek mal\u00e9 brouka. Jak jsme pochopili, dokonce i nejmen\u0161\u00ed bytosti jsou schopny slo\u017eit\u00fdch ment\u00e1ln\u00edch proces\u016f, proto\u017ee v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch divok\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody z\u00e1vis\u00ed va\u0161e p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed bu\u010f na s\u00edle, nebo na inteligenci, a v\u011bt\u0161inou na kombinaci obou.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b>

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nO potravu se perou i brouci. A nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, \u017ee ko\u0159ist je kuli\u010dka hnoje.
\n(BBC Earth, David Attenborough)<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a u\u017eijte si v\u00edkend, kluci! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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