{"id":36248,"date":"2019-10-31T22:10:29","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/mal-da-udal-miniatyurnyj-linejnyj-uskoritel-chastits-postavivshij-novyj-rekord\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:10:29","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:29","slug":"mal-da-udal-miniatyurnyj-linejnyj-uskoritel-chastits-postavivshij-novyj-rekord","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/mal-da-udal-miniatyurnyj-linejnyj-uskoritel-chastits-postavivshij-novyj-rekord","title":{"rendered":"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6df72c15b548271b03607338af4348b1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrincip \u201ev\u00edce znamen\u00e1 siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c je ji\u017e dlouho zaveden v mnoha oblastech \u017eivota spole\u010dnosti, v\u010detn\u011b v\u011bdy a technologi\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v modern\u00ed dob\u011b se st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji objevuje praktick\u00e1 realizace p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed \u201emal\u00fd, ale \u0161ikovn\u00fd\u201c. To je patrn\u00e9 jak u po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve zab\u00edraly celou m\u00edstnost, a nyn\u00ed se vejdou do dlan\u011b d\u00edt\u011bte, tak u urychlova\u010d\u016f nabit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Ano, pamatujete si velk\u00fd hadronov\u00fd kolid\u00e9r (LHC), jeho\u017e p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 rozm\u011bry (26 659 m na d\u00e9lku) jsou doslova uvedeny v jeho n\u00e1zvu? Podle v\u011bdc\u016f z DESY je to u\u017e minulost, proto\u017ee vyvinuli mini verzi urychlova\u010de, kter\u00e1 v parametrech nezaost\u00e1v\u00e1 za sv\u00fdm plnoform\u00e1tov\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem. V\u00edce ne\u017e to, mini urychlova\u010d dokonce stanovil nov\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord mezi terahertzov\u00fdmi urychlova\u010di t\u00edm, \u017ee zdvojn\u00e1sobil energii vlo\u017een\u00fdch elektron\u016f. Jak byl mini urychlova\u010d vyvinut, jak\u00e9 jsou jeho hlavn\u00ed principy a co uk\u00e1zaly praktick\u00e9 experimenty? O tom n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit zpr\u00e1va v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Jdeme na to.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nPodle Dungfana Zhanga a jeho koleg\u016f z DESY (N\u011bmeck\u00fd elektronov\u00fd Synchrotron), kte\u0159\u00ed vyvinuli mini-urychlova\u010d, hraj\u00ed superrychl\u00e9 zdroje elektron\u016f neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v \u017eivot\u011b modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich se projevuj\u00ed v medic\u00edn\u011b, v\u00fdvoji elektroniky a ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch line\u00e1rn\u00edch urychlova\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory, je jejich vysok\u00e1 cena, slo\u017eitost infrastruktury a zna\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na spot\u0159ebovanou energii. Takov\u00e9 nedostatky v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupnost t\u011bchto technologi\u00ed pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okruh u\u017eivatel\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>Tyto o\u010dividn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my jsou v\u00fdbornou motivac\u00ed pro v\u00fdvoj za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jejich\u017e rozm\u011bry nebudou vyvol\u00e1vat hr\u016fzu, stejn\u011b jako m\u00edra spot\u0159ebovan\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi relativn\u00ed novinky v tomto odv\u011btv\u00ed lze vyzdvihnout terahertzov\u00e9 urychlova\u010de, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u0159adu \u201ev\u00fdhod\u201c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 vlny a kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 impulsy terahertzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it prahovou <i>hodnotu*<\/i>, zp\u016fsobenou polem, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed gradient\u016f urychlen\u00ed;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><b>Elektrick\u00fd pr\u016fraz*<\/b> \u2014 n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed s\u00edly proudu p\u0159i aplikaci nap\u011bt\u00ed nad kritickou hodnotu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>p\u0159\u00edtomnost efektivn\u00edch metod generov\u00e1n\u00ed vysoce pole terahertzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt vnit\u0159n\u00ed synchronizaci mezi elektrony a excituj\u00edc\u00edmi poli;<\/li>\n<li>pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed takov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017eity klasick\u00e9 metody, ale jejich n\u00e1klady, v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u010das a rozm\u011bry budou v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eeny. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee jejich terahertzov\u00fd akceler\u00e1tor v milimetrov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch p\u0159edstavuje kompromis mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi akceler\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed nyn\u00ed, a mikroakceler\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed, ale maj\u00ed \u0159adu nev\u00fdhod kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm velmi mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci nepop\u00edraj\u00ed, \u017ee technologie terahertzov\u00e9ho akcelerace je ji\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu v oblasti v\u00fdvoje. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v jejich n\u00e1zoru existuje v t\u00e9to oblasti je\u0161t\u011b spousta aspekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 nebyly prozkoum\u00e1ny, ov\u011b\u0159eny nebo implementov\u00e1ny. <\/p>\n<p>Ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, kterou dnes zkoum\u00e1me, v\u011bdci demonstruj\u00ed mo\u017enosti STEAM (<i>segmented terahertz electron accelerator and manipulator<\/i>) \u2014 segmentovan\u00e9ho terahertzov\u00e9ho elektronov\u00e9ho akceler\u00e1toru a manipul\u00e1toru. STEAM umo\u017e\u0148uje zkr\u00e1tit d\u00e9lku svazku elektron\u016f na subpikosekundovou d\u00e9lku trv\u00e1n\u00ed, a t\u00edm zajistit femtosekundn\u00ed kontrolu nad f\u00e1z\u00ed akcelerace.<\/p>\n<p>Poda\u0159ilo se dos\u00e1hnout pole akcelerace 200 MV\/m (MV \u2014 megavolt), co\u017e vede k rekordn\u00edmu terahertzov\u00e9mu urychlen\u00ed v &gt; 70 keV (kiloelektronvolt) od vnesen\u00e9ho svazku elektron\u016f s energi\u00ed 55 keV. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny urychlen\u00e9 elektrony a\u017e do 125 keV.<\/p>\n<h3>Struktura za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a jej\u00ed realizace<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/581d753c9734024561fa600f132a7e8d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: sch\u00e9ma zkouman\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/d404ba9fe59504ac46e730aefbbf2134.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1-2: a \u2014 sch\u00e9ma navr\u017een\u00e9 5-vrstv\u00e9 segmentovan\u00e9 struktury, b \u2014 pom\u011br vypo\u010dten\u00e9 akcelerace a sm\u011bru \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed elektron\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Svazky elektron\u016f (55 keV) jsou generov\u00e1ny z <i>elektronick\u00e9 pu\u0161ky*<\/i> a vn\u00e1\u0161eny do terahertzov\u00e9ho STEAM-buncheru (kompresoru svazku), pot\u00e9 p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do STEAM-linacu (<i>line\u00e1rn\u00ed akceler\u00e1tor*<\/i>).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Elektronick\u00e1 pu\u0161ka*<\/b> \u2014 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed svazku elektron\u016f v pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 konfiguraci a energii.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><b>Line\u00e1rn\u00ed akceler\u00e1tor*<\/b> \u2014 akceler\u00e1tor, ve kter\u00e9m nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice proch\u00e1zej\u00ed strukturou pouze jednou, co\u017e odli\u0161uje line\u00e1rn\u00ed akceler\u00e1tor od cyklick\u00e9ho (nap\u0159\u00edklad LHC). <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ob\u011b STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed terahertzov\u00e9 impulsy z jedin\u00e9ho laseru bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho infra\u010derven\u00e9ho sv\u011btla (NIR), kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 spou\u0161t\u00ed fotokatodu elektronov\u00e9 zbran\u011b, co\u017e vede k vnit\u0159n\u00ed synchronizaci mezi elektrony a akceleruj\u00edc\u00edmi poli. Ultrafiolov\u00e9 impulsy pro fotoemisii na fotokatod\u011b jsou generov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm dvou po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed. <i>GVG*<\/i> z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho infra\u010derven\u00e9ho sv\u011btla. Tento proces p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje laserov\u00fd impuls o vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 1020 nm nejprve na 510 nm a pot\u00e9 na 255 nm.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>GVG*<\/b> (generace druh\u00e9 optick\u00e9 harmoniky) \u2013 proces slu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed foton\u016f se stejnou frekvenc\u00ed p\u0159i interakci s nonlinearn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem, co\u017e vede k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch foton\u016f s dvojn\u00e1sobnou energi\u00ed a frekvenc\u00ed a tak\u00e9 s dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b krat\u0161\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Zbytek paprsku NIR-laseru je rozd\u011blen na 4 paprsky, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro generaci \u010dty\u0159 jednocyklov\u00fdch terahertzov\u00fdch impuls\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm generace rozd\u00edlov\u00fdch vnitropulzn\u00edch frekvenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Dva terahertzov\u00e9 impulsy pot\u00e9 vstupuj\u00ed do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm symetrick\u00fdch rohov\u00fdch struktur, kter\u00e9 nasm\u011brov\u00e1vaj\u00ed terahertzovou energii do oblasti interakce nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d sm\u011brem \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed elektron\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e elektrony vstupuj\u00ed do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ze STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jsou vystaveny elektrick\u00fdm a magnetick\u00fdm slo\u017ek\u00e1m. <i>Lorentzov\u011b s\u00edle*<\/i>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Lorentzova s\u00edla*<\/b> \u2013 s\u00edla, s kterou elektromagnetick\u00e9 pole p\u016fsob\u00ed na nabitou \u010d\u00e1stici.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektrick\u00e9 pole odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za zrychlen\u00ed a zpomalen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco magnetick\u00e9 pole zp\u016fsobuje p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 odchylky.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6e56629be1c0de410ab1411baaceff14.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Jak vid\u00edme na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch <b>2a<\/b> a <b>2b<\/b>, uvnit\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou terahertzov\u00e9 paprsky rozd\u011bleny nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d tenk\u00fdmi kovov\u00fdmi plechy v n\u011bkolika vrstv\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00fdch tlou\u0161t\u011bk, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 funguje jako vlnovod, kter\u00fd p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st celkov\u00e9 energie do oblasti interakce. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 vrstva tak\u00e9 obsahuje dielektrick\u00e9 desky pro lad\u011bn\u00ed \u010dasu p\u0159\u00edchodu terahertzov\u00e9ho <i>vlnov\u00e9ho frontu*<\/i> s frontem elektron\u016f.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Vlnov\u00fd front*<\/b> \u2013 plocha, do kter\u00e9 se vlna dostala.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ob\u011b STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracuj\u00ed v elektrick\u00e9m re\u017eimu, tedy tak, aby produkovala p\u0159ekryt\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pole a potla\u010den\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho pole ve st\u0159edu oblasti interakce.<\/p>\n<p>V prvn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou elektrony \u010dasov\u011b napl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny tak, aby proch\u00e1zely <i>pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edkem nuly*<\/i> terahertzov\u00e9ho pole, kde jsou \u010dasov\u00e9 gradienty elektrick\u00e9ho pole maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 pole minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Pr\u016fse\u010d\u00edk nuly*<\/b> \u2014 bod, kde nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Takov\u00e1 konfigurace zp\u016fsobuje zrychlen\u00ed ocasu elektronov\u00e9ho svazku a zpomalen\u00ed jeho hlavy, co\u017e vede k balistick\u00e9mu pod\u00e9ln\u00e9mu zaost\u0159en\u00ed (<b>2a<\/b> a <b>2c<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Ve druh\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je synchronizace elektronu a terahertzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nastavena tak, \u017ee elektronov\u00fd svazek za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze z\u00e1porn\u00fd cyklus terahertzov\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho pole. Takov\u00e1 konfigurace vede k \u010dist\u00e9mu kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmu zrychlen\u00ed (<b>2b<\/b> a <b>2d<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Laser s NIR z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 kryogenicky chlazen\u00fd syst\u00e9m Yb:YLF, kter\u00fd vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 optick\u00e9 impulsy o d\u00e9lce 1,2 ps a energii 50 mJ p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 1020 nm a frekvenci 10 Hz. A terahertzov\u00e9 impulsy s centr\u00e1ln\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed 0,29 terahertz (periode 3,44 ps) jsou generov\u00e1ny metodou naklon\u011bn\u00e9ho frontu impulzu.<\/p>\n<p>Pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed STEAM-bunchera (kompresor svazku) byla pou\u017eita pouze 2 x 50 nJ terahertzov\u00e9 energie, a pro STEAM-linac (line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d) bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed 2 x 15 mJ.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u016fm\u011br vstupn\u00edch a v\u00fdstupn\u00edch otvor\u016f obou STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010din\u00ed 120 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n<p>Kompresor svazku je navr\u017een se t\u0159emi vrstvami stejn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky (0,225 mm), kter\u00e9 jsou vybaveny deskami z taven\u00e9ho k\u0159emene (\u03f5r = 4,41) o d\u00e9lk\u00e1ch 0,42 a 0,84 mm pro kontrolu \u010dasov\u00e9 synchronizace. Stejn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky vrstev kompresoru odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee zrychlen\u00ed nenast\u00e1v\u00e1 (<b>2c<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Av\u0161ak v line\u00e1rn\u00edm urychlova\u010di ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161ky odli\u0161uj\u00ed \u2014 0,225, 0,225 a 0,250 mm (+ desky z taven\u00e9ho k\u0159emene 0,42 a 0,84 mm). Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky vrstvy vysv\u011btluje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti elektron\u016f p\u0159i zrychlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010det vrstev p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uje funk\u010dnost ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z obou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho stupn\u011b zrychlen\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad bude pot\u0159eba v\u00edce vrstev a jin\u00e1 konfigurace v\u00fd\u0161ek pro optimalizaci interakce.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky praktick\u00fdch experiment\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>\nP\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee u tradi\u010dn\u00edch akceler\u00e1tor\u016f na b\u00e1zi r\u00e1diov\u00fdch frekvenc\u00ed je vliv \u010dasov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky zaveden\u00e9ho elektronov\u00e9ho svazku na vlastnosti urychlen\u00e9ho svazku spojen se zm\u011bnou elektrick\u00e9ho pole, kter\u00e9 je vystaveno r\u016fzn\u00fdmi elektrony uvnit\u0159 svazku, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi v r\u016fzn\u00e9m \u010dase. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee pole s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm gradientem a svazky s del\u0161\u00edmi trv\u00e1n\u00edm povedou k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed energi\u00ed. Zaveden\u00e9 svazky s dlouh\u00fdm trv\u00e1n\u00edm tak\u00e9 mohou v\u00e9st k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm hodnot\u00e1m. <i>emitanc\u00ed*<\/i>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Emitance*<\/b> \u2014 f\u00e1zov\u00fd prostor, kter\u00fd zab\u00edr\u00e1 urychlen\u00fd svazek nabit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b terahertzov\u00e9ho akceler\u00e1toru je perioda vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edho pole p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 200kr\u00e1t krat\u0161\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b, <i>intenzita*<\/i> udr\u017eovan\u00e9ho pole bude 10kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Intenzita elektrick\u00e9ho pole* <\/b> \u2014 ukazatel elektrick\u00e9ho pole, kter\u00fd je roven pom\u011bru s\u00edly aplikovan\u00e9 na klidn\u00fd bodov\u00fd n\u00e1boj um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd v dan\u00e9m bod\u011b pole k velikosti tohoto n\u00e1boje. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Tak\u017ee v terahertzov\u00e9m akceler\u00e1toru mohou b\u00fdt gradienty pole, kter\u00e9 elektron\u016fm p\u016fsob\u00ed, n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. \u010casov\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la, na kter\u00e9 je zak\u0159iven\u00ed pole viditeln\u00e9, bude v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee d\u00e9lka zaveden\u00e9ho elektronov\u00e9ho svazku bude m\u00edt v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vliv.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci se prakticky rozhodli ov\u011b\u0159it tato data teorie. K tomu zav\u00e1d\u011bli svazky elektron\u016f r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u00e9lky, kter\u00e1 byla kontrolov\u00e1na kompres\u00ed pomoc\u00ed prvn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed STEAM (STEAM-buncher).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/1d15ed2cec289b62df3d7a8a1fc2962c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee kompresor nebyl p\u0159ipojen k s\u00edti, proch\u00e1zely svazky elektron\u016f (55 k\u044dV) s n\u00e1bojem \u223c1 fC (femtokoulon) p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 mm od elektronov\u00e9 pu\u0161ky k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00edho urychlova\u010de (STEAM-linac). Tito elektrony se mohly roz\u0161i\u0159ovat vlivem sil prostorov\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje a\u017e do trv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 fs (femtosekund).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i takov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce elektronov\u00fd svazek zab\u00edral p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 60 % p\u016flvlny urychlovac\u00edho pole s frekvenc\u00ed 1,7 ps, co\u017e vedlo k energetick\u00e9mu spektru po urychlen\u00ed s vrcholem na 115 k\u044dV a polom\u011brem rozd\u011blen\u00ed energie v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 k\u044dV (<b>3a<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f s o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdmi byla simulov\u00e1na situace \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed elektron\u016f skrze line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d, kdy byly elektrony desynchronizov\u00e1ny (tj. neshoduj\u00ed se) vzhledem k optim\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u010dasu zaveden\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010dty takov\u00e9 situace uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee n\u00e1r\u016fst energie elektron\u016f velmi z\u00e1vis\u00ed na momentu zaveden\u00ed a\u017e na subpikosekundov\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko (<b>3b<\/b>). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i optim\u00e1ln\u00edm nastaven\u00ed elektron za\u017eije pln\u00fd polo\u010das zrychlen\u00ed terahertzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9 vrstv\u011b (<b>3s<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Pokud v\u0161ak elektrony p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00e9 dob\u011b, za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed v prvn\u00ed vrstv\u011b, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje v\u00edce \u010dasu na jej\u00ed pr\u016fchod. Pot\u00e9 se desynchronizace zesiluje v dal\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zpomalen\u00ed (<b>3d<\/b>). <\/p>\n<p>Aby se co nejv\u00edce sn\u00ed\u017eil negativn\u00ed efekt \u010dasov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky elektronov\u00e9ho svazku, prvn\u00ed STEAM za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracovalo v re\u017eimu komprese. D\u00e9lka elektronov\u00e9ho svazku na line\u00e1rn\u00edm urychlova\u010di byla optimalizov\u00e1na na minimum ~ 350 fs (pln\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka) prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm lad\u011bn\u00ed terahertzov\u00e9 energie dod\u00e1van\u00e9 do kompresoru a p\u0159epnut\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00edho urychlova\u010de do re\u017eimu \u0161t\u011bpov\u00e1n\u00ed (<b>4b<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/f4c887b0cd58549da2bdc3a25ebab294.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e9lka svazku byla nastavena podle d\u00e9lky UV impulzu fotokatalyz\u00e1toru, jeho\u017e d\u00e9lka \u010dinila ~ 600 fs. Tak\u00e9 sehr\u00e1la d\u016fle\u017eitou roli vzd\u00e1lenost mezi kompresorem a p\u00e1smem, co\u017e omezilo s\u00edlu zhu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed dle rychlosti. V souhrnu tato opat\u0159en\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zajistit femtosekundovou p\u0159esnost f\u00e1ze zaveden\u00ed v f\u00e1zi zrychlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na obr\u00e1zku <b>4a<\/b> Je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee rozptyl energie stla\u010den\u00e9ho elektronov\u00e9ho svazku po optimalizovan\u00e9m zrychlen\u00ed v line\u00e1rn\u00edm urychlova\u010di se sni\u017euje o ~ 4x ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s nestla\u010den\u00fdm. D\u00edky zrychlen\u00ed se energetick\u00e9 spektrum stla\u010den\u00e9ho svazku posunuje sm\u011brem k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm energi\u00edm, na rozd\u00edl od nestla\u010den\u00e9ho svazku. Vrchol energetick\u00e9ho spektra po zrychlen\u00ed \u010din\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 115 keV a vysokon energetick\u00fd chvost dosahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 125 keV.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto hodnoty, dle skromn\u00e9ho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nov\u00fd rekord zrychlen\u00ed (p\u0159ed zrychlen\u00edm bylo 70 keV) v terahertzov\u00e9m rozsahu.<\/p>\n<p>Ale pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rozptylu energie (<i>4a<\/i>), je nutn\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout je\u0161t\u011b krat\u0161\u00edho svazku. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mal\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkonn\u00fd: miniaturn\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u00ed urychlova\u010d \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd rekord\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/7c53a1ca68dfbe52518d1dcd813ad6c9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 5<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neskomprimovan\u00e9ho vstupn\u00edho svazku parabolick\u00e1 z\u00e1vislost velikosti svazku na proudu odhaluje p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd emitance v horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm a vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm sm\u011bru: \u03b5x,n = 1,703 mm*mrad a \u03b5y,n = 1,491 mm*mrad (<b>5a<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Kompres\u00ed se v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd emitance zlep\u0161il 6kr\u00e1t na \u03b5x,n = 0,285 mm*mrad (horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed) a \u03b5y,n = 0,246 mm*mrad (vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee m\u00edra sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emitance je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dvakr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e m\u00edra zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed svazku, co\u017e je m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem nelinearity dynamiky interakce v \u010dase, kdy elektrony za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed silnou fokalizaci a defokalizaci magnetick\u00e9ho pole b\u011bhem akcelerace (<b>5b<\/b> a <b>5c<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Na obr\u00e1zku <b>5b<\/b> je vid\u011bt, \u017ee elektrony, kter\u00e9 byly zavedeny v optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010dase, proch\u00e1zej\u00ed cel\u00fdm poloperiodem akcelerace elektrick\u00e9ho pole. Naproti tomu elektrony, kter\u00e9 dorazily p\u0159ed nebo po optim\u00e1ln\u00edm okam\u017eiku, za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed akceleraci a dokonce \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 zpomalen\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 elektrony tak z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b energie, zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno.<\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00e1 situace se objevuje i p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Elektrony zaveden\u00e9 v optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010dase za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed symetrick\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pozitivn\u00edch a negativn\u00edch magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Pokud v\u0161ak do\u0161lo k zaveden\u00ed elektron\u016f d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e bylo optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 okno, bylo v\u00edce pozitivn\u00edch a m\u00e9n\u011b negativn\u00edch pol\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zaveden\u00ed elektron\u016f pozd\u011bji ne\u017e v optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010dase \u2013 m\u00e9n\u011b pozitivn\u00edch a v\u00edce negativn\u00edch (<b>5c<\/b>). A takov\u00e9 odchylky vedou k tomu, \u017ee elektron m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt odklon\u011bn doleva, doprava, nahoru nebo dol\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na jeho poloze v\u016f\u010di ose, co\u017e vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho impulzu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho fokalizaci nebo defokalizaci svazku.<\/p>\n<p>Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osapublishing.org\/optica\/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-6-7-872&amp;id=415315\">zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/osapublishing.figshare.com\/articles\/3990773_pdf\/8231024\">dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nShrnuto, v\u00fdkon urychlova\u010de se zvy\u0161uje v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed svazku elektron\u016f. V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci byla dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1 doba svazku omezena geometri\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Ale teoreticky m\u016f\u017ee trv\u00e1n\u00ed svazku dosahovat i m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 100 fs. <\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 v\u011bdci zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee kvalitu svazku lze d\u00e1le zlep\u0161it sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161ky vrstev a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm jejich po\u010dtu. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup v\u0161ak nen\u00ed bez probl\u00e9m\u016f, zejm\u00e9na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed slo\u017eitosti v\u00fdroby za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato pr\u00e1ce je prvn\u00edm krokem k rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edmu a podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu studiu mini verze line\u00e1rn\u00edho urychlova\u010de. I kdy\u017e testovan\u00e1 verze ji\u017e vykazuje vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 lze s jistotou nazvat rekordn\u00edmi, pr\u00e1ce je st\u00e1le hodn\u011b. <\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fst\u00e1vejte zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em dobr\u00fd pracovn\u00ed t\u00fdden, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, <b>30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/460195\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0435\u0435\u00bb \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u043b, \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443, \u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27115,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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