{"id":36300,"date":"2019-10-31T22:10:49","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:10:49","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:49","slug":"long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak","title":{"rendered":"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/dde1568c1caef37bbfa0a8eaf9e5ff0f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVe velk\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch lid\u00ed se v\u017edy objev\u00ed v\u016fdce, a\u0165 u\u017e v\u011bdom\u011b, nebo nev\u011bdom\u011b. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed moci od nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho po nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 hierarchick\u00e9 pyramidy m\u00e1 pro skupinu jako celek i pro jednotlivce \u0159adu v\u00fdhod. V\u017edy\u0165 po\u0159\u00e1dek je lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e chaos, \u017ee? Po tis\u00edce let lidstvo ve v\u0161ech civilizac\u00edch realizovalo hierarchickou pyramidu moci nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zp\u016fsoby a na z\u00e1klad\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f \u2014 od fyzick\u00e9 s\u00edly (arm\u00e1da) po duchovn\u00ed osv\u011btu (c\u00edrkev). Mezi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty tak\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hierarchie, av\u0161ak v\u011bt\u0161inou m\u00e1 pouze dv\u011b \u00farovn\u011b \u2014 v\u016fdce a ostatn\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ps\u016f je \u00farovn\u00ed v\u00edce a vztah mezi \u010dleny ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich je hnac\u00ed silou cel\u00e9ho st\u00e1da. <\/p>\n<p>Dnes se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme s v\u00fdzkumem hierarchie uvnit\u0159 sme\u010dky toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f, na kter\u00fd v\u011bdci z Exeteru (Anglie) str\u00e1vili cel\u00fd rok. Jak se \u010dlenov\u00e9 sme\u010dky rozd\u011bluj\u00ed podle \u00farovn\u00ed hierarchie, mezi kter\u00fdmi \u00farovn\u011bmi p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1 nevra\u017eivost a jak siln\u00fd je negativn\u00ed vliv vnit\u0159n\u00edch konflikt\u016f na soudr\u017enost a pohodu sme\u010dky? O tom a nejen o tom n\u00e1s informuje zpr\u00e1va v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Tak jdeme na to.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nHlavn\u00edm aspektem tohoto v\u00fdzkumu, jak jste u\u017e pochopili, je hierarchie, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b hierarchie dominance \u2014 syst\u00e9m pod\u0159\u00edzenosti a dominance ve skupin\u00e1ch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed mezi zv\u00ed\u0159aty r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f vz\u00e1cnost\u00ed. Jak jsem ji\u017e \u0159\u00edkal, pokud existuje skupina jednotlivc\u016f, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v n\u00ed v\u016fdce. Toto tvrzen\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nen\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 axiom, ale v praxi se \u010dasto vyskytuje. Co \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te na oby\u010dejn\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed slepice. Pokud jste n\u011bkdy krmili slepice, tak na prvn\u00ed pohled klovou zrn\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011b, podle principu \u201ekdo prvn\u00ed, ten bere\u201c. Jedin\u00e9, co je zjevn\u00e9, je p\u0159\u00edtomnost alfa samce (stupe\u0148 dominance je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n p\u00edsmeny \u0159eck\u00e9 abecedy, od alfa po omega). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b slepic zde nejsou jen dv\u011b \u00farovn\u011b \u2014 alfa samec a ostatn\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti je hierarchie pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 a zahrnuje alfa samici, beta samici atd. B\u011bhem krmen\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed klove alfa samec, pot\u00e9 alfa samice a tak d\u00e1le podle seniority. <\/p>\n<p>V teorii existence alfa-samce a alfa-samice v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hierarchii zv\u00ed\u0159at jsou jak zast\u00e1nci, tak odp\u016frci, kte\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jen projektujeme lidsk\u00e9 rysy spole\u010dnosti na skupiny zv\u00ed\u0159at. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b hierarchie existuje, a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dost slo\u017eit\u00e1 a zamotan\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Identifikovat v\u016fdce mezi slepicemi nen\u00ed v\u016fbec t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. V mnoha skupin\u00e1ch v\u016fdci vykazuj\u00ed ur\u010ditou m\u00edru agresivity v\u016f\u010di pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm jedinc\u016fm. To v\u0161ak nen\u00ed obecn\u011b akceptovan\u00e1 praxe. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch v\u016fdci necht\u011bj\u00ed uplat\u0148ovat z\u00e1sadu \u017eelezn\u00e9 ruky, p\u0159esto si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u016fj status. <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee teoretick\u00e9 pokusy vysv\u011btlit rozd\u00edly v modelech agonistick\u00e9ho (agresivn\u00edho) chov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou prov\u00e1d\u011bny na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edpokladu funkce agrese, dominance a pod\u0159\u00edzenosti. <\/p>\n<p>Pokud je agrese pou\u017eita k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed soupe\u0159i a k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad n\u00edm, zat\u00edmco pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed k uk\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed nedostatku motivace k sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee v tomto modelu existuje nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed konkurent\u016f (dominantn\u00edch a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch).<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina model\u016f dominantn\u00ed agrese je zalo\u017eena na skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee hierarchie ve skupin\u011b je v\u017edy nem\u011bnn\u00e1. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 modely agrese-pod\u0159\u00edzenosti mohou odr\u00e1\u017eet nestabilitu nebo zm\u011bny v soci\u00e1ln\u00edch vztaz\u00edch uvnit\u0159 skupiny, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m hierarchie. <\/p>\n<p>Hierarchick\u00e9 vztahy uvnit\u0159 skupiny lze rozd\u011blit na dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed modely, kde jsou t\u0159i aktivn\u00ed skupiny (A, B a C):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A je nad B, B je nad C, A je nad C \u2014 tranzitivn\u00ed model;<\/li>\n<li>A je nad B, B je nad C, C je nad A \u2014 cyklick\u00fd model.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zm\u011bny ve struktu\u0159e hierarchie uvnit\u0159 ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny mohou souviset s dynamick\u00fdm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm a ekologick\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, takov\u00e9 zm\u011bny jsou prakticky nevyhnuteln\u00e9 a m\u00edra jejich vlivu na r\u016fzn\u00e9 vrstvy uvnit\u0159 skupiny se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed agonistick\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed a vzorc\u016f udr\u017een\u00ed stability hierarchie lze prov\u00e9st anal\u00fdzou dat o rozlo\u017een\u00ed dominance, pod\u0159\u00edzenosti a agrese uvnit\u0159 skupiny jedinc\u016f a uvnit\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9 hierarchick\u00e9 vrstvy t\u00e9to skupiny. <\/p>\n<p>Pro tuto studii v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pou\u017eili data o tlup\u011b potuln\u00fdch ps\u016f, proto\u017ee tyto skupiny jsou dost variabiln\u00ed, pokud jde o pohlav\u00ed, v\u011bk a p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 vztahy jedinc\u016f. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee se d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee hierarchick\u00fd syst\u00e9m potuln\u00fdch ps\u016f je podobn\u00fd tomu, jak\u00fd maj\u00ed vlci, t.j. line\u00e1rn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b vlci \u017eij\u00ed ve skupin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou \u00fazce spojeny p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00fdmi vazbami, zat\u00edmco ve skupin\u00e1ch potuln\u00fdch ps\u016f mohou b\u00fdt jak p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed jedinci, tak ciz\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se k nim p\u0159idali.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci v\u011bdci provedli anal\u00fdzu soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem spln\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b agresivn\u00edho, ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho dominuj\u00edc\u00edho (bez agresivity) a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed variabilnosti dominantn\u00edho a agresivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na soci\u00e1ln\u00edm postaven\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>ur\u010den\u00ed oblast\u00ed nestability v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti;<\/li>\n<li>stanoven\u00ed stupn\u011b vlivu nestability na jednotliv\u00e9 jedince.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3> P\u0159\u00edprava na v\u00fdzkum<\/h3>\n<p>\nHlavn\u00edmi subjekty t\u00e9to studie byla tlupa potuln\u00fdch ps\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v \u0158\u00edm\u011b (It\u00e1lie). Jedinci v t\u00e9to tlup\u011b nebyli v majetku lid\u00ed a s nimi nekomunikovali, tedy m\u011bli \u00faplnou svobodu pohybu a rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1vislost na lidech v\u0161ak existovala v podob\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed potravy od n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch kolemjdouc\u00edch a starostliv\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed se po\u010det tlupy pohyboval od 25 do 40 jedinc\u016f, ale hlavn\u00ed d\u016fraz studie byl zam\u011b\u0159en na 27 jedinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli v tlup\u011b d\u00e9le ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhala ve t\u0159ech r\u016fzn\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch kontextech: p\u0159\u00edtomnost potravy, p\u0159\u00edtomnost receptivn\u00edch (ochotn\u00fdch k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed) samic a \u00fapln\u00e1 absence zdroj\u016f konkurence.<\/p>\n<p>Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed, tedy pozice v hierarchii, bylo ur\u010dov\u00e1no pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jasn\u011b ukazuje na \u201ev\u00edt\u011bze\u201c a \u201epora\u017een\u00e9ho\u201c. Z\u00edskan\u00e1 data byla pou\u017eita pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed, na jejich\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b byly vyvinuty exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed grafick\u00e9 modely.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto modely ukazuj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu interakce (bin\u00e1rn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b) nebo frekvenci interakc\u00ed (v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b) v z\u00e1vislosti na strukturn\u00edch vlastnostech s\u00edt\u011b, charakteristik\u00e1ch jednotliv\u00fdch subjekt\u016f (uzly v grafech) a vztaz\u00edch mezi nimi (hrany na grafech).<\/p>\n<p>Byly vybr\u00e1ny dva modely pro ka\u017edou ze t\u0159\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch kategori\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edtomnost potravy, p\u0159\u00edtomnost samic, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zdroje konkurence):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(I) model bin\u00e1rn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e9 atributy (pohlav\u00ed a v\u011bk) k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed interakc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jedinec;<\/li>\n<li>(II) model v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 orientovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e9 atributy (pohlav\u00ed a v\u011bk) k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed interakc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jedinec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00e1le byly vytvo\u0159eny je\u0161t\u011b dva dal\u0161\u00ed modely pro s\u00edt\u011b ritu\u00e1ln\u00edho dominov\u00e1n\u00ed a agresivn\u00edch interakc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(III) model v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 orientovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed interakc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jedinec;<\/li>\n<li>(IV) model v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 neorientovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed frekvence interakc\u00ed mezi diadami (p\u00e1ry jedinc\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00e1le byl model (III) pou\u017eit k prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed toho, jak zm\u011bny ve frekvenci dominantn\u00edho nebo agresivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed zm\u011bny hierarchick\u00e9 struktury uvnit\u0159 sme\u010dky ps\u016f. Bylo simulov\u00e1no 1000 orientovan\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed pro agresivn\u00ed a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed interakce. <\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nA te\u010f, kdy\u017e je p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce hotov\u00e1, m\u016f\u017eeme se pustit do toho nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u2014 do v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Nejprve je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo potvrdit existenci line\u00e1rn\u00ed hierarchie dominov\u00e1n\u00ed podle pohlav\u00ed a v\u011bku v t\u00e9to sme\u010dce ps\u016f z orientovan\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed submisivn\u00edch interakc\u00ed (obr\u00e1zek n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/bf9d3350b97539dee02fd9efd24acddc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1. Orientovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b agonistick\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed ve sme\u010dce ps\u016f pro submisivn\u00ed interakce (<b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b>), ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed dominantn\u00ed interakce (<b>b<\/b>) a agresivn\u00ed interakce (<b>s<\/b>). Uzly v grafu odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed pohlav\u00ed jedince (samci \u2014 \u010derven\u00fd \/ \u017elut\u00fd a samice \u2014 modr\u00fd \/ zelen\u00fd) a v\u011bku (\u010dtverec \u2014 dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci, kruhy \u2014 adolescenti, troj\u00faheln\u00edky \u2014 mlad\u00ed jedinci).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pro v\u0161echny t\u0159i s\u00edt\u011b interakce byly tranzitivn\u00ed vazby v\u00fdrazn\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e cyklick\u00e9, co\u017e m\u011blo velk\u00fd vliv na vznik r\u016fzn\u00fdch interakc\u00ed a na jejich frekvenci (tabulka n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/0c9d8e11cd3905b18e2ff1e561f07764.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka \u010d. 1: pozitivn\u00ed ukazatele \u2014 tento model interakce se vyskytuje \u010dast\u011bji, ne\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, negativn\u00ed ukazatele \u2014 tento model interakce se vyskytuje m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto, ne\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>S\u00edt\u011b pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed prok\u00e1zaly line\u00e1rn\u00ed vztahy, tedy cyklick\u00e9 (A nad B, B nad C, C nad A) prakticky nebyly. Jak se o\u010dek\u00e1valo, s\u00edt\u011b agresivn\u00edch interakc\u00ed byly nejm\u00e9n\u011b line\u00e1rn\u00ed, vykazuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edce cyklick\u00e9 vztahy.<\/p>\n<p>Dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci zaujali vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pozice v hierarchii na \u00fakor pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch vztah\u016f, projevovali v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru agresivity a dominance. Pod\u0159\u00edzenost tito jedinci projevovali z\u0159\u00eddka a to jen v\u016f\u010di jedinc\u016fm stejn\u00e9ho v\u011bku. <\/p>\n<p>Mlad\u00ed jedinci zaujali nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 hierarchie, projevuj\u00edc minimum agresivity a dominance v\u016f\u010di star\u0161\u00edm jedinc\u016fm. Takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed si mlad\u00ed jedinci mohli dovolit pouze v\u016f\u010di ostatn\u00edm jedinc\u016fm ve sv\u00e9 skupin\u011b, tedy k mlad\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p>Ve v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch m\u011bli vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed postaven\u00ed samci, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji projevovali ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed dominance. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed nebylo zam\u011b\u0159eno na samice, ale na jin\u00e9 samce.<\/p>\n<p>Shrnuto, ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f byla vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena line\u00e1rn\u00ed struktura hierarchie (A nad B, B nad C, A nad C). Star\u0161\u00ed jedinci zauj\u00edmali vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, toto pravidlo plat\u00ed i pro samce v\u016f\u010di samic\u00edm. Projevy agresivity a dominance byly pozorov\u00e1ny u jedinc\u016f s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm postaven\u00edm v\u016f\u010di jedinc\u016fm s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm postaven\u00edm. Z\u00e1rove\u0148, v r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9 podslo\u017eky ve sme\u010dce se tak\u00e9 objevovaly podobn\u00e9 projevy. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/8c3eedc209ceece100b7d2f75828aa05.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2: podobnost v proporc\u00edch (<b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b>) ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed dominance a (<b>b<\/b>) agresivn\u00edch interakc\u00ed mezi pozorov\u00e1n\u00edmi a v\u00fdsledky modelov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Anal\u00fdza dat spolu s modelov\u00e1n\u00edm uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee jedinci z vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hierarchick\u00fdch rang\u016f \u010dast\u011bji iniciuj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed dominance bez projev\u016f otev\u0159en\u00e9 agresivity. Oproti tomu jedinci ze st\u0159edn\u00edch rang\u016f naopak \u010dast\u011bji projevuj\u00ed agresivn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v\u016f\u010di jedinc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou bl\u00edzko jejich postaven\u00ed v hierarchii sme\u010dky.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm je, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobnost agresivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed u samic byla vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u samc\u016f, pokud pat\u0159ily k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu rangu. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/aeb5ae8cc3e6fc146ac380ad698f0386.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3: neoriented s\u00edt\u011b, ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010detnost behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch interakc\u00ed ve sme\u010dce ps\u016f pro pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 (<b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b>), ritu\u00e1ln\u011b dominantn\u00ed (<b>b<\/b>) a agresivn\u00ed interakce (<b>s<\/b>).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A\u0165 \u017eije kr\u00e1l: krut\u00fd sv\u011bt hierarchie ve sme\u010dce toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c82b59d459477041a8262700460766ad.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4: vliv hodnosti, vzd\u00e1lenosti hodnosti od centra hierarchie a rozd\u00edlu hodnost\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma jedinci na frekvenci \u00fa\u010dasti na ritu\u00e1ln\u00edm dominov\u00e1n\u00ed a agresivn\u00edch interakc\u00edch ve sme\u010dce.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Jak je patrn\u00e9 z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho grafu, projev agresivity byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze strany jedinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se nach\u00e1zeli bl\u00ed\u017ee k prost\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti hierarchick\u00e9ho \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku. <\/p>\n<p>Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0536\">zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/rs.figshare.com\/articles\/Supplementary_Methods_and_Code_from_Elevated_aggression_is_associated_with_uncertainty_in_a_network_of_dog_dominance_interactions\/8280905\">dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nZ v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00fdzkumu je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 agresivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed se projevuje ve st\u0159edn\u00edch hodnostech hierarchie, zat\u00edmco na vysok\u00fdch hodnostech je \u010dast\u011bji p\u0159\u00edtomno dominov\u00e1n\u00ed a na n\u00edzk\u00fdch pod\u0159\u00edzenost. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b to m\u016f\u017ee souviset s touhou postoupit v\u00fd\u0161e v hierarchii, ale nelze opom\u00edjet ani fakt nejednozna\u010dnosti postaven\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnosti ve struktu\u0159e sme\u010dky. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, alfa jedinci budou v\u017edy dominovat, omega jedinci v\u017edy podl\u00e9hat, zat\u00edmco gama jedinci nemaj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u00fdm vzorem chov\u00e1n\u00ed, a proto jejich agresivn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee souviset se slo\u017eitost\u00ed vztahov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed uvnit\u0159 st\u0159edn\u00edch hodnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 agresivity mezi jedinci st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnosti m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nedostatek informac\u00ed o vztaz\u00edch mezi jedinci v cel\u00e9 skupin\u011b, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 nedostatek porozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00fdm norm\u00e1m chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br se nab\u00edz\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina jedinc\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnosti jsou mladistv\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e nejsou \u0161t\u011b\u0148ata, ale tak\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nejsou dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci. Tak\u017ee jejich proces socializace souvis\u00ed s pokusy pov\u00fd\u0161it se v hierarchii t\u00edm nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem \u2014 agres\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee populace st\u0159edn\u00ed hodnosti je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi hodnostmi. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dynamika vztah\u016f mezi jedinci uvnit\u0159 t\u00e9to hodnosti, jako\u017e i jejich po\u010detnost. V takov\u00fdch situac\u00edch ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed dominov\u00e1n\u00ed k prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho m\u00edsta v hierarchii nem\u00e1 tak dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed efekt jako pouh\u00e9 zp\u016fsoben\u00ed \u00fajmy sv\u00e9mu protivn\u00edkovi. <\/p>\n<p>Na prvn\u00ed pohled to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee hierarchie v tlup\u00e1ch toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 pir\u00e1ty z dobrodru\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f. Je tu kapit\u00e1n (alfa), n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edci (omega) a v\u0161ichni ostatn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed neust\u00e1le zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed neplechu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b struktura hierarchie toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f je dost jednoduch\u00e1 a koordinovan\u00e1, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 je ovlivn\u011bna negativn\u00edmi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi faktory (velk\u00e1 populace ve skupin\u011b a \u010dast\u00fd nedostatek p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00fdch vazeb) a faktory \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nedostatek potravy, vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak se vyhnout zmatku v hierarchii toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f, absence toulav\u00fdch ps\u016f. Psi nejsou vlci, d\u00e1vno p\u0159estali b\u00fdt divok\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty, co\u017e dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed jejich evolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny fyziologie a chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed n\u00e1s, stejn\u011b jako my je. Pes je nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtelem \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed nen\u00ed jednostrann\u00e9, jinak to ani p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed nen\u00ed. Proto, pokud si n\u011bkdo p\u0159eje po\u0159\u00eddit si dom\u00e1c\u00edho mazl\u00ed\u010dka, m\u011bl by m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee to nen\u00ed jen chom\u00e1\u010d chlup\u016f s tlapkami a legra\u010dn\u00edm obli\u010dejem, ale \u017eiv\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e1 pot\u0159ebuje l\u00e1sku, p\u00e9\u010di a respekt, jako ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"uievm1yYDcg\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/uievm1yYDcg\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Z\u00e1chrana \u0161t\u011b\u0148at, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed naj\u00edt si potravu v odpadkov\u00fdch pytl\u00edch.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"7Zxm2wcgeYI\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/7Zxm2wcgeYI\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Chcete si po\u0159\u00eddit psa? Ne\u017e si koup\u00edte, zva\u017ete mo\u017enost vz\u00edt si pejska z \u00fatulku. Bude v\u00e1m nesm\u00edrn\u011b vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed, milujte zv\u00ed\u0159ata a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00fd v\u00edkend! \ud83d\ude42 <\/p>\n<p>\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, <b>30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/460577\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 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\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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