{"id":36400,"date":"2019-10-31T22:11:26","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:11:26","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:26","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 7. Dilema absolutn\u00ed mor\u00e1lky","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"


\n \"Free<\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 1. Osudov\u00e1 tisk\u00e1rna<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom v ru\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 2. 2001: Hackerova odysea<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 3. Portr\u00e9t hackera v ml\u00e1d\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom \u010desky: Kapitola 4. Zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed boha<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom \u010desky: Kapitola 5. Potok svobody<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom \u010desky: Kapitola 6. Komuna Emacs<\/a><\/p>\n

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Dilema absolutn\u00ed mor\u00e1lky<\/h1>\n

Ve 12:30 v noci 27. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1983 se v Usenet skupin\u011b net.unix-wizards objevila neobvykl\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va podepsan\u00e1 rms@mit-oz. Zpr\u00e1va byla stru\u010dn\u00e1 a velmi l\u00e1kav\u00e1: \u201eNov\u00e1 implementace UNIX\u201c. Ale m\u00edsto n\u011bjak\u00e9 hotov\u00e9 nov\u00e9 verze Unix \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 nalezl v\u00fdzvu:<\/p>\n

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Na tento Den d\u00edk\u016fvzd\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1m ps\u00e1t nov\u00fd, pln\u011b kompatibiln\u00ed s Unix opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se bude jmenovat GNU (GNU\u2019s Not Unix). Budu ho voln\u011b rozd\u00e1vat v\u0161em z\u00e1jemc\u016fm. Velmi pot\u0159ebuji v\u00e1\u0161 \u010das, pen\u00edze, k\u00f3d, vybaven\u00ed - jak\u00e1koli pomoc.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

V o\u010d\u00edch zku\u0161en\u00e9ho Unix v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e zpr\u00e1va vypadala jako sm\u011bs idealismu a vysok\u00e9ho \u00fasudku. Autor se nejen zav\u00e1zal vytvo\u0159it znovu celou opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m od z\u00e1klad\u016f, velmi vysp\u011bl\u00fd a mocn\u00fd, ale tak\u00e9 ho vylep\u0161it. Syst\u00e9m GNU m\u011bl zahrnovat v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 komponenty, jako je textov\u00fd editor, p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek, kompil\u00e1tor, a tak\u00e9 \u201e\u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed\u201c. Sl\u00edbena byla i vysoce atraktivn\u00ed funkcionalita, kter\u00e1 v existuj\u00edc\u00edch Unix syst\u00e9mech chyb\u011bla: grafick\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed v programovac\u00edm jazyce Lisp, odoln\u00fd proti chyb\u00e1m souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 protokoly zalo\u017een\u00e9 na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 architektu\u0159e MTI.<\/p>\n

\u201eGNU bude moci spou\u0161t\u011bt Unixov\u00e9 programy, ale nebude identick\u00e9 se syst\u00e9mem Unix,\u201c psal autor, \u201eprovedeme v\u0161echna pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 vylep\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula za l\u00e9ta pr\u00e1ce v r\u016fzn\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech.\u201c<\/p>\n

P\u0159edv\u00eddaje skeptickou reakci na svou zpr\u00e1vu, autor ji doplnil kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm autobiografick\u00fdm odstave\u010dkem pod n\u00e1zvem: \u201eKdo jsem?\u201c<\/p>\n

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Jsem Richard Stallman, tv\u016frce p\u016fvodn\u00edho editoru EMACS, jeden z klon\u016f kter\u00e9ho jste pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b potkali. Pracuji v Laborato\u0159i um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence Massachusettsk\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho institutu. M\u00e1m bohat\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s v\u00fdvojem kompil\u00e1tor\u016f, editor\u016f, debugger\u016f, interpretr\u016f p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f, opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f ITS a Lisp Machine. Implementoval jsem termin\u00e1lov\u011b nez\u00e1vislou podporu obrazovky v ITS, stejn\u011b jako odoln\u00fd souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m a dva okenn\u00ed syst\u00e9my pro Lispov\u00e9 stroje.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Jak se uk\u00e1zalo, komplikovan\u00fd projekt Stallmana neza\u010dal na Den d\u00edk\u016fvzd\u00e1n\u00ed, jak bylo sl\u00edbeno. A\u017e v lednu 1984 se Richard pln\u011b pono\u0159il do v\u00fdvoje softwaru ve stylu Unix. Z pohledu syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho architekta ITS to bylo jako p\u0159ej\u00edt od stavby maursk\u00fdch pal\u00e1c\u016f k v\u00fdstavb\u011b p\u0159edm\u011bstsk\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch center. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdvoj unixov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el i v\u00fdhody. ITS, i p\u0159es svou s\u00edlu, m\u011blo slab\u00e9 m\u00edsto \u2013 fungovalo pouze na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di PDP-10 od spole\u010dnosti DEC. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let laborato\u0159 opustila PDP-10 a ITS, kter\u00e9 hacke\u0159i p\u0159irovn\u00e1vali k \u017eiv\u00e9mu m\u011bstu, se zm\u011bnilo na m\u011bsto duch\u016f. Unix byl v\u0161ak od po\u010d\u00e1tku navr\u017een s c\u00edlem p\u0159enositelnosti z jedn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 architektury na druhou, tak\u017ee podobn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my mu nehrozily. Vyvinut\u00fd mlad\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky AT&T, Unix proklouzl korpor\u00e1tn\u00edm radar\u016fm a na\u0161el klidn\u00e9 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v nekomer\u010dn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fdch center. S men\u0161\u00edmi zdroji ne\u017e jejich brat\u0159i-hacke\u0159i na MIT se v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i Unixu p\u0159izp\u016fsobili sv\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu tak, aby fungoval na zoo r\u016fznorod\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed. Hlavn\u011b \u2013 na 16bitov\u00e9m PDP-11, kter\u00fd hacke\u0159i v laborato\u0159i pova\u017eovali za nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd pro v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 \u00fakoly, ale tak\u00e9 na 32bitov\u00fdch mainframes jako VAX 11\/780. K roku 1983 vytvo\u0159ily spole\u010dnosti jako Sun Microsystems relativn\u011b kompaktn\u00ed stoln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de \u2013 \u201epracovn\u00ed stanice\u201c, kter\u00e9 byly srovnateln\u00e9 sv\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem se star\u00fdm mainframem PDP-10. Na t\u011bchto pracovn\u00edch stanic\u00edch tak\u00e9 p\u0159eb\u00fdval v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd Unix.<\/p>\n

P\u0159enositelnost Unix byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna dodate\u010dnou abstrak\u010dn\u00ed vrstvou mezi aplikacemi a hardwarem. M\u00edsto psan\u00ed program\u016f v strojov\u00fdch k\u00f3dech konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, jak to d\u011blali hacke\u0159i Laborato\u0159e p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji program\u016f pro ITS na PDP-10, program\u00e1to\u0159i Unixu pou\u017e\u00edvali vysoce \u00farov\u0148ov\u00fd jazyk C, kter\u00fd nebyl v\u00e1z\u00e1n na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hardwarovou platformu. V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i se p\u0159itom soust\u0159edili na standardizaci rozhran\u00ed, skrze kter\u00e1 si jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu navz\u00e1jem vym\u011b\u0148ovaly informace. V\u00fdsledkem byl syst\u00e9m, ve kter\u00e9m bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jakoukoli \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159estav\u011bt, ani\u017e by to ovlivnilo ostatn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti a poru\u0161ilo jejich funk\u010dnost. A k p\u0159enesen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu z jedn\u00e9 hardwarov\u00e9 architektury na jinou bylo tak\u00e9 sta\u010dilo p\u0159epracovat pouze jednu \u010d\u00e1st syst\u00e9mu, m\u00edsto abychom museli p\u0159episovat cel\u00fd. Odborn\u00edci ocenili tak fantastickou \u00farove\u0148 flexibility a u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho komfortu, a proto se Unix rychle roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il po po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Stallman se rozhodl vytvo\u0159it syst\u00e9m GNU kv\u016fli \u00famrt\u00ed ITS, obl\u00edben\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte hacker\u016f z Laborato\u0159e AI. Smrt ITS byla pro n\u011b tvrd\u00fdm \u00faderem, v\u010detn\u011b Richarda. Zat\u00edmco p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o laserov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rn\u011b Xerox mu otev\u0159el o\u010di v\u016f\u010di nespravedlnosti vlastnick\u00fdch licenc\u00ed, \u00famrt\u00ed ITS ho povzbudilo k aktivn\u00edmu protivl\u00e1dnut\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00e9mu softwaru.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny \u00fapadku ITS, stejn\u011b jako jeho k\u00f3d, sahaly daleko do minulosti. K roku 1980 u\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina hacker\u016f z Laborato\u0159e pracovala na Lispov\u00e9m stroji a opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu pro n\u011bj.<\/p>\n

Lisp \u2013 elegantn\u00ed programovac\u00ed jazyk, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdborn\u011b vhodn\u00fd pro pr\u00e1ci s daty, jejich\u017e struktura nen\u00ed p\u0159edem zn\u00e1m\u00e1. Vytvo\u0159il ho pr\u016fkopn\u00edk v\u00fdzkumu um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence a autor samotn\u00e9ho term\u00ednu \u201eum\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence\u201c John McCarthy, kter\u00fd pracoval na MIT ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 50. let. N\u00e1zev jazyka je zkratkou pro \u201eLISt Processing\u201c neboli \u201ezpracov\u00e1n\u00ed seznam\u016f\u201c. Po odchodu McCarthyho z MIT na Stanford hacke\u0159i Laborato\u0159e pon\u011bkud zm\u011bnili Lisp a vytvo\u0159ili jeho region\u00e1ln\u00ed dialekt MACLISP, kde prvn\u00ed 3 p\u00edsmena ozna\u010dovala projekt MAC, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e tak\u00e9 vznikla Laborato\u0159 AI na MIT. Pod veden\u00edm syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho architekta Richarda Greenblatta hacke\u0159i Laborato\u0159e vyvinuli Lisp stroj \u2013 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d pro vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed program\u016f napsan\u00fdch v jazyce Lisp, stejn\u011b jako opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m pro tento po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u2013 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 napsan\u00fd v LISP.<\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let zakl\u00e1daly konkuren\u010dn\u00ed skupiny hacker\u016f dv\u011b spole\u010dnosti na v\u00fdrobu a prodej Lisp stroj\u016f. Spole\u010dnost Greenblatta se naz\u00fdvala Lisp Machines Incorporated nebo jednodu\u0161e LMI. Doufal, \u017ee se obejde bez extern\u00edho financov\u00e1n\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dist\u011b \u201ehacker spole\u010dnosti\u201c. V\u011bt\u0161ina hacker\u016f se ale p\u0159ipojila k Symbolics, b\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu komer\u010dn\u00edmu startupu. V roce 1982 u\u017e pln\u011b opustili MIT.<\/p>\n

Ty, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali, bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 spo\u010d\u00edtat na prstech jedn\u00e9 ruky, tak\u017ee opravy program\u016f a stroj\u016f se d\u011blaly st\u00e1le d\u00e9le, nebo se v\u016fbec ned\u011blaly. A co bylo nejhor\u0161\u00ed, podle slov Stallmana \u2013 v Laborato\u0159i za\u010daly \u201edemografick\u00e9 zm\u011bny\u201c. Hacke\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm byli men\u0161inou, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zmizeli a ponechali Laborato\u0159 zcela v rukou profesor\u016f a student\u016f, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edstup k PDP-10 byl jasn\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V roce 1982 dostala laborato\u0159 AI n\u00e1hradu za sv\u016fj 12let\u00fd PDP-10 \u2013 DECSYSTEM 20. Aplikace napsan\u00e9 pro PDP-10 fungovaly na nov\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di bez probl\u00e9m\u016f, proto\u017ee DECSYSTEM 20 byl vlastn\u011b vylep\u0161en\u00fdm PDP-10, ale star\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m rozhodn\u011b nevyhovoval \u2013 ITS bylo t\u0159eba portovat na nov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, co\u017e znamenalo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00e9 p\u0159epracov\u00e1n\u00ed. A to v dob\u011b, kdy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni hacke\u0159i z laborato\u0159e ode\u0161li, tak\u017ee nov\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010di rychle dominoval komer\u010dn\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m Twenex. Ti few hacke\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali na MIT, mohli jen sm\u00ed\u0159it s t\u00edmto stavem.<\/p>\n

\u201eBez hacker\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed by se postavili za v\u00fdvoj a \u00fadr\u017ebu opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, jsme odsouzeni k z\u00e1niku,\u201c \u0159\u00edkali pracovn\u00edci fakulty a studenti, \u201epot\u0159ebujeme komer\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd podporuje n\u011bjak\u00e1 firma, aby sama \u0159e\u0161ila probl\u00e9my s t\u00edmto syst\u00e9mem.\u201c Stallman vzpom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee tento argument se uk\u00e1zal jako krut\u00e1 chyba, ale v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zn\u011bl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku hacke\u0159i vid\u011bli v Twenex dal\u0161\u00edm projevem autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 korporokracie, kterou cht\u011bli zni\u010dit. Dokonce i v n\u00e1zvu se odr\u00e1\u017eel odpor hacker\u016f \u2013 vlastn\u011b se syst\u00e9m naz\u00fdval TOPS-20, co\u017e nazna\u010dovalo n\u00e1vaznost na TOPS-10, tak\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m DEC pro PDP-10. Ale architektonicky TOPS-20 nem\u011bla nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s TOPS-10. Byla vyvinuta na z\u00e1klad\u011b syst\u00e9mu Tenex, kter\u00fd spole\u010dnost Bolt, Beranek and Newman vytvo\u0159ila pro PDP-10. Nazvat syst\u00e9m \u201eTwenex\u201c za\u010dal Stallman, jen aby ho nemusel naz\u00fdvat TOPS-20. \u201eSyst\u00e9m byl daleko od \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, tak\u017ee jsem ho nemohl naz\u00fdvat ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jm\u00e9nem,\u201c vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 Stallman, \u201etak jsem do \u201aTenex\u2018 vlo\u017eil p\u00edsmeno \u201aw\u2018, abych z\u00edskal \u201aTwenex\u2018.\u201c (Tento n\u00e1zev se hraje se slovem \u201etwenty\u201c, tedy \u201edvacet\u201c.)<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, na kter\u00e9m b\u011b\u017eel Twenex\/TOPS-20, byl ironicky naz\u00fdv\u00e1n \u201eOz\u201c. To proto, \u017ee DECSYSTEM 20 vy\u017eadoval mal\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d PDP-11 pro pr\u00e1ci s termin\u00e1lem. Jeden hacker, kter\u00fd poprv\u00e9 vid\u011bl p\u0159ipojen\u00ed PDP-11 k tomuto po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, to srovnal s pomp\u00e9zn\u00edm vystoupen\u00edm \u010carod\u011bje ze zem\u011b Oz. \u201eJ\u00e1 jsem velk\u00fd a hrozn\u00fd Oz!\u201c \u2013 prohl\u00e1sil. \u2013 \u201eJen se ned\u00edvejte na mali\u010dkosti, od kter\u00fdch pracuji!\u201c<\/p>\n

Ale v opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu nov\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de ji\u017e nebylo nic sm\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho. Bezpe\u010dnost a kontrola p\u0159\u00edstupu byly integrov\u00e1ny do Twenex na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00farovni, a jej\u00ed utility s aplikacemi byly tak\u00e9 navr\u017eeny s ohledem na bezpe\u010dnost. Shov\u00edvav\u00e9 vtipy na \u00fa\u010det bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f Laborato\u0159e se zm\u011bnily v v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd boj o kontrolu nad po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem. Administr\u00e1to\u0159i tvrdili, \u017ee bez bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f bude Twenex nestabiln\u00ed a n\u00e1chyln\u00fd k chyb\u00e1m. Hacke\u0159i se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee stability a spolehlivosti lze dos\u00e1hnout mnohem rychleji \u00fapravou zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du syst\u00e9mu. Ale jich v Laborato\u0159i u\u017e bylo tak m\u00e1lo, \u017ee je nikdo neposlouchal.<\/p>\n

Hacke\u0159i si mysleli, \u017ee mohou obej\u00edt bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed omezen\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u0161em u\u017eivatel\u016fm daj\u00ed \u201e\u0159\u00eddic\u00ed pr\u00e1va\u201c \u2013 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed d\u011blat mnoh\u00e9, co je b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm u\u017eivatel\u016fm zak\u00e1z\u00e1no. Jen\u017ee v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mohl kter\u00fdkoli u\u017eivatel vz\u00edt \u201e\u0159\u00eddic\u00ed pr\u00e1va\u201c od jak\u00e9hokoli jin\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele, a ten je nemohl za \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed obnovit. Proto se hacke\u0159i rozhodli z\u00edskat kontrolu nad syst\u00e9mem t\u00edm, \u017ee odejmou \u201e\u0159\u00eddic\u00ed pr\u00e1va\u201c v\u0161em krom\u011b sebe.<\/p>\n

Hled\u00e1n\u00ed hesel a spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed debuggov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem nab\u00edjen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu nic nep\u0159ineslo. Po ne\u00fasp\u011bchu v \u201est\u00e1tn\u00edm p\u0159evratu<\/em>\u201c, Stallman rozeslal zpr\u00e1vu v\u0161em pracovn\u00edk\u016fm laborato\u0159e.<\/p>\n

\u201eDoposud byli aristokrat\u00e9 pora\u017eeni, \u2013 psal, \u2013 ale nyn\u00ed z\u00edskali p\u0159evahu a pokus o p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci se nezda\u0159il\u201c. Richard podepsal zpr\u00e1vu: \u201eRadio Free OZ\u201c, aby nikdo nep\u0159i\u0161el na to, \u017ee to napsal on. Skv\u011bl\u00e9 maskov\u00e1n\u00ed, vezmeme-li v \u00favahu, \u017ee v\u0161ichni v laborato\u0159i znali Stallmanovy n\u00e1zory na bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a jeho posm\u011b\u0161ky nad hesly. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b Richardova nechu\u0165 k hesl\u016fm byla zn\u00e1ma daleko za hranicemi MIT. Na po\u010d\u00edta\u010de laborato\u0159e se pod u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dtem Stallmana dost\u00e1val t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fd ARPAnet \u2013 p\u0159edch\u016fdce dne\u0161n\u00edho internetu. Mezi t\u011bmito \u201eturisty\u201c byl nap\u0159\u00edklad Don Hopkins, program\u00e1tor z Kalifornie, kter\u00fd se p\u0159es hackery dozv\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee se do proslul\u00e9 syst\u00e9mu ITS na MIT lze dostat jednodu\u0161e zad\u00e1n\u00edm 3 p\u00edsmen inici\u00e1l Stallmana jako u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na a hesla.<\/p>\n

\u201eJsem nekone\u010dn\u011b vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd MIT za to, \u017ee j\u00e1 a mnoz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsme mohli svobodn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat jejich po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, \u2013 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Hopkins, \u2013 to pro n\u00e1s v\u0161echny velmi mnoho znamenalo\u201c.<\/p>\n

Tato \u201eturistick\u00e1\u201c politika trvala mnoho let, dokud syst\u00e9m ITS \u017eil, a veden\u00ed MIT na to pohl\u00ed\u017eelo shov\u00edvav\u011b. Ale kdy\u017e se stroj Oz stal hlavn\u00edm mostem z laborato\u0159e do ARPAnetu, v\u0161echno se zm\u011bnilo. Stallman i nad\u00e1le poskytoval p\u0159\u00edstup ke sv\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dtu pod zn\u00e1m\u00fdm u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem a heslem, ale administr\u00e1to\u0159i od n\u011bj po\u017eadovali, aby zm\u011bnil heslo a nikomu ho u\u017e ned\u00e1val. Richard, odkazuj\u00edc na svou etiku, v\u016fbec odm\u00edtl pracovat na stroji Oz.<\/p>\n

«Kdy\u017e se na po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch Laborato\u0159e AI za\u010daly objevovat hesla, rozhodl jsem se \u0159\u00eddit sv\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm, \u017ee hesla nemaj\u00ed existovat, – \u0159\u00edkal pozd\u011bji Stallman, – a proto\u017ee jsem pova\u017eoval, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, nem\u011bl jsem podporovat jejich zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed».<\/p>\n

Stallman\u016fv odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pokleknout p\u0159ed velk\u00fdm a hrozn\u00fdm strojem Oz ukazovalo, \u017ee mezi hackery a veden\u00edm Laborato\u0159e rostlo nap\u011bt\u00ed. Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u0161ak bylo pouze bled\u00fdm st\u00ednem konfliktu, kter\u00fd zu\u0159il uvnit\u0159 samotn\u00e9 hackersk\u00e9 komunity, kter\u00e1 se rozd\u011blila na dva t\u00e1bory: LMI (Lisp Machines Incorporated) a Symbolics.<\/p>\n

Symbolics z\u00edskala zna\u010dn\u00e9 extern\u00ed investice, co\u017e p\u0159it\u00e1hlo mnoho hacker\u016f z Laborato\u0159e. Pracovali na syst\u00e9mu Lispov\u00fdch stroj\u016f jak na MIT, tak mimo n\u011bj. Na konci roku 1980 najala firma 14 zam\u011bstnanc\u016f Laborato\u0159e jako konzultanty pro v\u00fdvoj vlastn\u00ed verze Lispov\u00e9ho stroje. Ostatn\u00ed hacke\u0159i, krom\u011b Stallmana, pracovali pro LMI. Richard se rozhodl nezast\u00e1vat \u017e\u00e1dnou stranu a, jak bylo jeho zvykem, byl s\u00e1m za sebe.<\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku hacke\u0159i najat\u00ed Symbolicsem pokra\u010dovali v pr\u00e1ci i na MIT, zdokonalovali syst\u00e9m Lispov\u00e9ho stroje. Pou\u017e\u00edvali pro sv\u016fj k\u00f3d licenci MIT stejn\u011b jako hacke\u0159i z LMI. Ta vy\u017eadovala, aby se zm\u011bny vracely zp\u011bt na MIT, ale nevy\u017eadovala, aby MIT tyto zm\u011bny \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo. P\u0159esto, b\u011bhem roku 1981, hacke\u0159i dodr\u017eovali gentlemenkou dohodu, podle kter\u00e9 byly v\u0161echny jejich vylep\u0161en\u00ed implementov\u00e1ny do Lispov\u00e9ho stroje od MIT a distribuov\u00e1ny mezi v\u0161echny u\u017eivatele t\u011bchto stroj\u016f. Takov\u00e1 situace si je\u0161t\u011b zachovala ur\u010ditou stabilitu hackersk\u00e9 komunity.<\/p>\n

Ale 16. b\u0159ezna 1982 – Stallman si tento den dob\u0159e pamatuje, proto\u017ee to byl jeho den narozenin – gentlemanovu dohodu bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat za ukon\u010denou. Stalo se to z v\u016fle veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Symbolics, kter\u00e9 se t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem sna\u017eilo potla\u010dit sv\u00e9ho konkurenta – firmu LMI, na kterou pracovalo mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b hacker\u016f. Veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Symbolics usoudilo, \u017ee pokud m\u00e1 LMI mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee celkov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na Lispov\u00e9m stroji p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody pr\u00e1v\u011b j\u00ed, a pokud by tato spolupr\u00e1ce p\u0159estala, LMI by byla zni\u010dena. S t\u00edmto c\u00edlem se rozhodli zneu\u017e\u00edt p\u00edsmeno licence. M\u00edsto toho, aby provedli zm\u011bny v MIT verzi syst\u00e9mu, kterou by mohla vyu\u017e\u00edt LMI, za\u010dali dod\u00e1vat do MIT verzi syst\u00e9mu Symbolics, kterou mohli upravovat jakkoli. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u00fapravy k\u00f3du Lispov\u00e9ho stroje v MIT \u0161ly pouze ku prosp\u011bchu spole\u010dnosti Symbolics.<\/p>\n

Jako osoba odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za \u00fadr\u017ebu laboratorn\u00edho Lispov\u00e9ho stroje (prvn\u00edch n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f – s pomoc\u00ed Greenblatta) se Stallman rozzu\u0159il. Hacke\u0159i ze Symbolics dodali k\u00f3d s des\u00edtkami zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobovaly chyby. Pova\u017eoval to za ultim\u00e1tum, Stallman odpojil komunika\u010dn\u00ed linku Laborato\u0159e se Symbolics, p\u0159\u00edsahal, \u017ee u\u017e nikdy nebude pracovat na stroj\u00edch t\u00e9to spole\u010dnosti a ozn\u00e1mil p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k pr\u00e1ci na Lispov\u00e9m stroji MIT pro podporu LMI. «V m\u00fdch o\u010d\u00edch byla Laborato\u0159 neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed zem\u00ed, jako Belgie b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, – vypr\u00e1v\u00ed Stallman, – a pokud N\u011bmecko vpadne do Belgie, vyhl\u00e1s\u00ed Belgie N\u011bmecku v\u00e1lku a p\u0159ipoj\u00ed se k Brit\u00e1nii a Francii.»<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e si veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Symbolics v\u0161imlo, \u017ee jejich posledn\u00ed inovace se objevuj\u00ed i na MTI verzi Lisp stroje, roz\u010d\u00edlilo je to a za\u010dali obvi\u0148ovat hackery z laborato\u0159e z kr\u00e1de\u017ee k\u00f3du. Ale Stallman nijak neporu\u0161il autorsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon. Studoval k\u00f3d poskytnut\u00fd Symbolics a ud\u011blal logick\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady o budouc\u00edch oprav\u00e1ch a vylep\u0161en\u00edch, kter\u00e9 za\u010dal realizovat od nuly pro Lisp stroj MTI. Veden\u00ed Symbolics tomu nev\u011b\u0159ilo. Nainstalovali \u0161pehovac\u00ed program na Stallman\u016fv termin\u00e1l, kter\u00fd zaznamen\u00e1val v\u0161e, co Richard d\u011blal. Doufali, \u017ee shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed d\u016fkazy o kr\u00e1de\u017ei k\u00f3du a p\u0159edlo\u017e\u00ed je spr\u00e1v\u011b MTI, ale dokonce na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1983 nem\u011bli t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 co uk\u00e1zat. M\u011bli pouze n\u011bjakou dvan\u00e1ctku m\u00edst, kde se k\u00f3d obou syst\u00e9m\u016f zd\u00e1l b\u00fdt pon\u011bkud podobn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e administr\u00e1to\u0159i Laborato\u0159e uk\u00e1zali d\u016fkazy Symbolicsu Stallmanovi, ten je zpochybnil s t\u00edm, \u017ee k\u00f3d byl podobn\u00fd, ale ne identick\u00fd. A obr\u00e1til logiku veden\u00ed Symbolicsu proti nim sam\u00fdm: pokud jsou tyto drobn\u00e9 \u00fatr\u017eky podobn\u00e9ho k\u00f3du v\u0161echno, co na\u0161li, pak to jen dokazuje, \u017ee Stallman vlastn\u011b neukradl k\u00f3d. To sta\u010dilo, aby veden\u00ed Laborato\u0159e schv\u00e1lilo Stallmanovu pr\u00e1ci a on ji pokra\u010doval a\u017e do konce roku 1983.<\/p>\n

Ale sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edstup Stallman zm\u011bnil. Aby se co nejv\u00edce ochr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed n\u00e1roky Symbolics a ochr\u00e1nil projekt, p\u0159estal zcela nahl\u00ed\u017eet do jejich zdrojov\u00fdch k\u00f3d\u016f. Za\u010dal ps\u00e1t k\u00f3d v\u00fdhradn\u011b podle dokumentace. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed novinky Richard ne\u010dekal od Symbolics, ale realizoval je s\u00e1m, pot\u00e9 jen p\u0159id\u00e1val rozhran\u00ed pro kompatibilitu s realizac\u00ed Symbolics, op\u00edraje se na jejich dokumentaci. Tak\u00e9 \u010detl seznam zm\u011bn v k\u00f3du Symbolics, aby pochopil, jak\u00e9 chyby opravovali, a tyto chyby opravil s\u00e1m, jin\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby.<\/p>\n

To, co se stalo, pos\u00edlilo Stallmanovu odhodlanost. Vytvo\u0159en\u00edm analogi\u00ed nov\u00fdch funkc\u00ed Symbolicsu p\u0159im\u011bl pracovn\u00edky Laborato\u0159e k MTI verzi Lispov\u00fdch stroj\u016f, co\u017e zajistilo dobrou \u00farove\u0148 testov\u00e1n\u00ed a odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb. A MTI verze byla zcela otev\u0159ena pro LMI. \u201eCht\u011bl jsem potrestat Symbolics za ka\u017edou cenu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Stallman. Toto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nazna\u010duje nejen to, \u017ee povaha Richarda je daleko od pacifismu, ale tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee konflikt okolo Lispov\u00e9ho stroje se ho velmi dotkl.<\/p>\n

Stallmanovu zoufalou odhodlanost lze pochopit, pokud vezmeme v \u00favahu, jak to pro n\u011bj v\u0161e vypadalo \u2013 jako \u201eznechucen\u00ed\u201c jeho \u201edomu\u201c, tedy hackersk\u00e9 komunity a kultury Laborato\u0159e AI. Pozd\u011bji se Levy s Stallmanem spojil emailem a Richard se tam p\u0159irovn\u00e1val k Ishi \u2013 posledn\u00edmu zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu z\u00e1stupci domorod\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda Yahyi, kter\u00fd byl vyhlazen b\u011bhem indick\u00fdch v\u00e1lek v letech 1860-1870. Tato analogie dod\u00e1v\u00e1 popisovan\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem epick\u00fd, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 mytologick\u00fd rozm\u011br. Hacke\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed pracovali pro Symbolics, to vid\u011bli v pon\u011bkud jin\u00e9m sv\u011btle: jejich spole\u010dnost nezni\u010dila ani nevyhladila, ale pouze d\u011blala to, co bylo u\u017e dlouho pot\u0159eba ud\u011blat. P\u0159esunut\u00edm Lispov\u00e9ho stroje do sf\u00e9ry obchodu zm\u011bnil Symbolics p\u0159\u00edstup k n\u00e1vrhu program\u016f \u2013 m\u00edsto toho, aby se \u0159ezaly podle tvrd\u00fdch \u0161ablon hacker\u016f, za\u010daly se pou\u017e\u00edvat m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 normy mana\u017eer\u016f. A Stallmana vn\u00edmali ne jako protivn\u00edka-bojovn\u00edka h\u00e1j\u00edc\u00edho pravou v\u011bc, ale jako nositele zastaral\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Osobn\u00ed neshody p\u0159ilily olej do ohn\u011b. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem Symbolics se mnoz\u00ed hacke\u0159i vyh\u00fdbali Stallmanovi, a nyn\u00ed se situace mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b zhor\u0161ila. \u201eU\u017e m\u011b nevyb\u00edzeli na v\u00fdlety do Chinatownu,\u201c vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 Richard, \u201eGreenblatt dal za\u010d\u00e1tek zvyku: kdy\u017e chce\u0161 na ob\u011bd, obejde\u0161 kolegy a pozve\u0161 je s sebou, nebo jim po\u0161le\u0161 zpr\u00e1vu. Kolem let 1980-1981 m\u011b p\u0159estali zv\u00e1t. Nejen\u017ee m\u011b nepoz\u00fdvali, ale jak mi pozd\u011bji p\u0159iznal jeden \u010dlov\u011bk, vyv\u00edjeli tlak na ostatn\u00ed, aby mi nikdo ne\u0159\u00edkal o pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch v\u00fdletech na ob\u011bd.\u201c<\/p>\n

Zdroj: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1. \u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 2. 2001: \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 3. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 4. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 5. \u0420\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0451\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b Free as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b: Kapitola 7. 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