{"id":36503,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:00","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:00","slug":"ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente","title":{"rendered":"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte na proch\u00e1zku do Afriky: jak to vypad\u00e1 s internetovou cenzurou na \u010cern\u00e9m kontinentu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\n
\nPosledn\u00edch n\u011bkolik let se vyzna\u010duje nejen bou\u0159liv\u00fdm rozvojem internetov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed a pronik\u00e1n\u00edm internetu do t\u011bch oblast\u00ed planety, kde je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 i s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm mobiln\u00edm p\u0159ipojen\u00edm. Byly vyvinuty a pou\u017eity n\u00e1stroje internetov\u00e9 cenzury \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky, v\u010detn\u011b blokov\u00e1n\u00ed webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a slu\u017eeb, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v u\u017eivatel\u016f e-mailov\u00fdch a chatov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, filtraci paket\u016f DPI a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edho.<\/p>\n

O tom v\u0161em p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i zn\u00e1m\u00fdch i m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed v souvislosti s \u010c\u00ednou, KLDR, Ruskem, Kazachst\u00e1nem, B\u011bloruskem atd. Internetov\u00e1 cenzura se dostala i do Afriky. O tom, jak to vypad\u00e1 na \u010cern\u00e9m kontinentu, si dnes promluv\u00edme.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

N\u011bco m\u00e1lo o cen\u00e1ch a dostupnosti internetu v Africe<\/h3>\n

\nJe\u0161t\u011b ned\u00e1vno byl internet v Africe raritou, kterou voln\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali pouze obyvatel\u00e9 nejbohat\u0161\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f kontinentu \u2014 Jihoafrick\u00e9 republiky, Tuniska, Egypta. Od roku 2013 bylo do Afriky p\u0159ivedeno n\u011bkolik podmo\u0159sk\u00fdch internetov\u00fdch tras, tak\u017ee p\u0159\u00edstup k s\u00edti se trochu zlep\u0161il.<\/p>\n

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\nAfrika a internetov\u00e9 trasy v roce 2019 (zdroj<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/i><\/p>\n

Ale zm\u011bny se zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pomalu a ceny klesaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b pomaleji. V n\u011bkolika africk\u00fdch zem\u00edch z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed velmi drah\u00e9 jak \"kabelov\u00e9\" p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, tak mobiln\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed. V Namibii a Burkina Faso, nap\u0159\u00edklad, jeden m\u011bs\u00edc individu\u00e1ln\u00ed bezlimitn\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed st\u00e1lo ned\u00e1vno tolik, kolik by sta\u010dilo na cel\u00fd d\u016fm, ba i malou vesnici v SNS.<\/p>\n

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\n
\nKe konci roku 2018 z\u016fst\u00e1vala Afrika nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edm regionem i z hlediska ceny mobiln\u00edho internetu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Rovn\u00edkov\u00e9 Guineji, Zimbabwe a Svazijsku \u2013 t\u0159ech nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch \u2013 jeden gigabajt mobiln\u00edch dat stoj\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 dolar\u016f<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\nNejhor\u0161\u00ed situace je v zem\u00edch na jih od Sahary. Zde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed 31 zem\u00ed a v 16 st\u00e1tech je nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed internet na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/i><\/p>\n

Situace se pomalu m\u011bn\u00ed k lep\u0161\u00edmu \u2013 objevuje se st\u00e1le v\u00edce internetov\u00fdch p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed a telekomunika\u010dn\u00edch oper\u00e1tor\u016f, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 pokles cen. S r\u016fstem \u00farovn\u011b penetrace internetu se v\u0161ak objevuj\u00ed i negativn\u00ed efekty \u2013 jako nap\u0159\u00edklad internetov\u00e1 cenzura. Kdy\u017e je po\u010det u\u017eivatel\u016f internetu n\u00edzk\u00fd a v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich pat\u0159\u00ed mezi m\u00edstn\u00ed politick\u00e9 a obchodn\u00ed elity, cenzura nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba. Ale kdy\u017e se k s\u00edti p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed des\u00edtky a stovky tis\u00edc b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch lid\u00ed, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed si vl\u00e1dy n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zku, zda je pot\u0159eba filtrovat tok informac\u00ed na t\u011bchto va\u0161ich internetech.<\/p>\n

Internetov\u00e1 cenzura v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch Afriky<\/h3>\n

\n\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\nCenzura, internetov\u00e1 cenzura v\u0161ude<\/i><\/p>\n

V Africe, stejn\u011b jako v ostatn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta, se postupn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 reguluj\u00ed pravidla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed internetu, v\u010detn\u011b zaveden\u00ed trest\u016f za kybernetick\u00e9 kriminality. N\u011bkter\u00e9 africk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 z\u00e1kony o kybernetick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti, podobn\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy z\u00e1kon\u016f jsou navrhov\u00e1ny i v dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch. Zat\u00edm zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed Som\u00e1lsko, Sierra Leone, Rovnost Guinejsk\u00e1, Guinea a Guinea-Bissau. <\/p>\n

Ale v ostatn\u00edch zem\u00edch internetov\u00e1 cenzura funguje naplno.<\/p>\n

Tanzanie<\/b><\/p>\n

Zde v\u0161echno za\u010dalo v roce 2017, b\u011bhem kulat\u00e9ho stolu se z\u00e1stupci \u010c\u00edny a Tanzanie. Z\u00e1stupce ministra komunikac\u00ed a spojen\u00ed Tanzanie pochv\u00e1lil \u010c\u00ednu<\/a><\/noindex> za to, \u017ee regul\u00e1to\u0159i t\u00e9to zem\u011b nahradili mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed internetov\u00e9 platformy vlastn\u00edmi slu\u017ebami. Tanzanie je ozna\u010dila za \u201edom\u00e1c\u00ed, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a popul\u00e1rn\u00ed\u201c. Tehdy z\u00e1stupce ministra litoval, \u017ee podobn\u00e1 praxe neexistuje v jeho zemi, ale netrvalo dlouho, ne\u017e se jeho roz\u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bnilo.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e v b\u0159eznu 2018 vy\u017eadoval regul\u00e1tor Tanzanie (Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority) registraci blogger\u016f a oper\u00e1tor\u016f kan\u00e1l\u016f online televize a online r\u00e1dia. P\u0159i registraci byli povinni zaplatit poplatek ve v\u00fd\u0161i p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 930 USD a na opl\u00e1tku dostali licenci na vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinnosti na dobu t\u0159\u00ed let.<\/p>\n

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\n
\nRegul\u00e1tor v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu za\u010dal po\u017eadovat od vlastn\u00edk\u016f webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a f\u00f3r, aby odstranili 'opozi\u010dn\u00ed' obsah. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly zavedena specializovan\u00e1 autentifika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro u\u017eivatele f\u00f3r. Vlastn\u00edci internetov\u00fdch kav\u00e1ren (co\u017e jsou v t\u00e9to zemi velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed podniky) byli povinni uchov\u00e1vat z\u00e1znamy o aktivit\u00e1ch sv\u00fdch klient\u016f po dobu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jednoho roku.<\/p>\n

Poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel je trest\u00e1no v\u011bzen\u00edm a\u017e na jeden rok a tak\u00e9 pokutou v \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc dolar\u016f. Po zaveden\u00ed nov\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f se zav\u0159ely popul\u00e1rn\u00ed internetov\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 port\u00e1ly, jejich\u017e vlastn\u00edci necht\u011bli upadnout do nemilosti org\u00e1n\u016f \u010dinn\u00fdch v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uganda<\/b><\/p>\n

Pro obyvatele t\u00e9to zem\u011b se zm\u011bny v pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed internetov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed staly znateln\u00fdmi od l\u00e9ta 2018. Tehdy vl\u00e1da zavedla speci\u00e1ln\u00ed da\u0148 na p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 slu\u017eb\u00e1m. Mezi nimi jsou WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, Skype. Bylo t\u0159eba platit p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 cent\u016f denn\u011b, co\u017e je pro naprostou v\u011bt\u0161inu obyvatel zem\u011b zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stka. Krom\u011b toho bylo nutn\u00e9 platit i za mobiln\u00ed internet. Celkov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stka p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f \u010dinila ji\u017e asi polovinu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edjmu ob\u010dana.<\/p>\n

Po\u010det internetov\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f se sn\u00ed\u017eil, do m\u00edstn\u00ed ekonomiky p\u0159i\u0161lo m\u00e9n\u011b pen\u011bz. Probl\u00e9m byl i v tom, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 pro vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 platby pou\u017e\u00edvali mobiln\u00ed slu\u017eby. Po zaveden\u00ed dan\u011b \u010d\u00e1st u\u017eivatel\u016f p\u0159estala internet v\u016fbec pou\u017e\u00edvat, \u010d\u00e1st se za\u010dala p\u0159ipojovat p\u0159es VPN, aby z\u016fstala anonymn\u00ed a nemusela platit tuto da\u0148.<\/p>\n

Etiopie<\/b><\/p>\n

Zde dlouhou dobu platila p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 cenzura internetu. S r\u016fzn\u00fdmi projevy nesouhlasu bojovali pomoc\u00ed z\u00e1kona z roku 2009 o protiteroristick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Pravda, nov\u00fd premi\u00e9r zem\u011b, Abiy Ahmed, m\u00edrn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eil \u00farove\u0148 cenzury.<\/p>\n

\"Nep\u016fjd\u011bte
\nV t\u00e9to budov\u011b s\u00eddl\u00ed poskytovatel internetu Ethio Telecom \u2013 jedin\u00fd poskytovatel, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc vlastn\u00ed st\u00e1t.<\/i><\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zde existuje obl\u00edben\u00e1 praxe vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed internetu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzpoury mezi ob\u010dany. Tak v tomto roce nebyl internet t\u00fdden, po \u010dem\u017e skupina pr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f podala \u017ealobu<\/a><\/noindex> proti jedin\u00e9mu internetov\u00e9mu poskytovateli v zemi. Internet v polovin\u011b \u010dervna nefungoval, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e probl\u00e9my v regionech p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed dodnes. Vl\u00e1da zem\u011b se rozhodla na \u010das omezit p\u0159\u00edstup k s\u00edti b\u011bhem celost\u00e1tn\u00edch maturitn\u00edch zkou\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

Od roku 2015 se obyvatel\u00e9 Etiopie n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t setkali s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm v\u00fdpadkem internetu. Pokud je v zemi pouze jeden internetov\u00fd poskytovatel, nen\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 to prov\u00e9st.<\/p>\n

Ke\u0148a<\/b><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da t\u00e9to zem\u011b aktivn\u011b reguluje internet. V lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce byl p\u0159ijat z\u00e1kon, podle kter\u00e9ho distributo\u0159i \u201enepravdiv\u00fdch informac\u00ed\u201c (nejasn\u00fd term\u00edn, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jakkoli) dost\u00e1vali pokuty ve v\u00fd\u0161i 50 tis\u00edc dolar\u016f, plus mo\u017enost v\u011bzen\u00ed a\u017e na dva roky.<\/p>\n

V Ken\u011b je \u017eivot videobloger\u016f obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd \u2014 je nutn\u00e9 se zaregistrovat v t\u00e9to roli a platit za ka\u017ed\u00e9 video vlo\u017een\u00e9 do internetu a za ka\u017ed\u00fd den nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdrobu i amat\u00e9rsk\u00e9ho videa jsou tak vysok\u00e9, \u017ee se do toho m\u00e1lokdo pust\u00ed. A pokud nezaplat\u00edte, m\u016f\u017eete dostat vysokou pokutu a v\u011bzen\u00ed a\u017e na 5 let<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 zde jsou zakazov\u00e1ny jednotliv\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 zdroje, kter\u00e9 jsou za\u0159azov\u00e1ny na \u010dernou listinu.<\/p>\n

Burundi<\/b><\/p>\n

V tomto st\u00e1t\u011b je velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 m\u00edra internetizace, zato vysok\u00e1 \u2014 internetov\u00e1 cenzura. Vl\u00e1da se neboj\u00ed omezit p\u0159\u00edstup k s\u00edti pro u\u017eivatele po cel\u00e9 zemi, kdy\u017e ji n\u011bco znepokoj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 2015 zde byl p\u0159eru\u0161en p\u0159\u00edstup t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ke v\u0161em velk\u00fdm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00edt\u00edm a messenger\u016fm. D\u00e1le jsou blokov\u00e1ny internetov\u00e9 zdroje a slu\u017eby. V lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce nov\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona pozm\u011bnil z\u00e1kon \u201eO komunikaci\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se umo\u017enilo org\u00e1n\u016fm \u010dinn\u00fdm v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odposlouch\u00e1vat elektronick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy a zabavovat informace od jednotlivc\u016f a firem na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed prokuratury. N\u011bkter\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159esouvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 zdroje na jin\u00e9 dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, zat\u00edmco m\u00e9dia nab\u00edzej\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm pou\u017e\u00edvat VPN.<\/p>\n

Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika, Egypt, Maroko, Rwanda<\/b><\/p>\n

V t\u011bchto zem\u00edch je internet v z\u00e1sad\u011b v po\u0159\u00e1dku. P\u0159\u00edpady cenzury jsou ojedin\u011bl\u00e9, tento n\u00e1stroj se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b proti zdroj\u016fm, kter\u00e9 spravuj\u00ed terorist\u00e9, a tak\u00e9 proti web\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neuctiv\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed o \u00fa\u0159adech. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b za \"ne\u00factu\" nejsou stanovena \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed trest\u00e1n\u00ed, ani neexistuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 dan\u011b za p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k soci\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00edt\u00edm nebo messenger\u016fm. Pravda, ob\u010das v Maroku blokuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 proxy slu\u017eby<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

V Rwand\u011b p\u0159ijali p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety \u0159adu z\u00e1kon\u016f v oblasti kybernetick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed za c\u00edl ochranu osobn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f u\u017eivatel\u016f s\u00edt\u011b, stejn\u011b jako st\u00e1tn\u00edch tajemstv\u00ed a bankovn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f p\u0159ed hackery. \u00da\u0159ady tyto z\u00e1kony zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nezneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. A te\u010f kyberzlo\u010dince v zemi pron\u00e1sleduj\u00ed a trestaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o dal\u0161\u00ed africk\u00e9 zem\u011b, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch je \u00farove\u0148 internetizace tak n\u00edzk\u00e1, \u017ee nem\u00e1 smysl hovo\u0159it o jak\u00e9koli cenzu\u0159e \u2014 v takov\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, nap\u0159\u00edklad Burkina Faso, se internet \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \"kapesn\u00edmi\" poskytovateli, ke kter\u00fdm se p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed jen reprezentanti elit.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o zem\u011b, kde je relativn\u011b vysok\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 internetizace, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 se aktivn\u011b rozv\u00edj\u00ed i cenzura, podle odborn\u00edk\u016f m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 aktivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ke obch\u00e1zen\u00ed blokac\u00ed, jako jsou VPN slu\u017eby. Afrika se v tomto nijak neli\u0161\u00ed od ostatn\u00edch region\u016f.<\/p>\n

M\u011bli jste zku\u0161enosti s pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm internetu v Africe?
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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