{"id":36619,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","slug":"post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","title":{"rendered":"Post-anal\u00fdza: co se v\u00ed o posledn\u00edm \u00fatoku na s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f SKS Keyserver","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hacke\u0159i vyu\u017eili funkcionalitu protokolu OpenPGP, kter\u00e1 je zn\u00e1ma v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let. <\/p>\n<p>Vysv\u011btlujeme, v \u010dem spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 probl\u00e9m a pro\u010d ho nelze opravit.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-anal\u00fdza: co se v\u00ed o posledn\u00edm \u00fatoku na s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f SKS Keyserver\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/d8fec24b72a147e758eb1174eecb7336.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/8fs1X0JFgFE\">Chunlea Ju<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Probl\u00e9my v s\u00edti<\/h2>\n<p>\nV polovin\u011b \u010dervna nezn\u00e1m\u00ed <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">provedli \u00fatok<\/a><\/noindex> na s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/skskeyserver\/sks-keyserver\/src\/default\/\">SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex>, postavenou na b\u00e1zi protokolu OpenPGP. Jedn\u00e1 se o standard IETF (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4880\">RFC 4880<\/a><\/noindex>), kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed e-mail\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch zpr\u00e1v. S\u00ed\u0165 SKS byla vytvo\u0159ena p\u0159ed t\u0159iceti lety pro distribuci ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch certifik\u00e1t\u016f. K n\u00ed se p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed n\u00e1stroje jako <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GnuPG\">GnuPG<\/a><\/noindex> pro \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed dat a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch podpis\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Hacke\u0159i kompromitovali certifik\u00e1ty dvou spr\u00e1vc\u016f projektu GnuPG \u2014 Roberta Hansena a Daniela Gillmora. Na\u010dten\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho certifik\u00e1tu ze serveru zp\u016fsobuje selh\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1ce GnuPG \u2014 syst\u00e9m se jednodu\u0161e zasekne. Existuj\u00ed d\u016fvody se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee t\u00edmto zlo\u010dinci neskon\u010d\u00ed a po\u010det kompromitovan\u00fdch certifik\u00e1t\u016f bude pouze r\u016fst. K dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozsahy probl\u00e9mu nezn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>Podstata \u00fatoku<\/h2>\n<p>\nHacke\u0159i vyu\u017eili zranitelnost v protokolu OpenPGP. Ta je komunit\u011b zn\u00e1ma u\u017e \u0159adu let. Dokonce na GitHubu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/micahflee\/trollwot\">je mo\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt<\/a><\/noindex> jsou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 exploity. Ale zat\u00edm se nikdo nep\u0159ihl\u00e1sil k odpov\u011bdnosti za opravu \"d\u00edry\" (o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch si pov\u00edme podrobn\u011bji).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Dv\u011b doporu\u010den\u00ed z na\u0161eho blogu na Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446634\/\">SDN-digest \u2014 \u0161est emul\u00e1tor\u016f s otev\u0159en\u00fdm zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446058\/\">Jak postavit SDN \u2014 osm n\u00e1stroj\u016f s otev\u0159en\u00fdm zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/433298\/\">S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd digest: 17 odborn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f o Wi-Fi a 5G<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPodle specifikace OpenPGP m\u016f\u017ee kdokoli p\u0159id\u00e1vat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed podpisy k certifik\u00e1t\u016fm pro potvrzen\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00edka. A maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det podpis\u016f nen\u00ed nijak regulov\u00e1n. A zde vznik\u00e1 probl\u00e9m \u2014 s\u00ed\u0165 SKS umo\u017e\u0148uje um\u00edstit a\u017e 150 tis\u00edc podpis\u016f na jeden certifik\u00e1t, ale GnuPG takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nepodporuje. P\u0159i na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed certifik\u00e1tu se tedy GnuPG (jak ostatn\u011b i jin\u00e9 implementace OpenPGP) zasekne.<\/p>\n<p>Jeden z u\u017eivatel\u016f <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/buttondown.email\/cryptography-dispatches\/archive\/cryptography-dispatches-hello-world-and-openpgp\/\">provedl experiment<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 import certifik\u00e1tu mu zabral p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 minut. Certifik\u00e1t m\u011bl v\u00edce ne\u017e 54 tis\u00edc podpis\u016f a jeho velikost \u010dinila 17 MB:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ gpg --homedir=$PWD --recv C4BC2DDB38CCE96485EBE9C2F20691179038E5C6\ngpg: kl\u00ed\u010d F20691179038E5C6: odstran\u011bny 4 duplicitn\u00ed podpisy\ngpg: kl\u00ed\u010d F20691179038E5C6: 54614 podpis\u016f nebylo zkontrolov\u00e1no kv\u016fli chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010d\u016fm\ngpg: kl\u00ed\u010d F20691179038E5C6: 4 podpisy byly p\u0159e\u0159azeny\ngpg: kl\u00ed\u010d F20691179038E5C6: ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \"Daniel Kahn Gillmor &lt;dkg@fifthhorseman.net&gt;\" importov\u00e1n\ngpg: nenalezeny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kone\u010dn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de\ngpg: Celkov\u00fd po\u010det zpracovan\u00fdch: 1\ngpg:               importov\u00e1no: 1\n$ ls -lh pubring.gpg\n-rw-r--r--  1 filippo  staff    17M  2 Jul 16:30 pubring.gpg\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSituaci zhor\u0161uje fakt, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 servery s OpenPGP neodstra\u0148uj\u00ed informace o certifik\u00e1tech. To bylo zavedeno, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat \u0159et\u011bzec v\u0161ech akc\u00ed s certifik\u00e1ty a vylou\u010dit jejich z\u00e1m\u011bnu. Proto nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 odstranit kompromitovan\u00e9 prvky.<\/p>\n<p>V podstat\u011b s\u00ed\u0165 SKS p\u0159edstavuje velk\u00fd \"soubory server\", na kter\u00fd si ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee ulo\u017eit data. Abychom ilustrovali probl\u00e9m, v lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce rezident GitHub <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/yakamok\/keyserver-fs\">vytvo\u0159il souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 dokumenty v s\u00edti server\u016f kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>Pro\u010d zranitelnost nebyla uzav\u0159ena<\/h2>\n<p>\nPro uzav\u0159en\u00ed zranitelnosti nebyl d\u016fvod. D\u0159\u00edve nebyla pou\u017eita k prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed hackersk\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f. I kdy\u017e IT komunita <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=20315633\">u\u017e d\u00e1vno \u017e\u00e1dala<\/a><\/noindex> v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e SKS a OpenPGP, aby se zam\u011b\u0159ili na probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p>Spravedlnosti je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v \u010dervnu se p\u0159ece jen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news#2019-06-12-launch\">spustili<\/a><\/noindex> experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd server <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news\">keys.openpgp.org<\/a><\/noindex>. V n\u011bm byla implementov\u00e1na ochrana proti t\u011bmto typ\u016fm \u00fatok\u016f. Jeho datab\u00e1ze se v\u0161ak pln\u00ed od nuly a server nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed SKS. Proto potrv\u00e1 n\u011bjakou dobu, ne\u017e bude mo\u017en\u00e9 jej pou\u017e\u00edvat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-anal\u00fdza: co se v\u00ed o posledn\u00edm \u00fatoku na s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f kryptografick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f SKS Keyserver\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6ab10981f7c6215cede6e26c2fd3aa5c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/_DkmMhzrsYY\">Rub\u00e9n Bag\u00fc\u00e9s<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de chyby v p\u016fvodn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, jej\u00ed opravy br\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fd mechanismus synchronizace. S\u00ed\u0165 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch server\u016f byla p\u016fvodn\u011b naps\u00e1na jako proof of concept pro ochranu doktorsk\u00e9 disertace Yaron Minsky. Pro jeho\u017e pr\u00e1ci byl zvolen pom\u011brn\u011b specifick\u00fd jazyk OCaml. Podle <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">slov<\/a><\/noindex> spr\u00e1vcovstv\u00ed Roberta Hansena je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 se v k\u00f3du vyznat, a proto se do n\u011bj prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pouze mal\u00e9 opravy. Aby se architektura SKS mohla modifikovat, musela by b\u00fdt p\u0159eps\u00e1na od nuly.<\/p>\n<p>V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v GnuPG nev\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee by s\u00ed\u0165 mohla kdy b\u00fdt opravena. V p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku na GitHubu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i dokonce napsali, \u017ee nedoporu\u010duj\u00ed pracovat s SKS Keyserver. Vlastn\u011b, to je jeden z hlavn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d iniciovali p\u0159echod na nov\u00fd servis keys.openpgp.org. Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u00e1m jen sledovat dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>N\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly z na\u0161eho firemn\u00edho blogu:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/botnet-spamit-cherez-routery\/\">Botnet \"spamuje\" p\u0159es routery: co je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/ddos-i-5g-tolshhe-truba-bolshe-problem\/\">DDoS a 5G: \u010d\u00edm \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u201etrubka\u201c, t\u00edm v\u00edce probl\u00e9m\u016f<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/firewall-ili-dpi-instrumenty-zashhity-raznogo-naznacheniya\/\">Firewall nebo DPI \u2014 n\u00e1stroje ochrany r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010del\u016f<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/internet-v-derevnyu-stroim-radiorelejnuyu-wi-fi-set\/\">Internet do vesnice \u2014 budujeme radiorel\u00e9ovou Wi-Fi s\u00ed\u0165<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Chunlea Ju \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 SKS Keyserver, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 IETF (RFC 4880), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 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