{"id":36672,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ne-zabluditsya-v-treh-sosnah-egotsentricheskoe-predstavlenie-okruzhayushhej-sredy\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:05","slug":"ne-zabluditsya-v-treh-sosnah-egotsentricheskoe-predstavlenie-okruzhayushhej-sredy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/ne-zabluditsya-v-treh-sosnah-egotsentricheskoe-predstavlenie-okruzhayushhej-sredy","title":{"rendered":"Nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 se neztratit: egocentrick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nen\u00ed
\n
\nPohyb je \u017eivot. Tato fr\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt interpretov\u00e1na jako motivace k posunu vp\u0159ed, neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu pohybu a dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edle, ale tak\u00e9 jako konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee prakticky v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti tr\u00e1v\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota v pohybu. Aby na\u0161e pohyby a p\u0159esuny v prostoru neskon\u010dily \u0161r\u00e1my na \u010dele a zlomen\u00fdmi pale\u010dky, n\u00e1\u0161 mozek vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ulo\u017een\u00e9 \u201emapy\u201c okol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nev\u011bdom\u011b objev\u00ed b\u011bhem na\u0161eho pohybu. Existuje v\u0161ak n\u00e1zor, \u017ee mozek tyto mapy neaplikuje jakoby z venku, ale umis\u0165uje \u010dlov\u011bka na tuto mapu a shroma\u017e\u010fuje data z pohledu prvn\u00ed osoby. Tento n\u00e1zor se rozhodli ov\u011b\u0159it v\u011bdci z Bostonsk\u00e9 univerzity, kte\u0159\u00ed provedli \u0159adu experiment\u016f s laboratorn\u00edmi krysy. Jak vlastn\u011b mozek orientuje v prostoru, jak\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou p\u0159i tom zapojeny a jak\u00fd v\u00fdznam to m\u00e1 pro budouc\u00ed autonomn\u00ed automobily a roboty? O tom se do\u010dteme ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Poj\u010fme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nTak\u017ee, p\u0159ed lety prok\u00e1zan\u00e1 skute\u010dnost je, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st mozku zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za orientaci v prostoru je hipokampus.<\/p>\n

Hipokampus se pod\u00edl\u00ed na mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch procesech: vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed emoc\u00ed, p\u0159em\u011bna kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 pam\u011bti na dlouhodobou a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 pam\u011bti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ta posledn\u00ed je zdrojem on\u011bch \u201emap\u201c, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0161 mozek aktivuje v pot\u0159ebn\u00fd okam\u017eik pro efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed orientaci v prostoru. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, v hipokampu jsou ulo\u017eeny trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 neuronov\u00e9 modely prostoru, uvnit\u0159 kter\u00e9ho se nach\u00e1z\u00ed majitel mozku.<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nHipokampus<\/i><\/p>\n

Existuje teorie, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee mezi skute\u010dnou navigac\u00ed a mapami z hipokampu existuje mezistupe\u0148 \u2014 transformace t\u011bchto map na pohled z prvn\u00ed osoby. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk se sna\u017e\u00ed pochopit, kde se co nach\u00e1z\u00ed, ne obecn\u011b (jak vid\u00edme na skute\u010dn\u00fdch map\u00e1ch), ale kde se co nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u016f\u010di n\u011bmu sam\u00e9mu (jak funkce \u201eprohl\u00eddka ulic\u201c na Google Maps).<\/p>\n

Auto\u0159i zkouman\u00e9ho d\u00edla zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Kognitivn\u00ed mapy okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou k\u00f3dov\u00e1ny v hipokamp\u00e1ln\u00ed formaci v allocentrick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, zat\u00edmco motorika (sama pohyby) je prezentov\u00e1na v egocentrick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nUFO: Enemy Unknown (allocentrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m) a DOOM (egocentrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m).<\/i><\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi allocentrick\u00fdm a egocentrick\u00fdm syst\u00e9my p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 rozd\u00edl mezi hrami z t\u0159et\u00ed osoby (\u010di z bo\u010dn\u00edho, vrchn\u00edho pohledu atd.) a hrami z pohledu prvn\u00ed osoby. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je pro n\u00e1s d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 samo okol\u00ed, v druh\u00e9m \u2014 na\u0161e um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed vzhledem k tomuto okol\u00ed. Allocentrick\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159evedeny do egocentrick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu pro aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed realizaci, tj. pohyb v prostoru.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee dorzomedialn\u00ed striatum (DMS)*<\/i> hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v popsan\u00e9m procesu. <\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nPruhovan\u00e9 t\u011blo lidsk\u00e9ho mozku.<\/i><\/p>\n

Striatum*<\/b> je \u010d\u00e1st mozku, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159\u00ed k baz\u00e1ln\u00edm j\u00e1dr\u016fm; striatum se pod\u00edl\u00ed na regulaci svalov\u00e9ho tonusu, vnit\u0159n\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f a behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch reakc\u00ed; striatum se tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201epruhovan\u00e9 t\u011blo\u201c vzhledem k jeho struktu\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z alternativn\u00edch p\u00e1sem \u0161ed\u00e9 a b\u00edl\u00e9 hmoty.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

DMS demonstruje neuronov\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi spojen\u00e9 s rozhodov\u00e1n\u00edm a realizac\u00ed akc\u00ed ve vztahu k navigaci v prostoru, proto by tento \u00fasek mozku m\u011bl b\u00fdt podrobn\u011bji prozkoum\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nAby se ur\u010dila p\u0159\u00edtomnost\/absentnost egocentrick\u00fdch prostorov\u00fdch informac\u00ed v pruhovan\u00e9m t\u011ble (DMS), bylo 4 same\u010dk\u016fm potkan\u016f implantov\u00e1no a\u017e 16 tetrod\u016f (speci\u00e1ln\u00edch elektrod p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch k pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stem mozku), c\u00edlen\u00fdch na DMS (1a<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: reakce bun\u011bk pruhovan\u00e9ho t\u011bla na hranice okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v egocentrick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu referenc\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed k obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 1:<\/b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b> \u2014 body um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tetrod\u016f;
\nb<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e1 mapa hranic;
\ns<\/b> \u2014 allocentrick\u00e9 prostorov\u00e9 mapy (4 \u010dtverce vlevo), grafy trajektori\u00ed s barevn\u00fdm k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm m\u00edst reakc\u00ed bun\u011bk vzhledem k poloze t\u011bla a egocentrick\u00e9 mapy (4 \u010dtverce vpravo) na z\u00e1klad\u011b reakc\u00ed bun\u011bk EBC p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch orientac\u00edch a vzd\u00e1lenostech mezi potkanem a st\u011bnou;
\n\u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/b> \u2014 stejn\u011b jako na 1C<\/b>, ale pro EBC s preferovan\u00fdmi vzd\u00e1lenostmi, vzd\u00e1len\u00fdmi od zv\u00ed\u0159ete;
\ne<\/b> \u2014 stejn\u011b jako na 1C<\/b>, ale pro dv\u011b reverzn\u00ed EBC;
\nf<\/b> \u2014 rozlo\u017een\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 d\u00e9lky pro pozorovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky;
\ng<\/b> \u2014 rozlo\u017een\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 d\u00e9lky pro EBC s vyu\u017eit\u00edm sm\u011bru pohybu a sm\u011bru hlavy;
\nh<\/b> \u2014 rozlo\u017een\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 reakce bun\u011bk (v\u0161echny a EBC). <\/p>\n

Bylo provedeno 44 pokus\u016f, kdy krysy sb\u00edraly n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 j\u00eddlo ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9m prostoru (otev\u0159en\u00e9m, nikoli v bludi\u0161ti). V d\u016fsledku toho bylo zaznamen\u00e1no 939 bun\u011bk. Z nasb\u00edran\u00fdch dat bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno 31 bun\u011bk sm\u011bru hlavy (HDC), av\u0161ak pouze mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st bun\u011bk, a to p\u0159esn\u011b 19, m\u011bly allocentrick\u00e9 prostorov\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty. Aktivita t\u011bchto bun\u011bk, omezen\u00e1 obvodem okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, byla pozorov\u00e1na pouze v dob\u011b, kdy krysa se pohybovala pod\u00e9l st\u011bn testovac\u00ed kamery, co\u017e nazna\u010duje egocentrick\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed hranic prostoru.<\/p>\n

Pro hodnocen\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed tohoto egocentrick\u00e9ho p\u0159edstavov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b vrcholov\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f aktivity bun\u011bk byly vytvo\u0159eny egocentrick\u00e9 mapy hranic (1b<\/b>), kter\u00e9 ilustruj\u00ed orientaci a vzd\u00e1lenost hranic vzhledem k sm\u011bru pohybu krysy, a nikoliv poloze jej\u00ed hlavy (porovn\u00e1n\u00ed na 1g<\/b>).<\/p>\n

18 % ze zaznamenan\u00fdch bun\u011bk (171 z 939) vykazovalo v\u00fdznamnou reakci, kdy\u017e hranice kamery zauj\u00edmala ur\u010ditou pozici a orientaci vzhledem k pokusn\u00e9mu subjektu (1f<\/b>). V\u011bdci je nazvali bu\u0148kami egocentrick\u00fdch hranic (EBC \u2014 egocentric boundary cells<\/i>). Po\u010det t\u011bchto bun\u011bk u pokusn\u00fdch subjekt\u016f byl od 15 do 70 s pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm po\u010dtem 42,75 (1c<\/b>, 1d<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Mezi bu\u0148kami egocentrick\u00fdch hranic byly takov\u00e9, jejich\u017e aktivita se sni\u017eovala v reakci na hranice kamery. Celkem jich bylo 49 a nazvali je reverzn\u00ed EBC (iEBC). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ukazatel reakce bun\u011bk (jejich ak\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l) u EBC a iEBC byl dost n\u00edzk\u00fd \u2014 1,26 \u00b1 0,09 Hz (1h<\/b>). <\/p>\n

Populace bun\u011bk EBC reaguje na v\u0161echny varianty orientace a polohy hranice kamery vzhledem k pokusn\u00e9mu subjektu, ale rozlo\u017een\u00ed preferovan\u00e9 orientace je bimod\u00e1ln\u00ed s vrcholy um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi 180\u00b0 naproti sob\u011b na obou stran\u00e1ch zv\u00ed\u0159ete (-68\u00b0 a 112\u00b0), m\u00edrn\u011b posunut\u00e9 od kolm\u00e9 osy dlouh\u00e9 osy zv\u00ed\u0159ete o 22\u00b0 (2d<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2: preferovan\u00e1 orientace a vzd\u00e1lenost pro reakci egocentrick\u00fdch bun\u011bk hranic (EBC).<\/i><\/p>\n

Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed k obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 2:<\/b>a<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy hranic pro \u010dty\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u011b zkouman\u00e9 EBC s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi preferovan\u00fdmi orientacemi uveden\u00fdmi nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm grafem;
\nb<\/b> \u2014 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tetrod\u016f podle bun\u011bk z 2a<\/b> (\u010d\u00edsla ozna\u010duj\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo tetr\u00f3du);
\ns<\/b> \u2014 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed preferovan\u00fdch orientac\u00ed pro v\u0161echny EBC jedn\u00e9 krysy;
\n\u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/b> \u2014 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed preferovan\u00fdch orientac\u00ed pro EBC v\u0161ech krys;
\ne<\/b> \u2014 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tetrod\u016f pro bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na 2f<\/b>;
\nf<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy hranic pro \u0161est sou\u010dasn\u011b zaznamenan\u00fdch EBC s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi preferovan\u00fdmi vzd\u00e1lenostmi uveden\u00fdmi nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm grafem;
\ng<\/b> \u2014 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti pro v\u0161echny EBC jedn\u00e9 krysy;
\nh<\/b> \u2014 rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti pro EBC v\u0161ech krys;
\ni<\/b> \u2014 pol\u00e1rn\u00ed graf preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a preferovan\u00e9 orientace pro v\u0161echny EBC, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e velikost prostoru je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna barvou a pr\u016fm\u011brem bod\u016f.<\/p>\n

Rozd\u011blen\u00ed preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti k hranici obsahovalo t\u0159i vrcholy: 6.4, 13.5 a 25.6 cm, co\u017e ukazuje na p\u0159\u00edtomnost t\u0159\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch preferovan\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed mezi EBC (2f<\/b>—2h<\/b>), kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro strategii hierarchick\u00e9ho naviga\u010dn\u00edho hled\u00e1n\u00ed. Velikost receptivn\u00edch pol\u00ed EBC se zvy\u0161ovala v z\u00e1vislosti na preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (2i<\/b>), co\u017e nazna\u010duje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159esnosti egocentrick\u00e9ho zobrazen\u00ed hranic p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi zd\u00ed a pokusn\u00fdm zv\u00ed\u0159etem. <\/p>\n

Jak v preferovan\u00e9 orientaci, tak ve vzd\u00e1lenosti chyb\u011bla jasn\u00e1 topografie, proto\u017ee aktivn\u00ed EBC pokusn\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete s r\u016fznou orientac\u00ed a vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od zdi se objevovaly na stejn\u00e9m tetr\u00f3du (2a<\/b>, 2b<\/b>, 2e<\/b> a 2f<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee EBC stabiln\u011b reaguj\u00ed na hranice prostoru (st\u011bny m\u00edstnosti) ve v\u0161ech variant\u00e1ch testovac\u00edch m\u00edstnost\u00ed. Aby se potvrdilo, \u017ee EBC reaguj\u00ed na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed hranice m\u00edstnosti, a ne na jej\u00ed dist\u00e1ln\u00ed rysy, v\u011bdci \"oto\u010dili\" um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed m\u00edstnosti o 45\u00b0 a ud\u011blali n\u011bkolik st\u011bn \u010dern\u00fdmi, co\u017e ji odli\u0161ilo od t\u00e9, kter\u00e1 byla pou\u017eita v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch testech. <\/p>\n

Byly shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bny \u00fadaje jak v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 testovac\u00ed komo\u0159e, tak v oto\u010den\u00e9. I p\u0159es zm\u011bnu testovac\u00ed komory z\u016fstaly v\u0161echny preferovan\u00e9 orientace a vzd\u00e1lenosti v\u016f\u010di st\u011bn\u00e1m pro EBC subjekt\u016f nezm\u011bn\u011bny. <\/p>\n

Vzhledem k d\u016fle\u017eitosti \u00fahl\u016f byla tak\u00e9 zva\u017eov\u00e1na mo\u017enost, \u017ee EBC unik\u00e1tn\u011b k\u00f3duje tyto m\u00edstn\u00ed atributy prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Vytvo\u0159en\u00edm rozd\u00edlu mezi reakc\u00ed bl\u00edzko roh\u016f a reakc\u00ed uprost\u0159ed st\u011bny bylo identifikov\u00e1no podmno\u017estv\u00ed bun\u011bk EBC (n = 16; 9,4%), kter\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed zes\u00edlenou reakci na rohy.<\/p>\n

Z toho lze vyvodit p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b bu\u0148ky EBC dob\u0159e reaguj\u00ed na perimetr komory, tedy na st\u011bny testovac\u00ed komory a na jej\u00ed rohy.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le v\u011bdci zkontrolovali, zda je reakce bun\u011bk EBC na otev\u0159en\u00fd prostor (testovac\u00ed ar\u00e9na bez bludi\u0161t\u011b, tj. pouze 4 st\u011bny) stejn\u00e1 p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant\u00e1ch velikosti testovac\u00ed m\u00edstnosti. Bylo provedeno 3 pr\u016fchody, v nich\u017e se d\u00e9lka st\u011bn od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch li\u0161ila o 50 cm. <\/p>\n

Bez ohledu na velikosti testovac\u00ed komory EBC reagovaly na jej\u00ed hranice ze stejn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a orientace v\u016f\u010di subjektu. To ukazuje na absenci \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed reakce v z\u00e1vislosti na velikosti okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3: stabiln\u00ed reakce bun\u011bk EBC na hranice prostoru.<\/i><\/p>\n

Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed k obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 3:<\/b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy EBC za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek (vlevo) a p\u0159i oto\u010den\u00ed testovac\u00ed komory o 45\u00b0 (vpravo);
\nb<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy EBC pro komoru o velikosti 1,25 x 1,25 m (vlevo) a pro zv\u011bt\u0161enou komoru 1,75 x 1,75 m (vpravo);
\ns<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy EBC p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch komory (vlevo) a p\u0159i vzorovan\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch (vpravo);
\n\u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/b>—f<\/b> \u2014 grafy preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (naho\u0159e) a zm\u011bny preferovan\u00e9 orientace v\u016f\u010di z\u00e1kladn\u00ed linii (dole).<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e pruhovan\u00e9 t\u011blo z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 informace o okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed z n\u011bkolika oblast\u00ed zrakov\u00e9 k\u016fry mozku, v\u011bdci tak\u00e9 zkoumali, zda vzhled st\u011bn (3s<\/b>) komory ovliv\u0148uje reakci bun\u011bk EBC. <\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna vzhledu hranic prostoru nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv na reakci bun\u011bk EBC a na po\u017eadovanou vzd\u00e1lenost a orientaci pro reakci v\u016f\u010di subjektu.<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4: stabilita reakce bun\u011bk EBC nez\u00e1visle na okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky k obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 4:<\/b>V\u00edce ne\u017e 40 000 klient\u016f v 120+ zem\u00edch<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy pro EBC ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9m (vlevo) a nov\u00e9m (vpravo) prost\u0159ed\u00ed;
\nb<\/b> \u2014 egocentrick\u00e9 mapy pro EBC po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 ve stejn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale s \u010dasov\u00fdm odstupem;
\ns<\/b> \u2014 grafy preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (naho\u0159e) a zm\u011bny preferovan\u00e9 orientace v\u016f\u010di z\u00e1kladn\u00ed lince (dole) pro nov\u00e1 (nezn\u00e1m\u00e1) prost\u0159ed\u00ed;
\n\u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/b> \u2014 grafy preferovan\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (naho\u0159e) a zm\u011bny preferovan\u00e9 orientace v\u016f\u010di z\u00e1kladn\u00ed lince (dole) pro d\u0159\u00edve prozkouman\u00e1 (zn\u00e1m\u00e1) prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee reakce bun\u011bk EBC, stejn\u011b jako pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 orientace a vzd\u00e1lenost v\u016f\u010di subjektu, se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu nem\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Tento \"\u010dasov\u00fd\" test v\u0161ak prob\u00edhal ve stejn\u00e9 testovac\u00ed komo\u0159e. Bylo tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it, jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi reakc\u00ed EBC na zn\u00e1m\u00e9 podm\u00ednky a nov\u00e9. K tomu bylo provedeno n\u011bkolik pokus\u016f, kdy potkani zkoumali komoru, kterou ji\u017e znaj\u00ed z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch test\u016f, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b nov\u00e9 komory s otev\u0159en\u00fdm prostorem.<\/p>\n

Jak jste ji\u017e uhodli, reakce bun\u011bk EBC + pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 orientace\/vzd\u00e1lenost z\u016fstaly nezm\u011bn\u011bny v nov\u00fdch komor\u00e1ch (4a<\/b>, 4c<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee reakce EBC poskytuje stabiln\u00ed p\u0159edstavu hranic okol\u00ed v\u016f\u010di subjektu ve v\u0161ech typech tohoto prost\u0159ed\u00ed, bez ohledu na vzhled st\u011bn, rozlohu testovac\u00ed komory, jej\u00ed pohyb a \u010das str\u00e1ven\u00fd subjektem v komo\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f <\/a><\/noindex>a dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly <\/a><\/noindex>k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nV t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo v praxi potvrdit teorii o egocentrick\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed okol\u00ed, co\u017e je extr\u00e9mn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro orientaci v prostoru. Dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee mezi alocentrick\u00fdm prostorov\u00fdm vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm a skute\u010dnou akc\u00ed existuje mezistupe\u0148, v n\u011bm\u017e se pod\u00edlej\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 bu\u0148ky striat\u00e1ln\u00edho t\u011bla, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky egocentrick\u00fdch hranic (EBC). Bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee EBC jsou v\u00edce spojeny s \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm pohybu cel\u00e9ho t\u011bla, a ne jen hlavy subjekt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tato studie byla zam\u011b\u0159ena na ur\u010den\u00ed kompletn\u00edho mechanismu orientace v prostoru, jeho v\u0161ech slo\u017eek a prom\u011bnn\u00fdch. Tento v\u00fdzkum, jak uvedli v\u011bdci, v budoucnu p\u0159isp\u011bje k vylep\u0161en\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed pro autonomn\u00ed automobily a roboty, kter\u00e9 budou schopny ch\u00e1pat prostor kolem sebe, tak jako my. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci jsou velmi pot\u011b\u0161eni v\u00fdsledky sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u016fvod pokra\u010dovat ve zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed souvislost\u00ed mezi ur\u010dit\u00fdmi oblastmi mozku a t\u00edm, jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 navigace v prostoru.<\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fst\u00e1vejte zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em dobr\u00fd pracovn\u00ed t\u00fdden, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Nenechat se ztratit mezi t\u0159emi stromy: egocentrick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed | ProHoster","description":"Pohyb \u2014 to 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