{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Rozd\u00edl mezi bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

30. listopadu 2010 David Collier psal:<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u0161iml jsem si, \u017ee v busyboxu jsou odkazy rozd\u011bleny do t\u011bchto \u010dty\u0159 adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f.
\nExistuje n\u011bjak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo, jak ur\u010dit, v kter\u00e9m adres\u00e1\u0159i by jak\u00fd odkaz m\u011bl b\u00fdt\u2026
\nNap\u0159\u00edklad, kill je v \/bin, zat\u00edmco killall je v \/usr\/bin\u2026 Nevid\u00edm v tomto rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou logiku.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nUr\u010dit\u011b v\u00edte, \u017ee Ken Thompson a Dennis Ritchie vytvo\u0159ili Unix na PDP-7 v roce 1969. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v roce 1971 upgradovali na PDP-11 se dv\u011bma disky RK05 (ka\u017ed\u00fd po 1,5 megabajtu).<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m vyrostl a p\u0159estal se vej\u00edt na prvn\u00ed disk (na kter\u00e9m byla um\u00edst\u011bna ko\u0159enov\u00e1 FS), p\u0159esunuli \u010d\u00e1st na druh\u00fd, kde byly um\u00edst\u011bny dom\u00e1c\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e (proto se bod p\u0159ipojen\u00ed naz\u00fdval \/usr \u2014 od slova u\u017eivatel). Zde zkop\u00edrovali v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 adres\u00e1\u0159e OS (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp \u2026) a ukl\u00e1dali soubory na nov\u00fd disk, proto\u017ee na star\u00e9m do\u0161lo m\u00edsto. Pot\u00e9 se jim objevil t\u0159et\u00ed disk, p\u0159ipojili ho do adres\u00e1\u0159e \/home a p\u0159esunuli tam dom\u00e1c\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e u\u017eivatel\u016f, aby OS mohla zabrat cel\u00e9 zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edsto na dvou disc\u00edch, co\u017e byly. cel\u00fdch t\u0159i megabajty<\/b> (wow!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b museli zav\u00e9st pravidlo, \u017ee \"kdy\u017e se opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopen p\u0159ipojit druh\u00fd disk do adres\u00e1\u0159e \/usr, tak\u017ee programy jako mount nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt na druh\u00e9m disku v \/usr, jinak m\u00e1me probl\u00e9m s vejcem a slepic\u00ed\". Tak jednoduch\u00e9. A to platilo pro Unix V6 p\u0159ed 35 lety.<\/p>\n

Rozd\u011blen\u00ed \/bin a \/usr\/bin (a v\u0161ech podobn\u00fdch adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f) je d\u016fsledkem t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, detail implementace ze 70. let, kter\u00e9 se kop\u00edrovaly byrokraty po des\u00edtky let. Nikdy se neptali pro\u010d<\/i>, prost\u011b to d\u011blali. Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed ztratilo smysl je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byl Linux vytvo\u0159en, z n\u011bkolika d\u016fvod\u016f:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. P\u0159i na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 initrd nebo initramfs, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 probl\u00e9my typu \"tento soubor pot\u0159ebujeme d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e ten\". T\u00edm p\u00e1dem m\u00e1me ji\u017e existuje<\/i> do\u010dasn\u00fd souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k na\u010dten\u00ed v\u0161eho ostatn\u00edho. <\/li>\n
  2. Sd\u00edlen\u00e9 knihovny (kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny do Unixu lidmi z Berkeley) v\u00e1m neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed samostatn\u011b m\u011bnit obsah \/lib a \/usr\/lib. Tyto dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti mus\u00ed b\u00fdt navz\u00e1jem v souladu, jinak nebudou fungovat. K tomu nedoch\u00e1zelo v roce 1974, proto\u017ee tehdy m\u011bly ur\u010ditou nez\u00e1vislost d\u00edky statick\u00e9mu linkov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/li>\n
  3. Levn\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 disky p\u0159ekonaly hranici 100 megabajt\u016f n\u011bkdy v roce 1990 a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejnou dobu se objevily programy pro zm\u011bnu velikosti odd\u00edl\u016f (Partition Magic 3.0 vy\u0161la v roce 1997). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee proto\u017ee existuje odd\u011blen\u00ed, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li s pravidly, kter\u00e1 to ospravedl\u0148uj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, ko\u0159enov\u00e1 odd\u00edl je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 v\u011bci OS, a do \/usr je nutn\u00e9 d\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed soubory. Nebo do \/ se umis\u0165uje to, co distribuuje AT&T, a do \/usr \u2014 to, co v\u00e1\u0161 distribuce, IBM AIX, nebo Dec Ultrix, nebo SGI Irix p\u0159idaly, a do \/usr\/local le\u017e\u00ed soubory specifick\u00e9 pro v\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m. A pak se n\u011bkdo rozhodl, \u017ee \/usr\/local nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 m\u00edsto pro instalaci nov\u00e9ho softwaru, tak\u017ee poj\u010fme p\u0159idat je\u0161t\u011b \/opt! Nebudu se divit, pokud se objev\u00ed tak\u00e9 \/opt\/local...<\/p>\n

    Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, za 30 let se kv\u016fli tomuto rozd\u011blen\u00ed objevily a zmizely r\u016fzn\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 pro jednotliv\u00e9 distribuce pravidla. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \" \/tmp se \u010dist\u00ed p\u0159i restartu, zat\u00edmco \/usr\/tmp \u2013 ne. \" (A v Ubuntu \/usr\/tmp vlastn\u011b nen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v Gentoo \/usr\/tmp je symbolick\u00fd odkaz na \/var\/tmp, na kter\u00fd se nyn\u00ed vztahuje to pravidlo, a ten se p\u0159i restartu ne\u010dist\u00ed. Ano, to v\u0161echno bylo je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed tmpfs. A tak\u00e9 se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ko\u0159enov\u00fd FS je dostupn\u00fd pouze pro \u010dten\u00ed, a pak nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba nic ps\u00e1t do \/usr, ale je pot\u0159eba ps\u00e1t do \/var. Nebo do \/ zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b<\/i> nelze ps\u00e1t, krom\u011b toho, \u017ee v \/etc, kterou se n\u011bkdy sna\u017eili p\u0159esunout do \/var\u2026)<\/p>\n

    Byrokrati jako Linux Foundation (kte\u0159\u00ed do\u0161li k pohlcen\u00ed Free Standards Group b\u011bhem expanze p\u0159ed lety) s radost\u00ed dokumentuj\u00ed a komplikuj\u00ed tato pravidla, ani\u017e by se sna\u017eili pochopit, pro\u010d vznikla. Nemaj\u00ed tu\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee Ken a Dennis prost\u011b p\u0159esunuli \u010d\u00e1st opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu do sv\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed slo\u017eky, proto\u017ee disk RK05 na PDP-11 byl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    Jsem si t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00fd, \u017ee busybox jednodu\u0161e um\u00eds\u0165uje soubory tak, jak to historicky vy\u0161lo. Nen\u00ed tu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd skute\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fvod d\u011blat to takto dodnes. Osobn\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1m \/bin, \/sbin a \/lib odkazy na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed adres\u00e1\u0159e v \/usr. Koneckonc\u016f, lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pracuj\u00ed se zabudovan\u00fdm softwarem, se sna\u017e\u00ed porozum\u011bt a zjednodu\u0161it\u2026
    \n
    Zdroj:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Rozd\u00edl mezi bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"30. listopadu 2010 David Collier napsal: V\u0161iml jsem si, \u017ee v busybox jsou odkazy uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do t\u011bchto \u010dty\u0159 adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Existuje n\u011bjak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo, jak ur\u010dit, do kter\u00e9ho.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}