{"id":36917,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","slug":"shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","title":{"rendered":"Souboj dvou eKodzun\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Souboj
\n
\nZb\u00fdv\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 24 hodin do zah\u00e1jen\u00ed prodeje nov\u00fdch procesor\u016f AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si p\u0159ipomeneme po\u010d\u00e1tky sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed dvou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobc\u016f CPU.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fdm 8-bitov\u00fdm procesorem na sv\u011bt\u011b se stal Intel\u00ae i8008, uveden\u00fd na trh v roce 1972. Procesor m\u011bl taktovac\u00ed frekvenci 200 kHz, byl vyroben\u00fd pomoc\u00ed 10 \u03bcm (10000 nm) technologick\u00e9ho procesu a byl ur\u010den pro \"pokro\u010dil\u00e9\" kalkul\u00e1tory, termin\u00e1ly vstupu-v\u00fdstupu a automaty na lahve.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Souboj
\n
\nV roce 1974 se tento procesor stal z\u00e1kladem pro mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010d Mark-8, kter\u00fd byl prezentov\u00e1n jako DIY projekt na ob\u00e1lce \u010dasopisu Radio-Electronics. Autor projektu, Jonath\u00e1n Titus, nab\u00edzel z\u00e1jemc\u016fm bro\u017euru za 5 dolar\u016f, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed kresby vodi\u010d\u016f ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch desek a popis mont\u00e1\u017en\u00edho procesu. Brzy se objevil podobn\u00fd projekt osobn\u00edho mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010de Altair 8800, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159ila spole\u010dnost MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems).<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tek sout\u011b\u017een\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nO dva roky po vzniku i8008 Intel vydala sv\u016fj nov\u00fd \u010dip \u2014 i8080, zalo\u017een\u00fd na vylep\u0161en\u00e9 architektu\u0159e i8008 a vyroben\u00fd pomoc\u00ed 6 \u03bcm (6000 nm) technologick\u00e9ho procesu. Tento procesor byl p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10kr\u00e1t rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jeho p\u0159edch\u016fdce (taktovac\u00ed frekvence 2 MHz) a m\u011bl vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed instruk\u010dn\u00ed sadu.<\/p>\n

\"Souboj
\n
\nReverzn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed procesoru Intel\u00ae i8080 proveden\u00e9 t\u0159emi talentovan\u00fdmi in\u017een\u00fdry \u2014 Seanem a Kimem Haleyov\u00fdmi, a tak\u00e9 Jayem Kumarem, vedlo k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed modifikovan\u00e9 kopie, kter\u00e1 dostala n\u00e1zev AMD AM9080.<\/p>\n

\"Souboj
\n
\nZpo\u010d\u00e1tku byl AMD Am9080 vyr\u00e1b\u011bn bez licence, pozd\u011bji v\u0161ak bylo uzav\u0159eno licen\u010dn\u00ed smlouvy s Intelem. Ob\u011b spole\u010dnosti tak z\u00edskaly v\u00fdhodu na trhu \u010dip\u016f, proto\u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edci se sna\u017eili p\u0159edej\u00edt mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti na jedin\u00e9m dodavateli. Prvn\u00ed prodeje byly nesm\u00edrn\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee v\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady \u010dinily 50 cent\u016f a samotn\u00e9 \u010dipy byly aktivn\u011b nakupov\u00e1ny arm\u00e1dou za 700 dolar\u016f za kus.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 se Kim Haley rozhodl vyzkou\u0161et sv\u00e9 schopnosti v reverzn\u00edm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho \u010dipu Intel\u00ae EPROM 1702. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b to byla nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologie trval\u00e9 pam\u011bti. Pokus byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b \u2014 vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 kopie uchov\u00e1vala data pouze 3 t\u00fddny p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b. <\/p>\n

Rozlo\u017een\u00edm mnoha \u010dip\u016f a na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch znalost\u00ed chemie Kim dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee bez znalosti p\u0159esn\u00e9 teploty r\u016fstu oxidu nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout deklarovan\u00fdch hodnot spole\u010dnosti Intel (10 let p\u0159i 85 stupn\u00edch). Projeven\u00edm talentu v soci\u00e1ln\u00edm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed zavolal do v\u00fdroby Intel a zeptal se, p\u0159i jak\u00e9 teplot\u011b pracuj\u00ed jejich pece. \u00da\u017easn\u00e9, ale bez v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed mu sd\u011blili p\u0159esn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u2014 830 stup\u0148\u016f. Bingo! Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, takov\u00e9 triky nemohly m\u00edt jin\u00fd dopad ne\u017e negativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed soudn\u00ed proces<\/h2>\n

\nNa za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1981 Intel p\u0159ipravovala uzav\u0159en\u00ed smlouvy na v\u00fdrobu procesor\u016f s IBM, tehdy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrobcem po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b. Samotn\u00e1 Intel je\u0161t\u011b nem\u011bla dostate\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacity, aby pokryla pot\u0159eby IBM, a proto, aby neztratila kontrakt, musela se uch\u00fdlit k \u00fastupk\u016fm. T\u00edmto \u00fastupkem byla licen\u010dn\u00ed smlouva mezi Intel a AMD, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila druh\u00e9 jmenovan\u00e9 zah\u00e1jit v\u00fdrobu klon\u016f Intel\u00ae 8086, 80186 a 80286.<\/p>\n

O \u010dty\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji byl na trhu procesor\u016f s architekturou x86 uveden nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Intel\u00ae 80386 s taktovac\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed 33 MHz a vyroben\u00fd pomoc\u00ed technologie 1 \u03bcm (1000 nm). AMD v t\u00e9 dob\u011b tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipravovala podobn\u00fd \u010dip s n\u00e1zvem Am386\u2122, av\u0161ak jeho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed bylo odlo\u017eeno na neur\u010dito kv\u016fli kategorick\u00e9mu odm\u00edtnut\u00ed Intelu poskytnout technologick\u00e1 data v r\u00e1mci licen\u010dn\u00ed dohody. To se stalo d\u016fvodem pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby.<\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci soudn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se Intel sna\u017eila dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee podm\u00ednky dohody se vztahuj\u00ed pouze na procesory p\u0159edchoz\u00edch generac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly vyd\u00e1ny p\u0159ed modelem 80386. AMD naopak trvala na tom, \u017ee podm\u00ednky dohody j\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nejen reprodukovat 80386, ale tak\u00e9 budouc\u00ed modely zalo\u017een\u00e9 na architektu\u0159e x86.<\/p>\n

\"Souboj
\n
\nSoudn\u00ed spory trvaly n\u011bkolik let a skon\u010dily v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm AMD (Intel vyplatila AMD 1 miliardu dolar\u016f). D\u016fv\u011brn\u00e9 vztahy mezi spole\u010dnostmi se t\u00edmto rozpadly a Am386\u2122 byl uveden na trh a\u017e v roce 1991. P\u0159esto byl procesor velmi \u017e\u00e1dan\u00fd, proto\u017ee pracoval na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvenci ne\u017e origin\u00e1l (40 MHz oproti 33 MHz).<\/p>\n

\"Souboj
\n<\/p>\n

Rozvoj konkurence<\/h2>\n

\nPrvn\u00edm procesorem na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd byl zalo\u017een na hybridn\u00edm CISC-RISC j\u00e1d\u0159e a m\u011bl matematick\u00fd koprocesor (FPU) p\u0159\u00edmo na stejn\u00e9m \u010dipu, byl Intel\u00ae 80486. FPU umo\u017enil v\u00fdrazn\u011b zrychlit operace s pohyblivou desetinnou \u010d\u00e1rkou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se uvolnila z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e z CPU. Dal\u0161\u00ed inovac\u00ed bylo zaveden\u00ed konveierov\u00e9ho mechanismu vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed instrukc\u00ed, co\u017e tak\u00e9 zvy\u0161ovalo v\u00fdkon. Velikost jednoho prvku byla od 600 do 1000 nm a na \u010dipu bylo um\u00edst\u011bno ji\u017e od 0,9 do 1,6 mili\u00f3nu tranzistor\u016f.<\/p>\n

AMD na opl\u00e1tku p\u0159edstavila pln\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed analog nazvan\u00fd Am486 pou\u017eit\u00edm mikrok\u00f3du Intel\u00ae 80386 a koprocesoru Intel\u00ae 80287. Tento fakt vedl k mnoha soudn\u00edm spor\u016fm. Soudn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed z roku 1992 potvrdilo, \u017ee AMD poru\u0161ila autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va na mikrok\u00f3d FPU 80287, po \u010dem\u017e se spole\u010dnost pustila do v\u00fdvoje vlastn\u00edho mikrok\u00f3du.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed soudn\u00ed procesy potvrzovaly a pop\u00edraly pr\u00e1va AMD na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikrok\u00f3d\u016f Intel\u00ae. Kone\u010dnou te\u010dku v t\u011bchto ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch u\u010dinil nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud st\u00e1tu Kalifornie, kter\u00fd uznal neleg\u00e1lnost pr\u00e1va spole\u010dnosti AMD pou\u017e\u00edvat mikrok\u00f3d 80386. V\u00fdsledkem bylo podeps\u00e1n\u00ed dohody mezi ob\u011bma spole\u010dnostmi, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ece jen umo\u017enila AMD vyr\u00e1b\u011bt a prod\u00e1vat procesory obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed mikrok\u00f3dy 80287, 80386 a 80486.<\/p>\n

Ostatn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di na trhu x86, jako Cyrix, Texas Instruments a UMC, se tak\u00e9 sna\u017eili zopakovat \u00fasp\u011bch Intelu vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm funk\u010dn\u00edch analog\u016f \u010dipu 80486. V \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jim to v\u0161ak nepoda\u0159ilo. UMC vypadla z hry po soudn\u00edm z\u00e1kazu prodeje sv\u00e9ho Green CPU na \u00fazem\u00ed USA. Cyrixu se nepoda\u0159ilo uzav\u0159\u00edt v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 smlouvy s velk\u00fdmi sestavovateli a tak\u00e9 se vedly soudn\u00ed spory s Intelem ohledn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed patentovan\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem z\u016fstali l\u00eddry trhu x86 pouze Intel a AMD.<\/p>\n

Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tempa<\/h2>\n

\nSna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00edskat prvenstv\u00ed, jak Intel, tak AMD usilovali o dosa\u017een\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdkonu a rychlosti. Tak AMD jako prvn\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159ekonala hranici 1 GHz, kdy\u017e uvedla sv\u016fj Athlon\u2122 (37 mil. tranzistor\u016f, 130 nm) na j\u00e1dru Thunderbird. V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi \u201ez\u00e1vodu\u201c m\u011bl Intel probl\u00e9my s nestabilitou druh\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pam\u011bti u sv\u00e9ho Pentium\u00ae III na j\u00e1dru Coppermine, co\u017e vedlo k prodlen\u00ed v uveden\u00ed produktu.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt \u2013 n\u00e1zev Athlon poch\u00e1z\u00ed z ancient \u0159e\u010dtiny a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159elo\u017een jako \u201esout\u011b\u017e\u201c nebo \u201ebitevn\u00ed m\u00edsto, ar\u00e9na\u201c. <\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Stejn\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi miln\u00edky pro AMD byl uveden\u00ed dvouj\u00e1drov\u00e9ho procesoru Athlon\u2122 X2 (90 nm) a po dvou letech Quad-Core Opteron\u2122 (65 nm), kde v\u0161ech 4 j\u00e1dra byla vyrobena na jednom k\u0159em\u00edku, a ne p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sestavu z 2 k\u0159em\u00edk\u016f po 2 j\u00e1drech. Zat\u00edmco Intel uv\u00e1d\u00ed na trh sv\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 Core\u2122 2 Duo a Core\u2122 2 Quad, kter\u00e9 jsou vyrobeny 65 nm technologick\u00fdm procesem.<\/p>\n

S rostouc\u00edmi taktovac\u00edmi frekvencemi a zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se po\u010dtem jader se stal nal\u00e9hav\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem rozvoj nov\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch proces\u016f a vstup na dal\u0161\u00ed trhy. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obchod spole\u010dnosti AMD se stal akvizic\u00ed ATI Technologies za 5,4 miliardy dolar\u016f. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem AMD vstoupila na trh grafick\u00fdch akceler\u00e1tor\u016f a stala se hlavn\u00edm konkurentem Nvidie. Intel naopak zakoupila jedno ze sv\u00fdch dce\u0159in\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed Texas Instruments a tak\u00e9 spole\u010dnost Altera za 16,7 miliardy dolar\u016f. V\u00fdsledkem byl vstup na trh programovateln\u00fdch logick\u00fdch polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch obvod\u016f a SoC pro spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniku.<\/p>\n

Pozoruhodn\u00fdm faktem je, \u017ee od roku 2009 AMD opustila vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu a soust\u0159edila se v\u00fdhradn\u011b na v\u00fdvoj. Modern\u00ed procesory AMD jsou vyr\u00e1b\u011bny ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edch kapacit\u00e1ch spole\u010dnost\u00ed GlobalFoundries a TSMC. Intel naopak pokra\u010duje v rozvoji vlastn\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch kapacit pro v\u00fdrobu polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Od roku 2018, krom\u011b p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 konkurence, ob\u011b spole\u010dnosti zah\u00e1jily tak\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 projekty. V\u00fdrazn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem byl uveden\u00ed procesor\u016f Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 8. generace s integrovanou grafikou AMD Radeon\u2122 RX Vega M, t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem spojily siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky obou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit velikost notebook\u016f a mini-po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, zat\u00edmco zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon a v\u00fddr\u017e baterie.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

\nZa celou historii obou spole\u010dnost\u00ed do\u0161lo k mnoha epizod\u00e1m neshod a vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch obvin\u011bn\u00ed. Boj o prvenstv\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b a pokra\u010duje dodnes. V tomto roce jsme sv\u011bdky v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho aktualizace \u0159ady procesor\u016f Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Scalable Processors, o \u010dem\u017e jsme ji\u017e psali na na\u0161em blogu<\/a><\/noindex>, a nyn\u00ed nastal \u010das, aby AMD p\u0159i\u0161la na sc\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n

Ji ji\u017e brzy nov\u00e9 procesory AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome doraz\u00ed do na\u0161\u00ed laborato\u0159e. Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce<\/a><\/noindex> o jejich p\u0159\u00edchodu jako prvn\u00ed.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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