{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"N\u011bco o inode","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ob\u010das se uch\u00e1z\u00edm o pozice DevOps v r\u016fzn\u00fdch velk\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch, v\u011bt\u0161inou v Petrohrad\u011b a Moskv\u011b, s c\u00edlem p\u0159est\u011bhovat se do CRS. V\u0161iml jsem si, \u017ee v mnoha firm\u00e1ch (v mnoha dobr\u00fdch firm\u00e1ch, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Yandexu) se pokl\u00e1daj\u00ed dv\u011b podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> co je inode;<\/li>\n<li> z jak\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f m\u016f\u017ee nastat chyba z\u00e1pisu na disk (nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad: pro\u010d m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edsta na disku, podstata je stejn\u00e1).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJak to \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1, byl jsem si jist\u00fd, \u017ee tuto t\u00e9ma zn\u00e1m dob\u0159e, ale jakmile jsem za\u010dal vysv\u011btlovat \u2014 objevily se mezery v m\u00fdch znalostech. Abych si systematizoval sv\u00e9 znalosti, vyplnil mezery a u\u017e se neztrap\u0148oval, p\u00ed\u0161u tento \u010dl\u00e1nek, snad se je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkomu hod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dnu \u00abodspodu\u00bb, tedy od pevn\u00e9ho disku (flash disky, SSD a dal\u0161\u00ed modern\u00ed v\u011bci vynech\u00e1me, pro p\u0159\u00edklad vezmeme jak\u00fdkoli star\u00fd disk o velikosti 20 nebo 80 gigabyt\u016f, proto\u017ee tam je velikost bloku 512 byt\u016f).<\/p>\n<p>Pevn\u00fd disk neum\u00ed adresovat sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto po bytech, podm\u00edn\u011bn\u011b je rozd\u011bleno na bloky. \u010c\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed blok\u016f za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 od 0. (tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 LBA, podrobnosti zde: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"N\u011bco o inode\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nJak je vid\u011bt z obr\u00e1zku, bloky LBA jsem ozna\u010dil jako \u00farove\u0148 HDD. Mimochodem, velikost bloku va\u0161eho disku lze zjistit takto: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNad t\u00edmto \u00farovn\u00ed je rozd\u011blen\u00ed, jedno na cel\u00fd disk (op\u011bt pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed). Nej\u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dva typy rozd\u011blen\u00ed: msdos a gpt. Msdo je star\u00fd form\u00e1t podporuj\u00edc\u00ed disky do 2Tb, gpt je nov\u00fd form\u00e1t schopn\u00fd adresovat a\u017e 1 zettabajt 512 bytov\u00fdch blok\u016f. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1me odd\u00edl typu msdos, jak je vid\u011bt z obr\u00e1zku, odd\u00edl za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 s blokem \u010d. 1, nula je pou\u017eita pro MBR.<\/p>\n<p>V prvn\u00edm odd\u00edlu jsem vytvo\u0159il souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ext2, jeho\u017e velikost bloku je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed 4096 byt\u016f, co\u017e je tak\u00e9 uvedeno na obr\u00e1zku. Velikost bloku souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu lze zjistit takto:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4. \u00fanora 2014)\nN\u00e1zev objemu souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:   \nPosledn\u00ed p\u0159ipojeno:                 \nUUID souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nMagick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:  0xEF53\nVerze souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:         1 (dynamick\u00e1)\nFunkce souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:        ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nP\u0159\u00edznaky souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:      signed_directory_hash\nV\u00fdchoz\u00ed mo\u017enosti p\u0159ipojen\u00ed:       user_xattr acl\nStav souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:         \u010dist\u00fd\nChov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i chyb\u00e1ch:              Pokra\u010dovat\nTyp OS souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu:       Linux\nPo\u010det inod\u016f:                     65536\nPo\u010det blok\u016f:                     261888\nPo\u010det vyhrazen\u00fdch blok\u016f:         13094\nVoln\u00e9 bloky:                     257445\nVoln\u00e9 inody:                     65525\nPrvn\u00ed blok:                      0\nVelikost bloku:                  4096\nVelikost fragmentu:              4096\nVyhrazen\u00e9 GDT bloky:             63\nBloky na skupinu:                32768\nFramenty na skupinu:             32768\nInody na skupinu:                8192\nInodov\u00e9 bloky na skupinu:         512\nSouborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m vytvo\u0159en:        P\u00e1  2. srp 15:02:13 2019\nPosledn\u00ed \u010das p\u0159ipojen\u00ed:           n\/a\nPosledn\u00ed \u010das z\u00e1pisu:             P\u00e1  2. srp 15:02:14 2019\nPo\u010det p\u0159ipojen\u00ed:                 0\nMaxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det p\u0159ipojen\u00ed:        -1\nPosledn\u00ed kontrola:               P\u00e1  2. srp 15:02:13 2019\nKontroln\u00ed interval:               0 ()\nUID vyhrazen\u00fdch blok\u016f:            0 (u\u017eivatel root)\nGID vyhrazen\u00fdch blok\u016f:            0 (skupina root)\nPrvn\u00ed inode:                     11\nVelikost inodu:                  256\nPo\u017eadovan\u00e1 extra velikost:       28\n\u017d\u00e1dan\u00e1 extra velikost:           28\nV\u00fdchoz\u00ed hash adres\u00e1\u0159e:           half_md4\nSeed hashe adres\u00e1\u0159e:             c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPot\u0159ebn\u00fd parametr je \u201eVelikost bloku\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed je nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jak p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst soubor \/home\/serp\/testfile? Soubor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednoho nebo v\u00edce blok\u016f souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ve kter\u00fdch jsou ulo\u017eena jeho data. Jak naj\u00edt soubor podle jeho n\u00e1zvu? Kter\u00e9 bloky \u010d\u00edst?<\/p>\n<p>Zde n\u00e1m pomohou inody. V souborov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu ext2fs existuje \u201etabulka\u201c, kter\u00e1 obsahuje informace o v\u0161ech inodech. Po\u010det inode v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ext2fs je ur\u010den p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla najdeme v parametru \u201ePo\u010det inod\u016f\u201c v\u00fdstupu tune2fs, t.j. m\u00e1me 65536 kus\u016f. V inode jsou obsa\u017eeny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace: seznam blok\u016f souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu pro po\u017eadovan\u00fd soubor. Jak naj\u00edt \u010d\u00edslo inode pro ur\u010den\u00fd soubor?<\/p>\n<p>Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed jm\u00e9no a \u010d\u00edslo inode jsou obsa\u017eeny v adres\u00e1\u0159i, a adres\u00e1\u0159 v ext2fs je soubor zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho typu, t.j. m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo inode. Abychom p\u0159eru\u0161ili tento za\u010darovan\u00fd kruh, byla pro ko\u0159enov\u00fd adres\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159i\u0159azena \u201epevn\u00e1\u201c \u010d\u00edslo inode \u201e2\u201c. Pod\u00edvejte se na obsah inodu s \u010d\u00edslem 2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4. \u00fanora 2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   Typ: adres\u00e1\u0159    Re\u017eim:  0755   P\u0159\u00edznaky: 0x0\nGenerace: 0    Verze: 0x00000000:00000002\nU\u017eivatel:  0   Skupina:  0   Velikost: 4096\nFile ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0\nOdkazy: 3   Po\u010det blok\u016f: 8\nFragment:  Adresa: 0    \u010c\u00edslo: 0    Velikost: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- P\u00e1  2. srp 16:34:09 2019\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- P\u00e1  2. srp 15:55:35 2019\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- P\u00e1  2. srp 16:34:09 2019\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- P\u00e1  2. srp 15:02:14 2019\nVelikost extra inodov\u00fdch pol\u00ed: 28\nBLOKY:\n(0):579\nCELKEM: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nJak vidno, pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 adres\u00e1\u0159 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bloku s \u010d\u00edslem 579. V n\u011bm najdeme \u010d\u00edslo uzlu pro slo\u017eku home, a tak d\u00e1le po \u0159et\u011bzci, dokud v adres\u00e1\u0159i serp neuvid\u00edme \u010d\u00edslo uzlu pro po\u017eadovan\u00fd soubor. Pokud by se n\u011bkdo cht\u011bl ujistit, zda je \u010d\u00edslo spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a zda tam jsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace, nen\u00ed to slo\u017eit\u00e9. D\u011bl\u00e1me:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/${'#'} dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 records in\n1+0 records out\n4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu:\/${'#'} hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nVe v\u00fdstupu lze p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst n\u00e1zvy soubor\u016f v adres\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edm jsem se dostal k hlavn\u00ed ot\u00e1zce: \u201eJak\u00e9 d\u016fvody mohou zp\u016fsobit chybu z\u00e1pisu\u201c?<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b k tomu dojde, pokud nez\u016fstanou voln\u00e9 bloky souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Co v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b d\u011blat? Krom\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e9ho \u201esmazat n\u011bco zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho\u201c je t\u0159eba si pamatovat, \u017ee v souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech ext2,3 a 4 existuje n\u011bco jako \u201ePo\u010det rezervovan\u00fdch blok\u016f\u201c. Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na v\u00fdpis v\u00fd\u0161e, m\u00e1me takov\u00fdch blok\u016f \u201e13094\u201c. Tyto bloky jsou k dispozici pro z\u00e1pis pouze u\u017eivateli root. Pokud v\u0161ak je t\u0159eba probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it rychle, jako do\u010dasn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 je zp\u0159\u00edstupnit pro v\u0161echny, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se vytvo\u0159\u00ed trochu voln\u00e9ho m\u00edsta:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nNastaven\u00ed procenta rezervovan\u00fdch blok\u016f na 0% (0 blok\u016f)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTo znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed m\u00e1te pro z\u00e1pis nedostupn\u00e9 5% diskov\u00e9ho prostoru, a vzhledem k objem\u016fm modern\u00edch disk\u016f to mohou b\u00fdt stovky gigabajt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Co dal\u0161\u00edho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt? Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 situace je, kdy\u017e voln\u00e9 bloky jsou, ale uzly do\u0161ly. To se obvykle st\u00e1v\u00e1, pokud m\u00e1te v souborov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu spoustu soubor\u016f men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e velikost bloku souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee na 1 soubor nebo adres\u00e1\u0159 se utr\u00e1c\u00ed 1 inode, a celkov\u011b jich m\u00e1me (pro tento souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m) 65536 \u2013 situace je v\u00edce ne\u017e re\u00e1ln\u00e1. To je jasn\u011b vid\u011bt z v\u00fdstupu p\u0159\u00edkazu df:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \/\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \/run\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \/var\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \/\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \/run\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \/run\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \/var\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nJak je dob\u0159e vid\u011bt na odd\u00edlu \/var\/www, mno\u017estv\u00ed voln\u00fdch blok\u016f souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a mno\u017estv\u00ed voln\u00fdch inod\u016f se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee dojdou inody, nemohu doporu\u010dit \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 kouzla, proto\u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nejsou (pokud se pletu, dejte mi v\u011bd\u011bt). Tak\u017ee pro odd\u00edly, ve kter\u00fdch se mno\u017estv\u00ed drobn\u00fdch soubor\u016f \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, je t\u0159eba pe\u010dliv\u011b vyb\u00edrat souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v btrfs inody nemohou doj\u00edt, proto\u017ee se dynamicky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed nov\u00e9 podle pot\u0159eby.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. 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