{"id":37275,"date":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","slug":"tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","title":{"rendered":"Tanky na Pascalu: jak u\u010dili d\u011bti programov\u00e1n\u00ed v 90. letech a co bylo \u0161patn\u011b","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u011bco o tom, jak vypadala \u0161koln\u00ed informatika v 90. letech, a pro\u010d b\u00fdvali v\u0161ichni program\u00e1to\u0159i tehdy v\u00fdhradn\u011b samoukov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Na \u010dem se d\u011bti u\u010dily programovat<\/h2>\n

\nNa za\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let za\u010daly moskevsk\u00e9 \u0161koly selektivn\u011b vybavovat t\u0159\u00eddy po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. V m\u00edstnostech se ihned osazovaly m\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na oknech a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 dve\u0159e. Z ni\u010deho nic se objevil u\u010ditel informatiky (vypadal jako nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed osoba hned po \u0159editeli), jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem bylo dohl\u00ed\u017eet na to, aby si nikdo na nic nesahal. Opravdu na nic. Ani na vstupn\u00ed dve\u0159e.
\nV t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch bylo nej\u010dast\u011bji mo\u017en\u00e9 potkat syst\u00e9my BK-0010 (v jeho variant\u00e1ch) a BK-0011M.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\nFoto p\u0159evzato odsud<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

D\u011btem byly vysv\u011btlov\u00e1ny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed komponenty, stejn\u011b jako n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f 'Basic', aby mohly nakreslit na obrazovce \u010d\u00e1ry a kruhy. Pro ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sta\u010dilo.<\/p>\n

S ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch v\u00fdtvor\u016f (program\u016f) byly tehdy samostatn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Nej\u010dast\u011bji byly po\u010d\u00edta\u010de propojeny pomoc\u00ed jednop\u00e1smov\u00fdch kontroler\u016f do s\u00edt\u011b s topologi\u00ed 'sd\u00edlen\u00e1 sb\u011brnice' a rychlost\u00ed p\u0159enosu 57600 baud. Diskov\u00e1 jednotka byla zpravidla jedna a ta \u010dasto nefungovala. N\u011bkdy fungovala, n\u011bkdy ne, s\u00ed\u0165 zamrzla, disketu nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst.<\/p>\n

J\u00e1 jsem tehdy nosil s sebou toto v\u00fdtvor o kapacit\u011b 360 kB.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\n\u0160ance, \u017ee z n\u011bj op\u011bt vyt\u00e1hnu sv\u016fj program, byly asi 50-70 procent.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem v\u0161ech t\u011bchto po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch historek 'BK' v\u0161ak byla nekone\u010dn\u00e1 zamrz\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

To se mohlo st\u00e1t v kter\u00e9mkoli okam\u017eiku, a\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159i psan\u00ed k\u00f3du nebo p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed programu. Zamrzl\u00fd syst\u00e9m znamenal, \u017ee 45 minut \u010dasu jsi pro\u017eil zbyte\u010dn\u011b, proto\u017ee jsi musel d\u011blat v\u0161echno znovu, ale zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010das vyu\u010dovac\u00ed hodiny u\u017e na to nesta\u010dil.<\/p>\n

Kolem roku 1993 se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a gymn\u00e1zi\u00edch objevovaly norm\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy s 286 po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, a n\u011bkde st\u00e1ly dokonce 't\u0159\u00edstovky'. Co se t\u00fd\u010de programovac\u00edch jazyk\u016f, byly dv\u011b varianty: tam, kde kon\u010dil 'Basic', za\u010d\u00ednal 'Turbo Pascal'.<\/p>\n

Programov\u00e1n\u00ed v 'Turbo Pascalu' na p\u0159\u00edkladu 'tank\u016f'<\/h2>\n

\nNa \"Pascale\" d\u011bti u\u010dily vytv\u00e1\u0159et cykly, kreslit r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce a pracovat s poli. V fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-matematick\u00e9m lyceu, kde jsem n\u011bjakou dobu \"p\u0159eb\u00fdval\", byla informatika vyhrazena jedn\u00e9 hodin\u011b t\u00fddn\u011b. A dva roky tam byla tahle nuda. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, cht\u011blo se mi ud\u011blat n\u011bco v\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e jen zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot pole nebo n\u011bjak\u00e9 sinusoidy.<\/p>\n

Tanky<\/h3>\n

\nBattle City byla jednou z nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch her na konzol\u00edch klon\u016f NES (Dendy a dal\u0161\u00edch). <\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nV roce 1996 popularity 8-bitov\u00fdch her pominula, u\u017e dlouho prachu v sk\u0159\u00edn\u00edch a p\u0159i\u0161lo mi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 ud\u011blat klon \"Tank\u016f\" pro PC jako n\u011bco velk\u00e9ho. Dal\u0161\u00ed je o tom, jak bylo tehdy nutn\u00e9 se vykroutit, aby se na \"Pascale\" vytvo\u0159ilo n\u011bco s grafikou, my\u0161\u00ed a zvukem.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eete kreslit jen ty\u010dinky a kole\u010dka<\/h3>\n

\nZa\u010dneme s grafikou.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nV z\u00e1kladn\u00ed verzi \"Pascal\" umo\u017e\u0148oval kreslit n\u011bkter\u00e9 tvary, vypl\u0148ovat a ur\u010dovat barvy bod\u016f. Nejpokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed procedury v modulu Graph, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s p\u0159ibli\u017eovaly ke sprite\u016fm, jsou GetImage a PutImage. S jejich pomoc\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zachytit do p\u0159edem rezervovan\u00e9 oblasti pam\u011bti \u00fasek obrazovky a pot\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt tento kousek jako rastrov\u00fd obr\u00e1zek. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pokud chcete na obrazovce opakovan\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u011bkter\u00e9 prvky nebo obr\u00e1zky, nejprve je nakresl\u00edte, zkop\u00edrujete do pam\u011bti, vyma\u017eete obrazovku, nakresl\u00edte dal\u0161\u00ed a tak d\u00e1l, dokud nevytvo\u0159\u00edte v pam\u011bti pot\u0159ebnou knihovnu. Proto\u017ee se to d\u011bje rychle, u\u017eivatel t\u011bchto trik\u016f si nev\u0161imne.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed modul, kde se za\u010daly pou\u017e\u00edvat spritey \u2013 editor map.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nM\u011bl rozvr\u017een\u00e9 hern\u00ed pole. Kliknut\u00ed my\u0161\u00ed vyvolalo menu, ve kter\u00e9m bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vybrat jednu ze \u010dty\u0159 variant p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek. Mimochodem o my\u0161i\u2026<\/p>\n

My\u0161 \u2013 to u\u017e je konec 90. let<\/h3>\n

\nMy\u0161i samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u011bly v\u0161ichni, ale do poloviny 90. let se pou\u017e\u00edvaly pouze ve Windows 3.11, grafick\u00fdch bal\u00edc\u00edch a v mal\u00e9m po\u010dtu her. V Wolfa a Dooma se hr\u00e1lo jen s kl\u00e1vesnic\u00ed. A v prost\u0159ed\u00ed DOS ani my\u0161 nebyla moc pot\u0159ebn\u00e1. Proto v Borlandu modul pro pr\u00e1ci s my\u0161\u00ed ani nezahrnovali do standardn\u00ed dod\u00e1vky. Ten bylo pot\u0159eba hledat u zn\u00e1m\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed jen kr\u010dili rameny a na to zvolali \"a k \u010demu ti to je?\".<\/p>\n

Naj\u00edt modul pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed my\u0161i je pouze polovina \u00fakolu. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 klikat my\u0161\u00ed na obrazovkov\u00e9 tla\u010d\u00edtka, je nutn\u00e9 je navrhnout. A to ve dvou variant\u00e1ch (stisknut\u00e9 a nestisknut\u00e9). U nestisknut\u00e9ho tla\u010d\u00edtka je horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btl\u00e1 a pod n\u00edm je st\u00edn. U stisknut\u00e9ho je to naopak. A je t\u0159eba je t\u0159ikr\u00e1t vykreslit na obrazovce (nestisknut\u00e9, stisknut\u00e9, pak zase nestisknut\u00e9). Plus nezapomenout nastavit zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed na zobrazen\u00ed a ukr\u00fdt kurzor.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nNap\u0159\u00edklad zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed hlavn\u00edho menu v k\u00f3du vypadalo takto:<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/p>\n

Zvuk \u2013 pouze piezo reproduktor po\u010d\u00edta\u010de.<\/h3>\n

\nSamostatn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh je se zvukem. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let se klony Sound Blaster teprve chystaly na sv\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161ina aplikac\u00ed pracovala pouze se vestav\u011bn\u00fdm reproduktorem. Jeho maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enosti \u2013 to je sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159ehr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pouze jednoho t\u00f3nu. A pr\u00e1v\u011b to umo\u017e\u0148oval Turbo Pascal. Pomoc\u00ed procedury sound bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 \"p\u00edpat\" na r\u016fzn\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch, co\u017e sta\u010dilo pro zvuky v\u00fdst\u0159el\u016f a v\u00fdbuch\u016f, ale pro hudebn\u00ed zn\u011blku, jak to tehdy bylo m\u00f3dn\u00ed, to v\u0161echno nebylo dostate\u010dn\u00e9. Nakonec se na\u0161lo velmi d\u016fmysln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: v na\u0161em vlastn\u00edm archivu softwaru se objevil \"exeku\u010dn\u00ed\" program, sta\u017een\u00fd kdysi z n\u011bjak\u00e9 BBS. Ten um\u011bl d\u011blat z\u00e1zraky \u2013 reprodukovat nekomprimovan\u00e9 wav soubory p\u0159es PC Speaker, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e to d\u011blalo z p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku a nem\u011blo vlastn\u00ed rozhran\u00ed. V\u0161e, co bylo t\u0159eba, bylo vyvolat ho p\u0159es Pascalovu proceduru exec a ujistit se, \u017ee tato konstrukce nezhavaruje. <\/p>\n

Nakonec se na zn\u011blce objevil par\u00e1dn\u00ed hudebn\u00ed kousek, ale s t\u00edm se stala vtipn\u00e1 v\u011bc. V roce 1996 jsem m\u011bl syst\u00e9m na Pentium 75, vytaktovan\u00e9m na 90. Na n\u011bm v\u0161e fungovalo skv\u011ble. Ve \u0161kole, kde n\u00e1m na druh\u00fd semestr dali Pascal, v u\u010debn\u011b st\u00e1ly zastaral\u00e9 \"t\u0159\u00eddy\". Po dohod\u011b s u\u010ditelem jsem na druhou hodinu p\u0159inesl tyto tanky, abych dostal z\u00e1po\u010det a u\u017e tam nechodil. A tak, po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed za\u010dal z reproduktoru zn\u00edt hlasit\u00fd \u0159ev sm\u00edchan\u00fd s houpav\u00fdmi hrdlov\u00fdmi zvuky. Zkr\u00e1tka, 33 MHz \"t\u0159\u00edda\" nedok\u00e1zala zvl\u00e1dnout ten sam\u00fd \"exeku\u010dn\u00ed\" program. Ale jinak to bylo v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, nepo\u010d\u00edtaje zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00e1vesnice, kter\u00e9 kazilo cel\u00fd hern\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek bez ohledu na v\u00fdkon PC.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Ale hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed v \"Pascalu\".<\/h2>\n

\nPodle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru byly \u201eTanky\u201c maximem, co se dalo vyt\u011b\u017eit z Turbo Pascalu bez assemblerov\u00fdch vlo\u017eek. Mezi z\u0159ejm\u00e9 nedostatky kone\u010dn\u00e9ho produktu pat\u0159\u00ed pomal\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed z kl\u00e1vesnice a pomal\u00e9 vykreslov\u00e1n\u00ed grafiky. Situaci zhor\u0161ovalo velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed extern\u00edch knihoven a modul\u016f. Ty se daly po\u010d\u00edtat na prstech jedn\u00e9 ruky.<\/p>\n

Ale nejv\u00edc m\u011b roz\u010diloval p\u0159\u00edstup ve \u0161koln\u00edm vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u011btem nikdo tenkr\u00e1t ne\u0159ekl o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a mo\u017enostech jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Na hodin\u00e1ch se prakticky hned za\u010dalo mluvit o begin, println a if, co\u017e uv\u011bz\u0148ovalo studenty v paradigmatu basic-pascal. Oba tyto jazyky lze pova\u017eovat v\u00fdhradn\u011b za v\u00fdukov\u00e9. Jejich \u201ebojov\u00e9\u201c pou\u017eit\u00ed je vz\u00e1cn\u00fd jev. <\/p>\n

Pro\u010d u\u010dit d\u011bti fale\u0161n\u00fdm jazyk\u016fm \u2013 to je pro m\u011b z\u00e1hada. A\u0165 u\u017e jsou v\u00edce n\u00e1zorn\u00e9. A\u0165 u\u017e se varianty \u201eB\u00e1sika\u201c kdesi pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud se n\u011bkdo rozhodne spojit svou budoucnost s programov\u00e1n\u00edm, bude muset za\u010d\u00edt od nuly s jin\u00fdmi jazyky. Tak pro\u010d ned\u00e1vat d\u011btem stejn\u00e9 v\u00fdukov\u00e9 \u00fakoly, ale u\u017e na norm\u00e1ln\u00ed platform\u011b (jazyku), v r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9 by se mohly d\u00e1le samostatn\u011b rozv\u00edjet?<\/p>\n

Mimochodem o \u00fakolech. Ve \u0161kole a na institutu byly v\u017edy abstraktn\u00ed: spo\u010d\u00edtat tohle, vytvo\u0159it funkci, nakreslit n\u011bco. Studoval jsem na t\u0159ech r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, nav\u00edc jsme m\u011bli \u201ePascal\u201c na prvn\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00edk institutu, a ani jednou n\u00e1m u\u010ditel\u00e9 nedali n\u011bjak\u00fd re\u00e1ln\u00fd aplika\u010dn\u00ed \u00fakol. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vytvo\u0159it z\u00e1pisn\u00edk nebo n\u011bco u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho. V\u0161echno bylo vymy\u0161len\u00e9. A kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk m\u011bs\u00edce \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 pak kon\u010d\u00ed v ko\u0161i\u2026 Celkov\u011b lid\u00e9 z institutu vych\u00e1zej\u00ed vyho\u0159el\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, ve t\u0159et\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00edku stejn\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly n\u00e1m do programu za\u0159adili \u201eplusy\u201c. Na prvn\u00ed pohled dobr\u00e1 v\u011bc, ale lid\u00e9 byli unaven\u00ed, nasycen\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00fdmi a \u201ev\u00fdukov\u00fdmi\u201c \u00fakoly. Nad\u0161en\u00ed, jako na poprv\u00e9, nikde nebylo.<\/p>\n

P.S. Hledal jsem, jak\u00e9 jazyky se dnes u\u010d\u00ed ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch na hodin\u00e1ch informatiky. V\u0161e jako p\u0159ed 25 lety: Basic, Pascal. Ob\u010das se vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 Python.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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