{"id":37393,"date":"2019-10-31T22:17:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:17:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zubnaya-feya-tut-ne-rabotaet-struktura-emali-zubov-krokodilov-i-ih-doistoricheskih-predkov\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:17:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:17:23","slug":"zubnaya-feya-tut-ne-rabotaet-struktura-emali-zubov-krokodilov-i-ih-doistoricheskih-predkov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/zubnaya-feya-tut-ne-rabotaet-struktura-emali-zubov-krokodilov-i-ih-doistoricheskih-predkov","title":{"rendered":"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/377dfa395dc5ecd0aac8ed2ccdc12d61.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVstupujete do koridoru s tlumen\u00fdm sv\u011btlem, kde se setk\u00e1v\u00e1te s opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi du\u0161emi, su\u017eovan\u00fdmi bolest\u00ed a utrpen\u00edm. Ale nemaj\u00ed tu klid, nebo\u0165 za ka\u017ed\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi na n\u011b \u010dekaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed muka a strach, napl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed ka\u017edou bu\u0148ku t\u011bla a zapl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny my\u0161lenky. P\u0159istupujete k jedn\u011bm z dve\u0159\u00ed, za nimi\u017e se oz\u00fdv\u00e1 pekeln\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edp\u00e1n\u00ed a bzu\u010den\u00ed, pronikaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do kost\u00ed. S posledn\u00edmi zbytky odvahy v ruce dosahujete na studenou kliku dve\u0159\u00ed, kdy\u017e v\u00e1s n\u00e1hle n\u011bkdo zezadu oslov\u00ed na rameni a vy trhnete p\u0159i p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed. \"Doktor bude m\u00edt brzy volno. Pros\u00edm, posa\u010fte se, zavol\u00e1me v\u00e1s,\" \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00e1m jemn\u00fd hlas sestry. Tak si z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu zuba\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed tyto \"sadisty\" v b\u00edl\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161t\u00edch vn\u00edmaj\u00ed velmi negativn\u011b. Ale dnes nebudeme hovo\u0159it o dentofobii, budeme hovo\u0159it o krokod\u00fdlech. Ano, o nich, a konkr\u00e9tn\u011b o jejich zubech, kter\u00e9 nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed zubn\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci z univerzity v Missouri (USA) provedli v\u00fdzkum krokod\u00fdl\u00edch zub\u016f, kter\u00fd uk\u00e1zal zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 vlastnosti skloviny t\u011bchto bezchybn\u011b lov\u00edc\u00edch pred\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed spol\u00e9haj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b na sv\u00e9 \u010delisti. Co v\u011bdci zjistili, jak se modern\u00ed zuby krokod\u00fdl\u016f li\u0161\u00ed od jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f a jak\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos to m\u00e1 z tohoto v\u00fdzkumu? O tom se dozv\u00edme z zpr\u00e1vy v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nPro v\u011bt\u0161inu obratlovc\u016f jsou zuby ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu a konzumace potravy (mravene\u010dn\u00edci se nepo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed). N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i se p\u0159i lovu spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na rychlost (gepardi), n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed na t\u00fdmovou strategii (lvi), a pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00e1 velkou roli s\u00edla jejich kousnut\u00ed. To plat\u00ed i pro krokod\u00fdly, kte\u0159\u00ed se skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi ob\u011b\u0165mi ve vod\u011b a uchopuj\u00ed je sv\u00fdmi mocn\u00fdmi \u010delistmi. Aby se ob\u011b\u0165 nemohla uvolnit, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u00fachop siln\u00fd, co\u017e se prom\u00edt\u00e1 do velk\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed na kostn\u00ed strukturu. Aby se minimalizoval negativn\u00ed dopad jejich siln\u00fdch kousnut\u00ed, maj\u00ed krokod\u00fdli sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed kostn\u00ed patro, kter\u00e9 je pevn\u011b spojeno s lebkou. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/de663bdf4f39a7454d23fb6be395c38c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159ehledn\u00e1 demonstrace uzav\u0159en\u00ed a otev\u0159en\u00ed \u010delisti krokod\u00fdla.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Jednou z hlavn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed krokod\u00fdl\u00edch zub\u016f je jejich neust\u00e1l\u00e9 nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdmi, kdy\u017e se star\u00e9 opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed. U krokod\u00fdl\u00edch zub\u016f toti\u017e zuby p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed matrjo\u0161ku, uvnit\u0159 kter\u00e9 se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed nov\u00e9 zuby. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9 2 roky se ka\u017ed\u00fd zub v \u010delisti vym\u011bn\u00ed za nov\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/49e8268bd90f0105cc608cc10cabe7c0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, jak t\u011bsn\u011b se zav\u00edr\u00e1 tento \u201ezubn\u00ed past\u201c.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Zuby krokod\u00fdl\u016f se d\u011bl\u00ed do n\u011bkolika kategori\u00ed podle tvaru a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed funkce. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010delisti jsou \u010dty\u0159i velk\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed pro efektivn\u00ed uchopen\u00ed ko\u0159isti. Ve st\u0159edu se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed pod\u00e9l \u010delisti. Tato \u010d\u00e1st slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti. U z\u00e1kladny se zuby roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se ploch\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, co\u017e krokod\u00fdl\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje rozkous\u00e1vat sko\u0159\u00e1pky m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f a panc\u00ed\u0159e \u017eelv jako sem\u00ednka. <\/p>\n<p>Jak siln\u00e1 je \u010delist krokodila? To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho velikosti a druhu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 2003 bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee 272kilogramov\u00fd alig\u00e1tor z Mississippi kousne silou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9500 N (N \u2013 Newton, 1 N = 1 kg\u00b7m\/s\u00b2). Na druhou stranu, 1308kilogramov\u00fd krokodila se pod\u00edval s ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed silou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 34500 N. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, absolutn\u00ed s\u00edla kousnut\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka \u010din\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1498 N.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00edla kousnut\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen na zubech, ale tak\u00e9 na svalech \u010delisti. U krokod\u00fdl\u016f jsou tyto svaly velmi siln\u00e9 a je jich hodn\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b existuje zna\u010dn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi velmi vyvinut\u00fdmi svaly, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed za uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed \u010delisti (co\u017e dod\u00e1v\u00e1 s\u00edlu kousnut\u00ed), a slab\u00fdmi svaly, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed za otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed \u010delisti. To vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d se zav\u0159en\u00e1 \u010delist krokodila d\u00e1 udr\u017eet pomoc\u00ed oby\u010dejn\u00e9 p\u00e1sky.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/281c595d45d92f12b47466a8018f191f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tak uka\u017e, kdo t\u011b mal\u00fdm \u0159\u00edkal.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u010celist krokodila nen\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 jen pro bezohledn\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed kv\u016fli ob\u017eiv\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 pro p\u00e9\u010di o sv\u00e9 potomstvo. Samice krokod\u00fdl\u016f \u010dasto p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sv\u00e9 ml\u00e1\u010fata pr\u00e1v\u011b v \u010delisti (t\u011b\u017eko naj\u00edt pro n\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto, proto\u017ee kdo by se tam odv\u00e1\u017eil j\u00edt). \u010celisti krokod\u00fdl\u016f jsou vybaveny velmi citliv\u00fdmi receptory, d\u00edky nim\u017e mohou regulovat s\u00edlu kousnut\u00ed, co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje l\u00e9pe udr\u017eovat ko\u0159ist nebo jemn\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et d\u011bti.<\/p>\n<p>Zuby \u010dlov\u011bka, bohu\u017eel, nenar\u016fstaj\u00ed po vypadnut\u00ed star\u00fdch, ale maj\u00ed s krokod\u00fdly n\u011bco spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u2013 sklovinu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3e1bdf40afaccbced0f824410b237372.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: kaud\u00e1ln\u00ed zub alig\u00e1tora mississippi (Alligator mississippiensis).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sklovina je vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obal korunky zubu. Je to nejpevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bla \u010dlov\u011bka, stejn\u011b jako mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch obratlovc\u016f. Jak v\u00edme, na\u0161e zuby se nem\u011bn\u00ed na nov\u00e9, a proto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na\u0161e sklovina siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. U krokod\u00fdl\u016f se v\u0161ak opot\u0159ebovan\u00e9 zuby m\u011bn\u00ed na nov\u00e9, tak\u017ee siln\u00e1 sklovina nen\u00ed nezbytn\u00e1. Zn\u00ed to logicky, ale je to skute\u010dn\u011b tak?<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee pochopen\u00ed zm\u011bn skloviny uvnit\u0159 jednoho taxonu umo\u017en\u00ed l\u00e9pe si v budoucnu pamatovat, jak se struktura skloviny m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na biomechanice a diet\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159ete. <\/p>\n<p>Krokod\u00fdli, zejm\u00e9na <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>, jsou ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro tento v\u00fdzkum z \u0159ady d\u016fvod\u016f. Za prv\u00e9, jejich zuby, s\u00edla skusu a struktura skloviny se m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u011bku a velikosti jedince, co\u017e je d\u00e1no i zm\u011bnou diety. Za druh\u00e9, zuby krokod\u00fdl\u016f maj\u00ed r\u016fznou morfologii v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v \u010delisti. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/013855cf61d1f20b442e4f223ecd8202.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2: a a b ukazuj\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi zuby velk\u00fdch a mal\u00fdch jedinc\u016f, c a e ukazuj\u00ed zuby fosiln\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f modern\u00edch krokod\u00fdl\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rostr\u00e1ln\u00ed zuby jsou tenk\u00e9 a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se k uchopen\u00ed ko\u0159isti, zat\u00edmco kaud\u00e1ln\u00ed zuby jsou tup\u00e9 a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se k drcen\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi silami skusu. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zubu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v \u010delisti a na velikosti majitele t\u00e9to \u010delisti.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to studii jsou uvedeny v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed absolutn\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny (AET) a standardizovan\u00e9 podle velikosti (relativn\u00ed) tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny (RET) zub\u016f krokod\u00fdla.<\/p>\n<p>AET p\u0159edstavuje odhad pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od p\u0159echodu sklovina-dentin k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu povrchu skloviny a p\u0159edstavuje line\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. RET je bezrozm\u011brn\u00e1 veli\u010dina, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje porovnat relativn\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ku skloviny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci provedli hodnocen\u00ed AET a RET rostr\u00e1ln\u00edch (v \u201enose\u201c \u010delisti), intermedi\u00e1ln\u00edch (ve st\u0159edu \u0159ady) a kaud\u00e1ln\u00edch (u z\u00e1kladny \u010delisti) zub\u016f u sedmi jedinc\u016f tohoto druhu. <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee struktura skloviny m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1viset na strav\u011b jedince a cel\u00e9ho druhu jako takov\u00e9ho. Krokod\u00fdli maj\u00ed velmi rozmanitou stravu (co chytili, to bude ob\u011bdem), ale li\u0161\u00ed se od stravy jejich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e d\u00e1vno vyhynuli. Aby to mohli ov\u011b\u0159it z hlediska skloviny, v\u011bdci provedli anal\u00fdzu AET a RET fos\u00edli\u00ed <i>Protosuchidae<\/i> (UCMP 97638), <i>Iharkutosuchus<\/i> (MTM VER 2018.837) a <i>Allognathosuchus<\/i> (YPM-PU 16989). <i>Protosuchidae<\/i> je z\u00e1stupcem jury, <i>Iharkutosuchus<\/i> \u2014 obdob\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddy, a <i>Allognathosuchus<\/i> z eoc\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm skute\u010dn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bdci uskute\u010dnili brainstorming a navrhli n\u011bkolik teoretick\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hypot\u00e9za 1a \u2014 proto\u017ee AET je line\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u00edra a m\u011bla by z\u00e1viset na velikosti, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee rozptyl v AET bude nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlen velikost\u00ed lebky;<\/li>\n<li>hypot\u00e9za 1b \u2014 proto\u017ee RET je standardizov\u00e1n podle velikosti, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee rozptyl v RET bude nejl\u00e9pe vysv\u011btlen polohou zubu;<\/li>\n<li>hypot\u00e9za 2a \u2014 proto\u017ee AET a d\u00e9lka lebky jsou line\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u00edry velikosti, m\u011bly by se m\u011bnit s izometrick\u00fdm sklonem;<\/li>\n<li>hypot\u00e9za 2b \u2014 proto\u017ee kaud\u00e1ln\u00ed zuby za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed s\u00edly kous\u00e1n\u00ed v zubn\u00edm \u0159adu, tedy RET bude vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed u kaud\u00e1ln\u00edch zub\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V tabulk\u00e1ch n\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedena data vzork\u016f (lebky krokod\u00fdl\u016f druhu <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>, odebran\u00fdch z rezervace Rockefeller v Grand Ch\u00eane, Louisiana, a fos\u00edli\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cf7306548a2f0e488c4fa354ffdc6fe7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka \u010d. 1: data skenov\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f (rostr\u00e1ln\u00ed, intermedi\u00e1rn\u00ed a kaud\u00e1ln\u00ed).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/bebcdd3f91785efcd55077945a4e98d9.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka \u010d. 2: data zub\u016f (LSkull \u2014 d\u00e9lka lebky, hCrown \u2014 v\u00fd\u0161ka korunky, VE \u2014 objem skloviny, VD \u2014 objem dentinu, SAEDJ \u2014 plocha rozhran\u00ed sklovina-dentin, AET \u2014 absolutn\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny, RET \u2014 relativn\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny).<\/i><\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nV souladu se zubn\u00edmi daty uveden\u00fdmi v tabulce \u010d. 2 v\u011bdci dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny se izometricky m\u011bn\u00ed s d\u00e9lkou lebky bez ohledu na polohu zubu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/5cd51ee8c3209f309da0800fce1d5371.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka \u010d. 3: hodnoty AET a RET v z\u00e1vislosti na prom\u011bnn\u00fdch.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/402465590a3d79a24f6841324a662077.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3: m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko AET\/RET vzhledem k d\u00e9lce lebky.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny na kaud\u00e1ln\u00edch zubech v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na ostatn\u00edch, ale to tak\u00e9 nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na d\u00e9lce lebky.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/3a8bac56514674cfc2d3c3d54105bdba.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabulka \u010d. 4: pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny u vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch obratlovc\u016f (Crocodyliform - nad\u0159azen\u00e1 skupina krokod\u00fdl\u016f, Dinosaur - dinosau\u0159i, Artiodactyl - sudokopytn\u00edci, Odontocete - pod\u0159\u00e1d kytovc\u016f, Perissodactyl - lichokopytn\u00edci, Primate - prim\u00e1ti, Rodent - hlodavci).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/6fa09d71c0ed5e30976c56048c4dd011.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4: tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny kaud\u00e1ln\u00edch zub\u016f je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u jin\u00fdch.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Data t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed (tab. \u010d. 3) potvrdila hypot\u00e9zu 1a, kter\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje z\u00e1vislost hodnoty AET na d\u00e9lce lebky, a ne na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zubu. Naopak hodnoty RET z\u00e1vis\u00ed na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zubu v \u0159ad\u011b, a ne na d\u00e9lce lebky, co\u017e potvrzuje hypot\u00e9zu 1b.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy (2a a 2b) byly rovn\u011b\u017e potvrzeny, jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z anal\u00fdzy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny zub\u016f s r\u016fzn\u00fdm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm v \u0159ad\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny u sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho alig\u00e1tora z Mississippi a jeho d\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f uk\u00e1zalo mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, ale byly i odli\u0161nosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad u Allognathosuchus je tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny zhruba o 33 % v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u sou\u010dasn\u00fdch krokod\u00fdl\u016f (obr\u00e1zek n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/7963e687b9e86090021b26033ea50135.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 5: srovn\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny u alig\u00e1tora a fosiln\u00edch krokod\u00fdl\u016f podle v\u00fd\u0161ky korunky zubu.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Shrnut\u00edm v\u0161ech v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch dat v\u011bdci dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1vis\u00ed na, tak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc, roli zub\u016f. Pokud jsou tyto zuby nezbytn\u00e9 pro drcen\u00ed, pak bude jejich sklovina v\u00fdznamn\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee tlak (s\u00edla stla\u010den\u00ed) kaud\u00e1ln\u00edch zub\u016f je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u rostr\u00e1ln\u00edch. To souvis\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b s jejich rol\u00ed - udr\u017eovat ko\u0159ist a drtit kosti. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sklovina chr\u00e1n\u00ed zuby, kter\u00e9 b\u011bhem krmen\u00ed podl\u00e9haj\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. A skute\u010dn\u011b, data ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee kaud\u00e1ln\u00ed zuby u krokod\u00fdl\u016f se l\u00e1mou v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, navzdory zna\u010dn\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee u zub\u016f <i>Allognathosuchus<\/i> je sklovina v\u00fdrazn\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u ostatn\u00edch zkouman\u00fdch krokod\u00fdl\u016f. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee tento fosiln\u00ed druh preferoval potravu v podob\u011b \u017eelv, a k drcen\u00ed jejich krun\u00fd\u0159\u016f jsou pot\u0159eba pevn\u00e9 zuby a siln\u00e1 sklovina. <\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci rovn\u011b\u017e provedli srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky skloviny krokod\u00fdl\u016f a n\u011bkter\u00fdch dinosaur\u016f, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 v\u00e1ze a velikosti. Tato anal\u00fdza uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee u krokod\u00fdl\u016f byla sklovina siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (diagram n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/4002b03317556599a448aed9616af1a1.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 6: srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky zubn\u00ed skloviny krokod\u00fdl\u016f a dinosaur\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee sklovina tyranosaura byla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b siln\u00e1 jako u mnohem men\u0161\u00edho Allognathosuchus a dokonce i sou\u010dasn\u00fdch krokod\u00fdl\u016f. Je logick\u00e9, \u017ee struktura zubu krokod\u00fdl\u016f je vysv\u011btliteln\u00e1 jejich chov\u00e1n\u00edm v souvislosti s lovem a dietou.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, navzdory sv\u00fdm rekord\u016fm, je sklovina u archosaur\u016f (krokod\u00fdli, dinosau\u0159i, pterosau\u0159i atd.) ten\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e u savc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/782281ee37da90136d3f58922e8e9f4e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 7: srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky zubn\u00ed skloviny (AET) krokod\u00fdl\u016f a n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f savc\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d je sklovina pred\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se siln\u011b spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na sv\u00e9 \u010delisti, ten\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e u savc\u016f? Odpov\u011b\u010f na tuto ot\u00e1zku byla zn\u00e1ma u\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u2014 v\u00fdm\u011bna opot\u0159ebovan\u00fdch zub\u016f za nov\u00e9. I kdy\u017e maj\u00ed krokod\u00fdli siln\u00e9 zuby, nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed je m\u00edt tak pevn\u00e9, proto\u017ee nov\u00fd zub v\u017edy nahrad\u00ed zlomen\u00fd. Savci (v\u011bt\u0161inou) tuto schopnost nemaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Zubn\u00ed v\u00edla tu nefunguje: struktura skloviny zub\u016f krokod\u00fdl\u016f a jejich prehistorick\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/9b0a14642c99f16360d6d8f82f9e8294.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 8: srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ky zubn\u00ed skloviny (RET) krokod\u00fdl\u016f a n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f savc\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pokud jsme p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tlou\u0161\u0165ka skloviny u archosaur\u016f se pohybuje od 0,01 do 0,314 mm, zat\u00edmco u savc\u016f od 0,08 do 2,3 mm. Rozd\u00edl je, jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, na o\u010d\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334150418_The_significance_of_enamel_thickness_in_the_teeth_of_Alligator_mississippiensis_and_its_diversity_among_crocodyliforms_Enamel_thickness_in_crocodyliforms\">Zpr\u00e1va v\u011bdc\u016f.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nZuby, jakkoli to zn\u00ed podivn\u011b, jsou nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159i sh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed potravy. Ano, modern\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee v\u017edy opravit jakoukoliv vadu spojenou se zuby, ale ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd zubn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159. Dokonce ani \u010dlov\u011bk ne v\u017edy v\u011bd\u011bl, co takov\u00e9 zubn\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed obn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed. Proto si n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy vyb\u00edraj\u00ed siln\u00e9 a odoln\u00e9 zuby, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 preferuj\u00ed m\u011bnit je jako rukavice. Krokod\u00fdli a jejich vzd\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed do obou skupin. Sklovina na zubech, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro efektivn\u00ed uchopen\u00ed ko\u0159isti a drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed, je u krokod\u00fdl\u016f dost siln\u00e1, ale s ohledem na t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se jejich zuby st\u00e1le opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed a n\u011bkdy l\u00e1mou. Na m\u00edsto star\u00e9ho zubu p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed nov\u00fd. <\/p>\n<p>Pro \u010dlov\u011bka je jedn\u00edm z charakteristick\u00fdch rys\u016f protilehl\u00fd palec, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m velmi pom\u00e1hal v mnoha za\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch, od \"vz\u00edt klacek a ude\u0159it otravn\u00e9mu sousedovi na v\u011btvi\" a\u017e po \"vz\u00edt pero a napsat sonet\". Pro krokod\u00fdly jsou v\u0161ak takov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem jejich \u010delisti, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b zuby. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bla d\u011bl\u00e1 z krokod\u00fdl\u016f tak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a smrt\u00edc\u00ed lovce, kter\u00fdm je dobr\u00e9 se vyh\u00fdbat.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"2xp22IYL2uU\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/2xp22IYL2uU\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fd a esteticky kr\u00e1sn\u00fd kr\u00e1tkometr\u00e1\u017en\u00ed animovan\u00fd film, ve kter\u00e9m krokod\u00fdl \u2014 nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b krokod\u00fdlem. <\/i><\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"JMJXvsCLu6s\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/JMJXvsCLu6s\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Animace o tom, jak nelze d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovat podez\u0159el\u00fdm \"kl\u00e1d\u00e1m\" ve vod\u011b, zejm\u00e9na kdy\u017e jsi \u2014 antilopa gnu.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00e9 v\u00edkendy, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, <b>30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/464711\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u044f, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438. \u0412\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28056,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\".\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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