{"id":38058,"date":"2019-10-31T22:21:26","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:21:26","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:26","slug":"rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e","title":{"rendered":"Rukopisy neho\u0159\u00ed: tajemstv\u00ed trvanlivosti svitk\u016f Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e datovan\u00fdch do roku 250 p\u0159.n.l.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Rukopisy
\n
\nV modern\u00edch muze\u00edch a archivech jsou starov\u011bk\u00e9 texty, rukopisy a knihy uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny za specifick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje zachovat jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed vzhled pro budouc\u00ed generace. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem nesmrteln\u00fdch rukopis\u016f jsou svitky od Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e (kumr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rukopisy), kter\u00e9 byly poprv\u00e9 nalezeny v roce 1947 a datov\u00e1ny do roku 408 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. N\u011bkter\u00e9 ze svitk\u016f se zachovaly pouze fragment\u00e1rn\u011b, ale existuj\u00ed i takov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstaly prakticky nedot\u010den\u00e9 \u010dasem. A tady se objevuje z\u0159ejm\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka \u2013 jak se lidem p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 2000 lety poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it manuskripty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eily a\u017e do na\u0161ich dn\u016f? Pr\u00e1v\u011b to se rozhodli zjistit na Massachusettsk\u00e9m technologick\u00e9m institutu. Co v\u011bdci na\u0161li ve starov\u011bk\u00fdch svitc\u00edch a jak\u00e9 technologie byly pou\u017eity k jejich vytvo\u0159en\u00ed? O tom se dozv\u00edme z zpr\u00e1vy v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f. Poj\u010fme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Historie<\/h3>\n

\nV relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m roce 1947 vyrazili bedu\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed past\u00fd\u0159i Muhammad ed-Dhib, Juma Muhammad a Khalil Musa na hled\u00e1n\u00ed ztracen\u00e9 ove\u010dky, kter\u00e1 je zavedla do jeskyn\u00ed Kumranu. Zda past\u00fd\u0159i na\u0161li zbloudil\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e, historie opom\u00edj\u00ed, ale objevili n\u011bco mnohem cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z historick\u00e9ho hlediska \u2013 n\u011bkolik hlin\u011bn\u00fdch d\u017eb\u00e1n\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch byly ukryty starov\u011bk\u00e9 svitky. <\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nJeskyn\u011b Kumranu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Muhammad vynesl n\u011bkolik svitk\u016f a p\u0159inesl je do sv\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed, aby je uk\u00e1zal sv\u00fdm spolub\u010dan\u016fm. O n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das pozd\u011bji se bedu\u00edni rozhodli p\u0159edat svitky obchodn\u00edkovi jm\u00e9nem Ibrahim Id\u017ea v Betl\u00e9m\u011b, ten ale je pova\u017eoval za odpad a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee byly ukradeny ze synagogy. Bedu\u00edni v\u0161ak nep\u0159estali usilovat prodat sv\u016fj objev a vyrazili na jin\u00fd trh, kde syrsk\u00fd k\u0159es\u0165an nab\u00eddl, \u017ee od nich svitky koup\u00ed. V\u00fdsledkem t\u00e9to pon\u011bkud zmaten\u00e9 historie hled\u00e1n\u00ed odbytov\u00e9ho m\u00edsta bylo prodeje svitk\u016f za 7 jord\u00e1nsk\u00fdch din\u00e1r\u016f (necel\u00fdch 314 dolar\u016f).<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nD\u017eb\u00e1ny, ve kter\u00fdch byly nalezeny svitky.<\/i><\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 by cenn\u00e9 svitky z\u016fstaly jen na polici u obchodn\u00edka s antikv\u00e1rn\u00edm zbo\u017e\u00edm, neb\u00fdt z\u00e1jmu doktora Johna K. Trevera z Americk\u00e9 \u0161koly pro studium V\u00fdchodu (ASOR), kter\u00fd porovnal p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy ve svitc\u00edch s podobn\u00fdmi v N\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9m papyru, nejstar\u0161\u00ed tehdy zn\u00e1m\u00e9 biblick\u00e9 rukopisn\u00e9 tradice, a na\u0161el mezi nimi podobnost.<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nSvitky Izai\u00e1\u0161e, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed prakticky \u00fapln\u00fd text Knihy proroka Izai\u00e1\u0161e. D\u00e9lka svitku je 734 cm.<\/i><\/p>\n

V b\u0159eznu 1948, uprost\u0159ed arabsko-izraelsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, byly svitky p\u0159epraveny do Beirutu (Libanon). Dne 11. dubna 1948 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ozn\u00e1mil objev svitk\u016f p\u0159edseda ASOR Millar Burrows. Od tohoto okam\u017eiku za\u010dalo rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 hled\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b (nazvan\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b \u010d. 1), kde byly nalezeny prvn\u00ed svitky. V roce 1949 ud\u011blila jord\u00e1nsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da povolen\u00ed ke vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed Kumr\u00e1nu. A ji\u017e 28. ledna 1949 byla jeskyn\u011b nalezena belgick\u00fdm pozorovatelem Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f kapit\u00e1nem Philippe Lippensem a kapit\u00e1nem Arabsk\u00e9ho legionu Akka\u0161em el-Zebnem.<\/p>\n

Od doby, kdy byly nalezeny prvn\u00ed svitky, bylo objeveno 972 rukopis\u016f, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly cel\u00e9, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 se dochovaly pouze jako jednotliv\u00e9 fragmenty. Fragmenty byly pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e9, a jejich po\u010det p\u0159ekro\u010dil 15 000 (t\u00fdk\u00e1 se n\u00e1lez\u016f v jeskyni \u010d. 4). Jeden z badatel\u016f se je sna\u017eil slo\u017eit do celku a\u017e do sv\u00e9 smrti v roce 1979, ale nedok\u00e1zal svou pr\u00e1ci dokon\u010dit.<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nFragmenty svitk\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n

Co do obsahu obsahovaly svitky Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e biblick\u00e9 texty, apokryfy a pseudepigrafy a literaturu kumr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 komunity. Jazyk text\u016f byl tak\u00e9 r\u016fznorod\u00fd: starohebrej\u0161tina, aramej\u0161tina a dokonce i \u0159e\u010dtina.<\/p>\n

Texty byly ps\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed uhl\u00ed, a materi\u00e1lem pro samotn\u00e9 svitky byly pergameny z k\u016f\u017ee koz a ovc\u00ed, tak\u00e9 se objevily rukopisy na papyru. Mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st nalezen\u00fdch svitk\u016f byla vytvo\u0159ena technikou vyra\u017een\u00ed textu na tenk\u00fdch ple\u0161\u00edch m\u011bdi, kter\u00e9 byly pot\u00e9 svinuty a vlo\u017eeny do d\u017eb\u00e1n\u016f. Rozvinout takov\u00e9 svitky bez nevyhnuteln\u00e9ho jejich zni\u010den\u00ed v d\u016fsledku koroze bylo nemo\u017en\u00e9, proto je archeologov\u00e9 roz\u0159ezali na \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 pot\u00e9 poskl\u00e1dali do jednotn\u00e9ho textu.<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nFragmenty m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho svitku.<\/i><\/p>\n

Pokud m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 svitky uk\u00e1zaly nestrannou a dokonce krutou povahu plynut\u00ed \u010dasu, existovaly i ty, nad kter\u00fdmi \u010das jakoby nem\u011bl moc. Jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f je 8 metr\u016f dlouh\u00fd svitek, kter\u00fd p\u0159itahuje pozornost svou malou tlou\u0161\u0165kou a jasnou slonovinovou barvou. Archeologov\u00e9 jej naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201eChr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek\u201c kv\u016fli zm\u00ednce o Prvn\u00edm chr\u00e1mu, kter\u00fd m\u011bl postavit \u0160alomoun. Parchment tohoto svitku m\u00e1 v\u00edcerozm\u011brnou strukturu, sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z kolagenn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hmoty a netypick\u00e9ho anorganick\u00e9ho vrstvy. <\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nChr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek. Cel\u00fd Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek lze l\u00e9pe prozkoumat podle tento odkaz<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/i><\/p>\n

V dnes zkouman\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci v\u011bdci provedli anal\u00fdzu chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed t\u00e9to neobvykl\u00e9 anorganick\u00e9 vrstvy pomoc\u00ed rentgenov\u00e9 a Ramanovy spektroskopie a objevili soln\u00e9 horniny (sulf\u00e1tov\u00e9 evapority). Tento objev nazna\u010duje jedine\u010dnou metodu v\u00fdroby analyzovan\u00e9ho svitku, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee odhalit tajemstv\u00ed uchov\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch text\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze uplatnit i v na\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho svitku<\/h3>\n

\nJak uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u011bdci (a jak vid\u00edme na sn\u00edmc\u00edch), v\u011bt\u0161ina svitk\u016f Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e m\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b tmavou barvu, a pouze mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st je sv\u011btl\u00e1. Krom\u011b sv\u00e9ho jasn\u00e9ho vzhledu m\u00e1 Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek v\u00edcerozm\u011brnou strukturu s textem napsan\u00fdm na anorganick\u00e9 slonovinov\u00e9 vrstv\u011b, kter\u00e1 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ei pou\u017eitou jako z\u00e1klad svitku. Na zadn\u00ed stran\u011b svitku si lze pov\u0161imnout p\u0159\u00edtomnosti chloupk\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch na k\u016f\u017ei. <\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: A<\/b> \u2014 vzhled svitku, B<\/b> \u2014 m\u00edsto, kde chyb\u00ed anorganick\u00e1 vrstva a text, S<\/b> \u2014 textov\u00e1 strana (nalevo) a zadn\u00ed strana (napravo), DDoS<\/b> \u2014 sv\u011btlo ukazuje p\u0159\u00edtomnost m\u00edsta, kde chyb\u00ed anorganick\u00e1 vrstva (sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed oblasti), E<\/b> \u2014 Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 optick\u00e1 mikrofotografie oblasti vyzna\u010den\u00e9 te\u010dkovan\u011b na 1C.<\/i><\/p>\n

Stopy chloupku*<\/i>, viditeln\u00e9 na zadn\u00ed stran\u011b svitku (1A<\/b>), nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st textu na svitku byla naps\u00e1na na vnit\u0159n\u00ed stran\u011b k\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Chl\u00f3pek*<\/b> \u2014 org\u00e1n nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v dermis k\u016f\u017ee a skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z 20 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f bun\u011bk. Hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed tohoto dynamick\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu je regulace r\u016fstu vlas\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Na textov\u00e9 stran\u011b se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \"hol\u00e9\" oblasti, na kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed anorganick\u00e1 vrstva (1C<\/b>, vlevo), co\u017e odhaluje na\u017eloutlou kolagenovou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vrstvu. Byly tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bny oblasti na m\u00edstech sv\u00edcen\u00ed, kde se text spolu s anorganickou vrstvou \"p\u0159evedl\" na zadn\u00ed stranu svitku.<\/p>\n

\u00b5XRF a EDS anal\u00fdza svitku<\/h3>\n

\nPo vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00eddce svitku v\u011bdci provedli \u00b5XRF*<\/i> a EDS*<\/i> anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n

XRF*<\/b> (rentgenov\u00e1 fluorescen\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdza) \u2014 spektroskopie, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zjistit element\u00e1rn\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed l\u00e1tky prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm anal\u00fdzy spektra vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159i oza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zkouman\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu rentgenov\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm. \u00b5XRF (mikro rentgenov\u00e1 fluorescen\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdza) se li\u0161\u00ed od XRF v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00edm prostorov\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm. <\/p>\n

EDS*<\/b> (energidisperzn\u00ed rentgenov\u00e1 spektroskopie) \u2014 metoda element\u00e1rn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, jej\u00ed\u017e podstatou je anal\u00fdza energie emise jej\u00edho rentgenov\u00e9ho spektra.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n

Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek se vyzna\u010duje svou nehomogenitou (2A<\/b>) z hlediska chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto d\u016fvodu se v\u011bdci rozhodli pou\u017e\u00edt tak p\u0159esn\u00e9 metody anal\u00fdzy jako \u00b5XRF a EDS na obou stran\u00e1ch svitku.<\/p>\n

Souhrnn\u00fd \u00b5XRF spektrum oblast\u00ed z\u00e1jmu (\u010d\u00e1sti svitku, kde byla provedena anal\u00fdza) uk\u00e1zalo slo\u017eitou kompozici anorganick\u00e9 vrstvy, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z mnoha prvk\u016f, mezi nimi\u017e jsou hlavn\u00ed (2C<\/b>): sod\u00edk (Na<\/i>), ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk (Mg<\/i>), hlin\u00edk (Al<\/i>), k\u0159em\u00edk (Si<\/i>), fosfor (redicted Frame)<\/i>), s\u00edra (S<\/i>), chlor (Cl<\/i>), drasl\u00edk (K<\/i>), v\u00e1pn\u00edk (Ca<\/i>), mangan (Mn<\/i>), \u017eelezo (Fe<\/i>) a brom (Br<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\u00b5XRF mapa rozlo\u017een\u00ed prvk\u016f uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed prvky Na, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl a Si jsou rozlo\u017eeny po cel\u00e9m fragmentu. Tak\u00e9 lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee hlin\u00edk je dostate\u010dn\u011b rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een po cel\u00e9m fragmentu, av\u0161ak v\u011bdci necht\u011bj\u00ed tvrdit, \u017ee je to na 100% jist\u00e9 vzhledem k siln\u00e9 podobnosti K-linje hlin\u00edku a L-linje bromu. P\u0159\u00edtomnost drasl\u00edku (K) a \u017eeleza (Fe) v\u011bdci vysv\u011btluj\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed svitku, nikoli \u00famysln\u00fdm p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto prvk\u016f do jeho struktury b\u011bhem v\u00fdroby. Tak\u00e9 se ukazuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 koncentrace Mn, Fe a Br v siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech fragmentu, kde organick\u00e1 vrstva nebyla odd\u011blena. <\/p>\n

Na a Cl vykazuj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed po cel\u00e9 zkouman\u00e9 oblasti, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee koncentrace t\u011bchto prvk\u016f je dostate\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e1 v oblastech, kde je p\u0159\u00edtomna organick\u00e1 vrstva. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mezi Na a Cl existuj\u00ed rozd\u00edly. Na je rozlo\u017eeno rovnom\u011brn\u011bji, zat\u00edmco Cl neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 struktu\u0159e prasklin a mal\u00fdch odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed v anorganick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem mohou mapy korelace rozlo\u017een\u00ed Na-Cl nazna\u010dovat p\u0159\u00edtomnost chloridu sodn\u00e9ho (NaCl, tj. soli) pouze uvnit\u0159 organick\u00e9 vrstvy k\u016f\u017ee, co\u017e je d\u016fsledkem zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b pergamenu.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci provedli skenovac\u00ed elektronovou mikroskopii (SEM\u2013EDS) zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch oblast\u00ed svitku, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje kvantitativn\u011b ur\u010dit chemick\u00e9 prvky na povrchu svitku. EDS poskytuje vysok\u00e9 later\u00e1ln\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed d\u00edky relativn\u011b mal\u00e9 hloubce pronik\u00e1n\u00ed elektron\u016f. K dosa\u017een\u00ed takov\u00e9ho efektu byl pou\u017eit n\u00edzkotlakov\u00fd rastrovac\u00ed elektronov\u00fd mikroskop, proto\u017ee minimalizuje po\u0161kozen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vakuem a umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt element\u00e1rn\u00ed mapov\u00e1n\u00ed nevodiv\u00fdch vzork\u016f.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza EDS map prvk\u016f (2D<\/b>) ukazuje p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010d\u00e1stic v oblasti z\u00e1jmu anorganick\u00e9 vrstvy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b obsahuj\u00ed sod\u00edk, s\u00edru a v\u00e1pn\u00edk. K\u0159em\u00edk byl tak\u00e9 nalezen v anorganick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b, ale ne v \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch Na-S-Ca nalezen\u00fdch na povrchu anorganick\u00e9 vrstvy. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace hlin\u00edku a chl\u00f3ru byly zji\u0161t\u011bny mezi \u010d\u00e1sticemi a v organick\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n

Mapy prvk\u016f sod\u00edku, s\u00edry a v\u00e1pn\u00edku (vlo\u017een\u00ed na 2V<\/b>) ukazuj\u00ed jasnou korelaci mezi t\u011bmito t\u0159emi prvky, a \u0161ipky ukazuj\u00ed na \u010d\u00e1stice, ve kter\u00fdch byly pozorov\u00e1ny sod\u00edk a s\u00edra, ale m\u00e1lo v\u00e1pn\u00edku.<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00b5XRF a EDS anal\u00fdza uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee anorganick\u00e1 vrstva obsahuje \u010d\u00e1stice bohat\u00e9 na sod\u00edk, v\u00e1pn\u00edk a s\u00edru, stejn\u011b jako dal\u0161\u00ed prvky v men\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tyto v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 metody neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed podrobn\u011b prozkoumat chemick\u00e9 vazby a f\u00e1zov\u00e9 charakteristiky, proto byla pou\u017eita spektroskopie kombinovan\u00e9ho rozptylu (ramanovsk\u00e1 spektroskopie).<\/p>\n

Pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pozad\u00ed fluorescence, kter\u00e1 se obvykle pozoruje ve spektrech kombinovan\u00e9ho rozptylu, byly pou\u017eity n\u00edzkoenergetick\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky exkreditace. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Ramanova spektroskopie p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 1064 nm umo\u017e\u0148uje sb\u00edrat data dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdch (400 \u03bcm v pr\u016fm\u011bru) \u010d\u00e1stic (3A<\/b>). Ob\u011b spektra na grafu ukazuj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed prvky: dvojit\u00fd p\u00edsek s\u00edranu p\u0159i 987 a 1003 cm-1, p\u00edsek nitr\u00e1tu p\u0159i 1044 cm-1 a b\u00edlkoviny typick\u00e9 pro kolagen nebo \u017eelatinu.<\/p>\n

Aby bylo jasn\u011b odd\u011bleno organick\u00e9 a anorganick\u00e9 slo\u017eky zkouman\u00e9ho fragmentu svitku, bylo pou\u017eito bl\u00edzk\u00e9 infra\u010derven\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed o vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 785 nm. Na obr\u00e1zku 3B<\/b> jsou z\u0159eteln\u011b viditeln\u00e9 spektra kolagenov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken (spectrum I) a anorganick\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic (spektrum II a III).<\/p>\n

Spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00edsek kolagenov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken zahrnuje charakteristick\u00e9 rysy nitr\u00e1tu p\u0159i 1043 cm-1, co\u017e lze spojit s oscilac\u00ed iont\u016f NO3\u2212 v NH4NO3.<\/p>\n

Spektra \u010d\u00e1stic obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch Na, S a Ca nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee anorganick\u00e1 vrstva obsahuje \u010d\u00e1stice z sm\u011bs\u00ed s\u00edranu obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch miner\u00e1ly v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pom\u011brech. <\/p>\n

Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00edsky su\u0161en\u00e9 na vzduchu syntetick\u00e9 sm\u011bsi Na2SO4 a CaSO4 spadaj\u00ed na 450 a 630 cm-1, tedy se li\u0161\u00ed od spekter zkouman\u00e9ho vzorku (3B<\/b>). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pokud tuto sm\u011bs rychle vysu\u0161\u00edme odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159i 250 \u00b0C, spektra kombinovan\u00e9ho rozptylu budou odpov\u00eddat spektrom Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho svitku ve sv\u00fdch s\u00edranov\u00fdch fragmentech.<\/p>\n

Spektrum III souvis\u00ed s velmi mal\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi v anorganick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b o pr\u016fm\u011bru kolem 5-15 \u03bcm (3C<\/b>). Tyto \u010d\u00e1stice vykazovaly velmi intenzivn\u00ed kombinovan\u00fd rozptyl p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce exkreditace 785 nm. Charakteristick\u00e1 tripletn\u00ed spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed signatura p\u0159i 1200, 1265 a 1335 cm-1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vibra\u010dn\u00ed jednotky typu \u201eNa2-X\u201c. Tento triplet je typick\u00fd pro sulf\u00e1ty obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed Na a \u010dasto se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v takov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lech jako je tenerdit (Na2SO4) a glauberit (Na2SO4\u00b7CaSO4).<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u00e1le v\u011bdci pou\u017eili EDS k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed prvek mapy velk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho svitku jak na textov\u00e9, tak na rubov\u00e9 stran\u011b. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, skenov\u00e1n\u00ed metodou zp\u011btn\u00e9ho rozptylu jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed textov\u00e9 strany (4B<\/b>) a tmav\u0161\u00ed rubov\u00e9 strany (4C<\/b>) odhalilo pom\u011brn\u011b nehomogenn\u00ed skladbu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pobl\u00ed\u017e velk\u00e9 trhliny na stran\u011b s textem (4B<\/b>) jsou patrn\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v elektronick\u00e9 hustot\u011b mezi anorganickou vrstvou a z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kolagenov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le bylo provedeno kvantitativn\u00ed stanoven\u00ed v\u0161ech prvk\u016f p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch ve fragmentu svitku (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C a O) ve form\u00e1tu atomov\u00e9ho pom\u011bru. <\/p>\n

Na troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch diagramech v\u00fd\u0161e je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn pom\u011br t\u0159\u00ed prvk\u016f (Na, Ca a S) v oblasti v\u00fdzkumu o rozm\u011brech 512x512 pixel\u016f. Grafy na 4A<\/b> a 4D<\/b> ukazuj\u00ed relativn\u00ed hustotu bod\u016f na diagramech, jejich\u017e barevn\u00e1 gradace je uvedena vpravo od 4D.<\/p>\n

Po anal\u00fdze obou diagram\u016f bylo konstatov\u00e1no, \u017ee pom\u011bry v\u00e1pn\u00edku k sod\u00edku a s\u00ed\u0159e v ka\u017ed\u00e9m pixelu zkouman\u00e9 oblasti (na textov\u00e9 i rubov\u00e9 stran\u011b svitku) odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed glauberitu a tenarditu.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 byla v\u0161echna data EDS anal\u00fdzy seskupena s ohledem na pom\u011br hlavn\u00edch prvk\u016f pomoc\u00ed algoritmu fuzzy clusteringu C-st\u0159edn\u00edch. To umo\u017enilo vizualizaci rozlo\u017een\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed jak na textov\u00e9 stran\u011b, tak na rubu fragmentu svitku. D\u00e1le byla tato data pou\u017eita k ur\u010den\u00ed nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed 5122 datov\u00fdch bod\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z datov\u00fdch sad na p\u0159edem stanoven\u00fd po\u010det cluster\u016f. Data pro textovou stranu byla rozd\u011blena do t\u0159\u00ed cluster\u016f, zat\u00edmco data pro rubovou stranu byla rozd\u011blena do \u010dty\u0159. V\u00fdsledky clusteringu jsou prezentov\u00e1ny jako p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se clustery na troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch diagramech (4E<\/b> a 4H<\/b>) a jako mapy rozlo\u017een\u00ed (4F<\/b> a 4G<\/b>).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky clusteringu ukazuj\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed tmav\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na rubov\u00e9 stran\u011b svitku (modr\u00e1 barva na 4K<\/b>) a tam, kde trhliny v anorganick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b na textov\u00e9 stran\u011b odhaluj\u00ed kolagenovou vrstvu pod n\u00ed (\u017elut\u00e1 barva na 4J<\/b>).<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed barvy byly p\u0159i\u0159azeny hlavn\u00edm zkouman\u00fdm prvk\u016fm: s\u00edra \u2014 zelen\u00e1, v\u00e1pn\u00edk \u2014 \u010derven\u00e1 a sod\u00edk \u2014 modr\u00e1 (troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 diagramy 4I<\/b> a 4L<\/b>, stejn\u011b jako mapy rozlo\u017een\u00ed 4J<\/b> a 4K<\/b>). V d\u016fsledku \"barevn\u00e9ho\" zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed jasn\u011b vid\u00edme rozd\u00edly v koncentraci prvk\u016f: sod\u00edk \u2014 vysok\u00fd, s\u00edra \u2014 st\u0159edn\u00ed a drasl\u00edk \u2014 n\u00edzk\u00fd. Tento trend je pozorov\u00e1n na obou stran\u00e1ch fragmentu svitku (textov\u00e9 a rubov\u00e9).<\/p>\n

\"Rukopisy
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 5<\/i><\/p>\n

Tato metoda byla pou\u017eita k ur\u010den\u00ed koncentrace Na-Ca-S v jin\u00e9 oblasti zkouman\u00e9ho fragmentu svitku a tak\u00e9 ve t\u0159ech dal\u0161\u00edch fragmentech z jeskyn\u011b \u010d. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 a R-4Q11).<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee pouze fragment R-4Q1 z jeskyn\u011b \u010d. 4 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 t\u011bmto diagram\u016fm a map\u00e1m rozlo\u017een\u00ed prvk\u016f s Chr\u00e1mov\u00fdm svitkem. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed pom\u011br pro R-4Q1, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 teoretick\u00e9mu Na-Ca-S pom\u011bru gl\u00f3beritu.<\/p>\n

Ramanova m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed fragmentu R-4Q1, proveden\u00e1 p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce excitace 785 nm, ukazuj\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edtomnost s\u00edranu sodn\u00e9ho, s\u00edranu v\u00e1penat\u00e9ho a kalcitu. Anal\u00fdza kolagenn\u00edch vl\u00e1ken R-4Q1 neprok\u00e1zala p\u0159\u00edtomnost dusi\u010dnanu.<\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku toho jsou Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd svitek a R-4Q1 velmi podobn\u00e9 sv\u00fdm element\u00e1rn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00edm, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee byla pou\u017eita stejn\u00e1 metodika jejich v\u00fdroby, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b spojen\u00e1 s evaporoidn\u00edmi solmi. Dva dal\u0161\u00ed svitky z\u00edskan\u00e9 ze stejn\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b v Kumr\u00e1nu (R-4Q2 a R-4Q11) vykazuj\u00ed pom\u011bry v\u00e1pn\u00edku k sod\u00edku a s\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od v\u00fdsledk\u016f Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho svitku a fragmentu R-4Q1, co\u017e nazna\u010duje jinou v\u00fdrobn\u00ed metodu.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee anorganick\u00e1 vrstva svitku obsahovala \u0159adu miner\u00e1l\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich jsou sulfatov\u00e9 soli. Krom\u011b s\u00e1dry a jej\u00edch analog\u016f byly tak\u00e9 identifikov\u00e1ny tenardit (Na2SO4) a gl\u00f3berit (Na2SO4\u00b7CaSO4). Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bchto miner\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt produktem rozkladu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vrstvy svitku, nicm\u00e9n\u011b lze s jistotou tvrdit, \u017ee se ur\u010dit\u011b nevyskytovaly v samotn\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch, kde byly svitky nalezeny. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br je snadno potvrzen tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee sulfatov\u00e9 vrstvy na povr\u0161\u00edch v\u0161ech prozkouman\u00fdch fragment\u016f nalezen\u00fdch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kumr\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed miner\u00e1ln\u00edm usazenin\u00e1m nalezen\u00fdm na st\u011bn\u00e1ch t\u011bchto jeskyn\u00ed. Z\u00e1v\u011br \u2013 evaporoidn\u00ed miner\u00e1ly byly za\u010dlen\u011bny do struktur svitk\u016f b\u011bhem jejich v\u00fdroby. <\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee v Mrtv\u00e9m mo\u0159i je koncentrace s\u00edran\u016f relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 a gl\u00f3berit a tenardit se v regionu Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e obvykle nevyskytuj\u00ed. Vznik\u00e1 zcela logick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka \u2013 odkud vzali tv\u016frci t\u011bchto starobyl\u00fdch svitk\u016f gl\u00f3berit a tenardit?<\/p>\n

Bez ohledu na p\u016fvodn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pou\u017eit\u00e9 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho svitku se jeho v\u00fdrobn\u00ed metoda v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od t\u00e9, kter\u00e1 byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro jin\u00e9 rukopisy (nap\u0159\u00edklad pro R-4Q1 a R-4Q2 z jeskyn\u011b \u010d. 4). S ohledem na tento rozd\u00edl se v\u011bdci domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee samotn\u00fd svitek byl vytvo\u0159en podle tehdy b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 metodiky, ale pot\u00e9 byl modifikov\u00e1n anorganickou vrstvou, kter\u00e1 mu umo\u017enila vydr\u017eet v\u00edce ne\u017e 2000 let.<\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nN\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd nezn\u00e1 svou minulost, nem\u00e1 budoucnost. Tato fr\u00e1ze se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nejen historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a osobnost\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159ed mnoha stolet\u00edmi. N\u011bkdo si m\u016f\u017ee myslet, \u017ee v sou\u010dasnosti u\u017e nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, jak p\u0159esn\u011b byly tyto svitky p\u0159ed 2000 lety vyr\u00e1b\u011bny, proto\u017ee m\u00e1me vlastn\u00ed technologie, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed uchov\u00e1vat texty v p\u016fvodn\u00edm stavu po dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zaprv\u00e9, nen\u00ed to zaj\u00edmav\u00e9? Zadruh\u00e9, mnoho z dne\u0161n\u00edch technologi\u00ed, a\u0165 to zn\u00ed jakkoli ban\u00e1ln\u011b, se pou\u017e\u00edvalo v r\u016fzn\u00e9 podob\u011b v d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. A, jak u\u017e v\u00edme, i tehdy lidstvo p\u0159ekypovalo geni\u00e1ln\u00edmi mysliteli, jejich\u017e n\u00e1pady mohou modern\u00ed v\u011bdce podn\u00edtit k nov\u00fdm objev\u016fm nebo ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edch. U\u010dit se na p\u0159\u00edkladech minulosti nelze pova\u017eovat za ostudn\u00e9, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b to lze pova\u017eovat za zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, nebo\u0165 echo minulosti se v\u017edy odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b>

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nDokument\u00e1rn\u00ed film (\u010d\u00e1st I), kter\u00fd vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh svitk\u016f Mrtv\u00e9ho mo\u0159e \u2014 jednoho z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch archeologick\u00fdch objev\u016f v historii lidstva. (\u010d\u00e1st II<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00e9 v\u00edkendy, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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