{"id":38214,"date":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","title":{"rendered":"\u0160kolen\u00ed Cisco 200-125 CCNA v3.0. Den 43. Protokoly sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed Distance Vector a Link State","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Dne\u0161n\u00ed video lekce o protokolech sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed Distance Vector a Link State p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed jedn\u00e9 z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch t\u00e9mat kurzu CCNA \u2013 protokol\u016fm sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed OSPF a EIGRP. Toto t\u00e9ma zaujme 4 nebo dokonce 6 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch video lekc\u00ed. Proto dnes stru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00edm n\u011bkolik koncept\u016f, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zn\u00e1t, ne\u017e se za\u010dneme u\u010dit OSPF a EIGRP.<\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nMinulou lekci jsme probrali sekci 2.1 t\u00e9matiky ICND2, a dnes se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na sekce 2.2 \u201ePodobnost a rozd\u00edly mezi protokoly Distance Vector (DV) a Link State (LS)\u201c a 2.3 \u201ePodobnost a rozd\u00edly mezi vnit\u0159n\u00edmi a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi protokoly sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Jak jsem ji\u017e zm\u00ednil, v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 4 nebo 6 vide\u00edch budeme prob\u00edrat kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky cel\u00e9ho kurzu \u2013 protokoly OSPFv2 pro IPv4, OSPFv3 pro IPv6, EIGRP pro IPv4 a EIGRP pro IPv6. Studenti se m\u011b \u010dasto ptaj\u00ed, co je to protokol sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a jak se li\u0161\u00ed od sm\u011brov\u00e9ho protokolu. <\/p>\n

Protokol sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n routerem, nap\u0159\u00edklad protokol RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP a dal\u0161\u00ed. Protokol sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed je zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm mezi sebou komunikuj\u00ed routory, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed informace o s\u00edti a vypl\u0148uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 sm\u011brovac\u00ed tabulky. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto tabulek p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed o sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Jakmile si routory \u201evym\u011bnily\u201c informace a vyplnily sm\u011brovac\u00ed tabulky, provedou v\u0161echno tohle pomoc\u00ed protokolu sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozhodnou se odeslat provoz do jin\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed. K tomu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sm\u011brovan\u00fd protokol, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje router\u016fm p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1vat, nebo sm\u011brovat provoz. Mezi tyto protokoly pat\u0159\u00ed IPv4 a IPv6. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nTak\u017ee protokol sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje vypln\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00edch tabulek informacemi, zat\u00edmco sm\u011brovan\u00fd protokol zaji\u0161\u0165uje sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed provozu podle informac\u00ed t\u011bchto tabulek. D\u00edky IPv4 nebo IPv6 jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 data enkapsulov\u00e1na a opat\u0159ena IP z\u00e1hlav\u00edmi, jak nazna\u010duj\u00ed samotn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy t\u011bchto protokol\u016f \u2013 IP. <\/p>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zka se t\u00fdk\u00e1 rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi protokoly vnit\u0159n\u00edho br\u00e1ny (Interior Gateway Protocol) a protokoly vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed br\u00e1ny (Exterior Gateway Protocol). Nenechte se zm\u00e1st slovem \u201ebr\u00e1na\u201c. Obvykle jsou sm\u011brova\u010de pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v autonomn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee va\u0161e spole\u010dnost m\u00e1 50 sm\u011brova\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jak\u00fdkoli IP protokol. V\u0161echny vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed autonomn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, tedy jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny a \u0159\u00edzeny jednou spole\u010dnost\u00ed, jednou organizac\u00ed. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nProtokoly, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed uvnit\u0159 takov\u00e9ho autonomn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed protokoly vnit\u0159n\u00edho br\u00e1ny, zat\u00edmco protokoly pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed mimo syst\u00e9m se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed protokoly vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed br\u00e1ny. Protokol vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed br\u00e1ny zaji\u0161\u0165uje sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi autonomn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my. Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00e1\u0161 poskytovatel ISP, a jeho syst\u00e9m m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slo\u017een z 200 sm\u011brova\u010d\u016f. Autonomn\u00ed syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed protokol vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed br\u00e1ny pro vz\u00e1jemnou komunikaci. <\/p>\n

Protokoly vnit\u0159n\u00edho br\u00e1ny jsou RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, a dnes se jako protokol vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed br\u00e1ny pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze jeden protokol \u2013 BGP. <\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edmi dv\u011bma definicemi, s nimi\u017e byste se m\u011bli sezn\u00e1mit, jsou Distance Vector a Link State. To jsou dva typy protokolu sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edho br\u00e1ny. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nP\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee m\u00e1me 3 sm\u011brova\u010de, kter\u00e9 jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojeny a s\u00edt\u011b 192.168.10.0\/24. Ozna\u010dme je A, B a C. Z kurzu ICND1 v\u00edme, co se d\u011bje p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed RIP. <\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e je sm\u011brova\u010d B nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k s\u00edti 192.168.10.0\/24, jako prvn\u00ed ode\u0161le ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o t\u00e9to s\u00edti sm\u011brova\u010di A a sm\u011brova\u010di C. Sm\u011brova\u010d C tak\u00e9 p\u0159epos\u00edl\u00e1 toto ozn\u00e1men\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010di A. Sm\u011brova\u010d A obdr\u017e\u00ed informace o s\u00edti 192.168.10.0\/24 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00fdch dvou rozhran\u00ed \u2013 f0\/0 a f0\/1. Proto\u017ee protokol RIPv2 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 metodu Hop Count, \u0159ekne sm\u011brova\u010di, \u017ee optim\u00e1ln\u00ed cesta do t\u00e9to s\u00edt\u011b vede p\u0159es sm\u011brova\u010d B, proto\u017ee tuto s\u00ed\u0165 lze dos\u00e1hnout v jednom hopu. Pokud by se k s\u00edti 192.168.10.0\/24 p\u0159ipojilo p\u0159es rozhran\u00ed f0\/1, bylo by zapot\u0159eb\u00ed 2 hop\u016f. Z tohoto pohledu je pro sm\u011brova\u010d A optim\u00e1ln\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat rozhran\u00ed f0\/0. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed A u\u010din\u00ed, proto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 RIP, co\u017e je protokol vzd\u00e1lenostn\u00edho vektoru. <\/p>\n

Podle zobrazen\u00e9m sch\u00e9matu vid\u00edme, \u017ee toto je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost mezi A a B je nejkrat\u0161\u00ed. Ale co kdy\u017e \u0159eknu, \u017ee mezi A a B je linka s propustnost\u00ed 64 kbit\/s, zat\u00edmco mezi C a B je linka 100 mbit\/s a stejn\u00e1 linka se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi C a A? <\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 trasa bude za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek nejoptim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, linka s rychlost\u00ed 100 megabit\u016f za sekundu je mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e linka s rychlost\u00ed 64 kilobit\u016f za sekundu, i kdy\u017e cesta p\u0159es ni trv\u00e1 2 skoky m\u00edsto jednoho. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, distance vector protokol RIP nezohled\u0148uje rychlost p\u0159enosu dat, proto\u017ee p\u0159i volb\u011b optim\u00e1ln\u00ed trasy se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010dtem skok\u016f. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je lep\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt protokol stavu s\u00edt\u011b Link State, jako je OSPF. Tento protokol kontroluje n\u00e1klady na trasy a po nalezen\u00ed nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sm\u011bru odes\u00edl\u00e1 provoz po cest\u011b router A \u2013 router C \u2013 router B. <\/p>\n

Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s RIP je protokol OSPF mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zohled\u0148uje \u0159adu faktor\u016f p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed trasy a nach\u00e1z\u00ed nejkrat\u0161\u00ed cestu z pohledu metriky.
\nEIGRP byl kdysi propriet\u00e1rn\u00edm protokolem sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed Cisco, nyn\u00ed je otev\u0159en\u00fdm standardem. Je to kombinace nejlep\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed distance vector protokolu a protokolu stavu s\u00edt\u011b. Zohled\u0148uje jak propustnost, tak zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v s\u00edti. Jak je zn\u00e1mo, \u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed trasa, tedy \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce skok\u016f, t\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Proto protokol EIGRP vyb\u00edr\u00e1 trasu s maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed propustnost\u00ed a minim\u00e1ln\u00edm celkov\u00fdm zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm, porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm metrik tras. Zobrazen\u00e9 propustnosti a zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed jsou \u010d\u00e1stmi vzorce, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b se rozhoduje o sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed.
\nTo je rozd\u00edl mezi protokoly Distance Vector a Link State. Distance vector protokoly zohled\u0148uj\u00ed pouze vzd\u00e1lenost trasy, zat\u00edmco protokoly Link State zohled\u0148uj\u00ed stav s\u00edt\u011b na cest\u011b trasy, jako je rychlost a propustnost.
\nEIGRP je hybridn\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00ed protokol, proto\u017ee kombinuje znaky obou v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch protokol\u016f. Z pohledu spole\u010dnosti Cisco je to nejlep\u0161\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00ed protokol, proto jej preferuj\u00ed v\u0161ichni in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i spole\u010dnosti. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm protokolem na sv\u011bt\u011b je OSPF. D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee EIGRP se teprve ned\u00e1vno stal otev\u0159en\u00fdm standardem, a proto t\u0159et\u00ed v\u00fdrobci nejsou si jisti jeho kompatibilitou se sv\u00fdmi s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi. <\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se na to, co znamen\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry v protokol. Kdy\u017e router A obdr\u017e\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00ed informace ze dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, pou\u017eije vzorec k rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00fd z t\u011bchto dvou sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159adit do sm\u011brovac\u00ed tabulky. Je to jednoduch\u00e9, proto\u017ee se d\u00edv\u00e1 na parametry sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed B-A a A-C-B, porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 je a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 optim\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, OSPF tak\u00e9 vyva\u017euje z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e, tedy pokud maj\u00ed dv\u011b sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed stejnou cenu, prov\u00e1d\u00ed vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee. Podrobn\u011bji se t\u00edmto t\u00e9matem budeme zab\u00fdvat v dal\u0161\u00edch vide\u00edch, dnes bych cht\u011bl, abyste o tom jednoduch\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bli. <\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulku. Dole znovu nakresl\u00edm routery A, B a C, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed autonomn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ve va\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee va\u0161e spole\u010dnost zakoupila jinou firmu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 syst\u00e9m s routery A1, B1 a C1. Tak\u017ee nyn\u00ed m\u00e1te dv\u011b spole\u010dnosti, ka\u017edou se svou vlastn\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee prvn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 protokol EIGRP a druh\u00e1 OSPF. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159eprogramovat va\u0161i s\u00ed\u0165 na pou\u017eit\u00ed OSPF nebo p\u0159ev\u00e9st s\u00ed\u0165 spole\u010dnosti, kterou jste pohltili, na protokol EIGRP, ale to je spousta administrativn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Pro malou firmu je to je\u0161t\u011b provediteln\u00e9, ale pokud je firma velk\u00e1, je to obrovsk\u00fd objem pr\u00e1ce. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st redistribuci, tedy vz\u00edt trasy EIGRP a rozd\u011blit je do OSPF, a trasy OSPF redistribuovat do EIGRP. To je docela mo\u017en\u00e9. K tomu by jeden z router\u016f va\u0161\u00ed firmy m\u011bl pracovat na dvou protokolech \u2013 EIGRP a OSPF, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee to bude router B. Ten bude obsahovat sm\u011brovac\u00ed tabulku, kde \u010d\u00e1st tras poch\u00e1z\u00ed z EIGRP a \u010d\u00e1st z OSPF. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee m\u00e1me je\u0161t\u011b jednu s\u00ed\u0165, se kterou jsou ob\u011b spole\u010dnosti spojeny. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prvn\u00ed spole\u010dnost bude pou\u017e\u00edvat pro spojen\u00ed s n\u00ed trasy z tabulky EIGRP, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 \u2013 trasy z protokolu OSPF, a p\u0159i\u0159adit tyto trasy, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, bude velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich vyb\u00edr\u00e1 optim\u00e1ln\u00ed trasu podle sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch metrik. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolen\u00ed
\n
\nV tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pojem administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost, nebo administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost. Ta pom\u00e1h\u00e1 routeru vybrat nejoptim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trasu z n\u011bkolika tras, kter\u00e9 z\u00edskal z r\u016fzn\u00fdch sm\u011brovac\u00edch protokol\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud je router B p\u0159\u00edmo spojen\u00fd s routerem C, bude administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost rovna 0, a to je nejd\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trasa. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee A informuje B, \u017ee tak\u00e9 m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k C, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b router B mu odpov\u00ed: \u201ed\u011bkuji za va\u0161i informaci, ale router C je se mnou p\u0159\u00edmo spojen, proto si vyb\u00edr\u00e1m variantu s men\u0161\u00ed administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed, a ne variantu spojen\u00ed p\u0159es v\u00e1s.\u201c <\/p>\n

Administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost ukazuje stupe\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry k protokolu. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je hodnota administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je d\u016fv\u011bra. N\u00e1sledn\u00ed nejd\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed varianta po p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m spojen\u00ed je statick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed rovnou 1. Stupe\u0148 d\u016fv\u011bry k protokolu EIGRP charakterizuje hodnota administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti 90, k protokolu OSPF \u2013 110 a k protokolu RIP \u2013 120. <\/p>\n

Pokud tedy EIGRP a OSPF p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed stejnou s\u00ed\u0165, router d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uje informac\u00edm o tras\u00e1ch z\u00edskan\u00fdch z EIGRP, proto\u017ee tento protokol m\u00e1 administrativn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost 90, co\u017e je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e m\u00e1 OSPF.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
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\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
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Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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