{"id":38687,"date":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","slug":"mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","title":{"rendered":"Lze naprogramovat n\u00e1hodnost?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a programem<\/h3>\n

\nNeuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasnosti tvo\u0159\u00ed prakticky celou oblast um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, mohou p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed zohlednit mnohem v\u00edce faktor\u016f ne\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk, d\u011blat to rychleji a ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f p\u0159esn\u011bji. Ale programy jednaj\u00ed pouze tak, jak byly naprogramov\u00e1ny nebo vytr\u00e9nov\u00e1ny. Mohou b\u00fdt velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9, zohled\u0148ovat mnoho faktor\u016f a jednat velmi variabiln\u011b. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak nemohou nahradit \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm se tedy \u010dlov\u011bk od takov\u00e9ho programu li\u0161\u00ed? Je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit 3 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly, z nich\u017e vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u010clov\u011bk m\u00e1 obraz sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd mu umo\u017e\u0148uje dopl\u0148ovat informace o skute\u010dnosti daty, kter\u00e1 nejsou v programu uvedena. Nav\u00edc je struktura obrazu sv\u011bta uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na tak, \u017ee n\u00e1m poskytuje alespo\u0148 n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o v\u0161em. I kdy\u017e je to n\u011bco kulat\u00e9ho a sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00edho na obloze (UFO). Obvykle se k tomu buduj\u00ed ontologie, ale ty nemaj\u00ed takovou \u00faplnost, \u0161patn\u011b zohled\u0148uj\u00ed mnohozna\u010dnost pojm\u016f, jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vlivy a dosud jsou pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pouze v p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b omezen\u00fdch t\u00e9matech.<\/li>\n
  2. \u010clov\u011bk m\u00e1 logiku, kter\u00e1 zohled\u0148uje tento obraz sv\u011bta, co\u017e naz\u00fdv\u00e1me zdrav\u00fdm rozumem nebo common sense. Jak\u00e9koli tvrzen\u00ed m\u00e1 smysl a zohled\u0148uje skryt\u00e1, neproklamovan\u00e1 znalosti. I kdy\u017e logick\u00fdm z\u00e1kon\u016fm je mnoha stovek let, dodnes nikdo nev\u00ed, jak funguje oby\u010dejn\u00e1, ne matematick\u00e1 logika uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. V podstat\u011b nev\u00edme, jak naprogramovat ani oby\u010dejn\u00e9 sylogismy. <\/li>\n
  3. Libov\u016fle. Programy nemaj\u00ed libov\u016fli. To je snad nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed rozd\u00edl\u016f. Co naz\u00fdv\u00e1me libov\u016fl\u00ed? Mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 od toho, co jsme prov\u00e1d\u011bli za stejn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve, nebo vytvo\u0159it chov\u00e1n\u00ed v nov\u00fdch, d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch okolnostech. To znamen\u00e1 v podstat\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9 programu chov\u00e1n\u00ed za chodu bez pokus\u016f a omyl\u016f s ohledem na nov\u00e9, v\u010detn\u011b vnit\u0159n\u00edch, okolnosti. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/a><\/noindex>
    \nN\u00e1hodnost je dosud neprob\u00e1danou oblast\u00ed pro v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky. Genetick\u00e9 algoritmy, schopn\u00e9 vygenerovat nov\u00fd program chov\u00e1n\u00ed inteligentn\u00edch agent\u016f, nejsou \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm, proto\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nelogicky, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \"mutac\u00ed\", a v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed \"n\u00e1hodn\u011b\" b\u011bhem selekce t\u011bchto mutac\u00ed, tedy metodou pokus\u016f a omyl\u016f. \u010clov\u011bk nal\u00e9z\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b, logicky ho konstruuje. \u010clov\u011bk dok\u00e1\u017ee dokonce vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d zvolil pr\u00e1v\u011b toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Genetick\u00fd algoritmus nem\u00e1 argumenty.<\/p>\n

    Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161e je \u017eivo\u010dich na evolu\u010dn\u00edm \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku, t\u00edm svobodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru n\u00e1hodnosti projevuje pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010dlov\u011bk, nebo\u0165 m\u00e1 schopnost br\u00e1t v \u00favahu nejen vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnosti a sv\u00e9 nau\u010den\u00e9 dovednosti, ale tak\u00e9 skryt\u00e9 okolnosti \u2013 osobn\u00ed motivy, d\u0159\u00edve sd\u011blen\u00e9 informace, v\u00fdsledky akc\u00ed v podobn\u00fdch situac\u00edch. To v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje variabilitu chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka a podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru je na tom pod\u00edl pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u011bdom\u00ed. Ale o tom pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n

    V\u011bdom\u00ed a n\u00e1hodnost<\/h3>\n

    \nJak to souvis\u00ed s v\u011bdom\u00edm? V psychologii chov\u00e1n\u00ed je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 akce vykon\u00e1v\u00e1me automaticky, strojov\u011b, tedy bez zapojen\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed. Je to pozoruhodn\u00fd fakt, kter\u00fd nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je zapojeno do vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, souvis\u00ed s orienta\u010dn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. To tak\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se v\u011bdom\u00ed aktivuje pr\u00e1v\u011b tehdy, kdy\u017e je nutn\u00e9 zm\u011bnit obvykl\u00fd vzor chov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad reagovat na nov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky s ohledem na nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci, nap\u0159\u00edklad Dawkins nebo Metzinger, tak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bli, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed n\u011bjak souvis\u00ed s p\u0159edstavou o sob\u011b, \u017ee model sv\u011bta zahrnuje i model samotn\u00e9ho subjektu. Jak tedy m\u00e1 vypadat samotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl takovou n\u00e1hodnost? Jakou strukturu by m\u011bl m\u00edt, aby mohl vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakolu v souladu s nov\u00fdmi okolnostmi?<\/p>\n

    Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem si mus\u00edme nejprve vzpomenout a up\u0159esnit n\u011bkter\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti. V\u0161echna zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm obsahuj\u00ed model prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00fd je integrov\u00e1n se souborem jejich mo\u017enost\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Tedy nen\u00ed to pouze model prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 n\u011bkolik v\u011bdc\u016f, ale model mo\u017en\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v dan\u00e9 situaci. A z\u00e1rove\u0148 je to model predikce zm\u011bn v prost\u0159ed\u00ed v reakci na jak\u00e9koli jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ete. To cognitive scientists ne v\u017edy zohled\u0148uj\u00ed, a\u010dkoli to jasn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9 zrcadlov\u00e9 neurony v premotorick\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e, a tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy aktivity neuron\u016f makak\u016f, p\u0159i vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ban\u00e1nu, u kter\u00fdch se aktivuj\u00ed nejen oblasti ban\u00e1nu ve zrakov\u00e9 a tempor\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e, ale i ruky v somatosenzorick\u00e9, proto\u017ee model ban\u00e1nu je p\u0159\u00edmo spojen s rukou, jeliko\u017e opici zaj\u00edm\u00e1 pouze ten plod, kter\u00fd si m\u016f\u017ee vz\u00edt a sn\u00edst. Jen zapom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nevznikl k odrazu sv\u011bta zv\u00ed\u0159aty. Nen\u00ed to sofist\u00e9, cht\u011bj\u00ed jen j\u00edst, tak\u017ee jejich model je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry modelem chov\u00e1n\u00ed, nikoli odrazem prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Takov\u00fd model ji\u017e m\u00e1 ur\u010ditou m\u00edru libov\u016fle, kter\u00e1 se projevuje ve variabilit\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed v podobn\u00fdch okolnostech. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zv\u00ed\u0159ata maj\u00ed ur\u010ditou sadu mo\u017en\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou realizovat v z\u00e1vislosti na situaci. Mohou to b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 vzory (podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 reflexy), ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 reakce na ud\u00e1losti. Ale i tak to nen\u00ed zcela libovoln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje vycvi\u010dit zv\u00ed\u0159ata, ale ne lidi. <\/p>\n

    A zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd faktor, kter\u00fd mus\u00edme vz\u00edt v \u00favahu \u2013 \u010d\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnosti se setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b variabiln\u00ed je chov\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee mozek m\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. A naopak, \u010d\u00edm nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou okolnosti, t\u00edm v\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9. A cel\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka tkv\u00ed v jejich v\u00fdb\u011bru a kombinaci. Zv\u00ed\u0159ata to d\u011blaj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee projevuj\u00ed celou \u0161k\u00e1lu sv\u00fdch mo\u017en\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, jak dok\u00e1zal ve sv\u00fdch experimentech ji\u017e Skinner.<\/p>\n

    Nelze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed je zcela nov\u00e9, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z d\u0159\u00edve nau\u010den\u00fdch vzorc\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je to jejich p\u0159eskupen\u00ed, iniciovan\u00e9 nov\u00fdmi okolnostmi, kter\u00e9 se zcela neshoduj\u00ed s t\u011bmi okolnostmi, na kter\u00e9 ji\u017e existuje p\u0159ipraven\u00fd vzorec. A v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 rozd\u00edl mezi n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm a strojov\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. <\/p>\n

    Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodnosti<\/h3>\n

    \nVytvo\u0159en\u00ed programu n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, schopn\u00e9ho zohlednit nov\u00e9 okolnosti, by umo\u017enilo vytvo\u0159it univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed \"program v\u0161eho\" (podobn\u011b jako \"teorie v\u0161eho\"), alespo\u0148 pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny<\/a> \u00fakoly. <\/p>\n

    Co by mohlo u\u010dinit jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, svobodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm? Proveden\u00e9 experimenty uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee jedin\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je existence druh\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd modeluje prvn\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee ji m\u011bnit, tj. jednat nikoli s prost\u0159ed\u00edm jak prvn\u00ed, ale s prvn\u00edm modelem, aby ho upravil.<\/p>\n

    Prvn\u00ed model reaguje na okolnosti prost\u0159ed\u00ed. A pokud je aktivovan\u00fd vzorec nov\u00fd, je vyvol\u00e1n druh\u00fd model, kter\u00fd se nau\u010dil hledat \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v prvn\u00edm modelu, rozpozn\u00e1vaje v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty chov\u00e1n\u00ed v nov\u00e9 situaci. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1m, \u017ee v nov\u00e9 situaci se aktivuje v\u00edce variant chov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak\u017ee ot\u00e1zka je pr\u00e1v\u011b v jejich v\u00fdb\u011bru nebo kombinaci. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed proto, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od zn\u00e1m\u00e9 situace se v reakci na nov\u00e9 okolnosti aktivuje nikoli jeden vzorec chov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale hned n\u011bkolik. <\/p>\n

    Poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e se mozek setk\u00e1 s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm nov\u00fdm, prov\u00e1d\u00ed nejen jeden, ale dva \u00fakony - rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed situace v prvn\u00edm modelu a rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e proveden\u00fdch nebo mo\u017en\u00fdch akc\u00ed druh\u00fdm modelem. A pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u00e9to struktu\u0159e se projevuj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, podobn\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tato dvoustup\u0148ov\u00e1 struktura umo\u017e\u0148uje zohlednit nejen vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale i vnit\u0159n\u00ed faktory - v druh\u00e9m modelu mohou b\u00fdt uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny a rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky p\u0159edchoz\u00ed akce, vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 motivy subjektu atd. <\/li>\n
    2. Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et nov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b, bez dlouh\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, iniciovan\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00edm podle evolu\u010dn\u00ed teorie. Nap\u0159\u00edklad druh\u00fd model m\u00e1 mo\u017enost transferu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z jedn\u00e9 podmodely prvn\u00edho modelu na dal\u0161\u00ed jeho \u010d\u00e1sti a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed metamodely.<\/li>\n
    3. Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem v\u011bdom\u00ed je existence znalosti o vlastn\u00edch akc\u00edch, nebo autobiografick\u00e9 pam\u011bti, jak je uvedeno v \u010dl\u00e1nku (1). Navrhovan\u00e1 dvouf\u00e1zov\u00e1 struktura m\u00e1 tuto schopnost \u2013 druh\u00fd model m\u016f\u017ee uchov\u00e1vat \u00fadaje o akc\u00edch prvn\u00edho (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd model nem\u016f\u017ee uchov\u00e1vat \u00fadaje o sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch akc\u00edch, proto\u017ee by musel obsahovat nekontradiktorn\u00ed modely sv\u00fdch \u010din\u016f, nikoli reakce prost\u0159ed\u00ed). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nAle jak vlastn\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 budov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v dvouf\u00e1zov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e v\u011bdom\u00ed? Nem\u00e1me k dispozici mozek ani jeho v\u011brohodn\u00fd model. Za\u010dali jsme experimentovat s slovesn\u00fdmi r\u00e1mci jako prototypy model\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v na\u0161em mozku. R\u00e1mec p\u0159edstavuje soubor variant aktant\u016f slovesa pro popis situace a kombinace r\u00e1mc\u016f m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit k popisu slo\u017eit\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. R\u00e1mce popisuj\u00edc\u00ed situace \u2013 to jsou r\u00e1mce prvn\u00edho modelu, r\u00e1mec popisuj\u00edc\u00ed na\u0161e akce v n\u011bm \u2013 to je r\u00e1mec druh\u00e9ho modelu se slovesy osobn\u00edch akc\u00ed. \u010casto se n\u00e1m tyto r\u00e1mce m\u00eds\u00ed, proto\u017ee i jedno v\u011bta je sm\u011bs n\u011bkolika akt\u016f rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a akce (\u0159e\u010dov\u00e9ho aktu). A samotn\u00e9 budov\u00e1n\u00ed dlouh\u00fdch \u0159e\u010dov\u00fdch vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed je nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad libovoln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

      Kdy\u017e prvn\u00ed model syst\u00e9mu rozpozn\u00e1 nov\u00fd vzor, na kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 naprogramovanou odpov\u011b\u010f, vyvol\u00e1 druh\u00fd model. Druh\u00fd model shroma\u017e\u010fuje aktivovan\u00e9 r\u00e1mce prvn\u00edho a hled\u00e1 krat\u0161\u00ed cestu v grafu souvisej\u00edc\u00edch r\u00e1mc\u016f, kter\u00e1 nejl\u00e9pe jakoby \"uzav\u0159e\" vzory nov\u00e9 situace kombinac\u00ed r\u00e1mc\u016f. To je dost slo\u017eit\u00e1 operace, a my jsme je\u0161t\u011b nedos\u00e1hli v\u00fdsledku, kter\u00fd by mohl b\u00fdt nazv\u00e1n \"programem v\u0161eho\", ale prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy jsou povzbudiv\u00e9. <\/p>\n

      Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy v\u011bdom\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modelov\u00e1n\u00ed a porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed softwarov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed s daty psychologie poskytuj\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00fd materi\u00e1l pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed testovat n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161patn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy v experimentech s lidmi. To lze nazvat modeluj\u00edc\u00edmi experimenty. A to je pouze prvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledek v t\u00e9to oblasti v\u00fdzkumu. <\/p>\n

      Bibliografie<\/b> <\/p>\n

      1. Dvouaktov\u00e1 struktura reflexivn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed, A. Chomyakov, Academia.edu, 2019<\/a><\/noindex>.
      \n
      Zdroj:       habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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