{"id":38969,"date":"2019-10-31T22:27:06","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/liga-svobodnogo-interneta\/"},"modified":"2026-05-20T19:11:21","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T17:11:21","slug":"liga-svobodnogo-interneta__trashed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/liga-svobodnogo-interneta__trashed","title":{"rendered":"Liga svobodn\u00e9ho internetu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak odol\u00e1vat autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm re\u017eim\u016fm na internetu<\/h2>\n

\n\"Liga
\nOdpojujeme se? \u017dena v pekingsk\u00e9m internetov\u00e9m caf\u00e9, \u010dervenec 2011
\nIm Chi Yin \/ The New York Times \/ Redux<\/i><\/p>\n

No jo, budu muset p\u0159edlo\u017eit \"pozn\u00e1mku p\u0159ekladatele\". Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd text mi p\u0159i\u0161el zaj\u00edmav\u00fd a diskusn\u00ed. Jedin\u00e9 \u00fapravy v textu jsou \"tu\u010dn\u00e1 p\u00edsma\". Sv\u016fj osobn\u00ed n\u00e1zor jsem si dovolil vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v tag\u00e1ch. \n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nDoba vzniku internetu byla pln\u00e1 povznesen\u00fdch nad\u011bj\u00ed. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 re\u017eimy, stoj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed volbou \u2014 st\u00e1t se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu glob\u00e1ln\u00edch komunikac\u00ed nebo z\u016fstat na okraji, si vyberou p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k n\u011bmu. Kdybychom uva\u017eovali optimisticky d\u00e1l: toky nov\u00fdch informac\u00ed a my\u0161lenek z \"vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta\" ne\u00faprosn\u011b podn\u00edt\u00ed v\u00fdvoj sm\u011brem k ekonomick\u00e9 otev\u0159enosti a politick\u00e9 liberalizaci. Ve skute\u010dnosti do\u0161lo k n\u011b\u010demu zcela opa\u010dn\u00e9mu. M\u00edsto \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch hodnot a liber\u00e1ln\u00edch ide\u00e1l\u016f se internet stal z\u00e1kladem \u0161pehov\u00e1n\u00ed autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Re\u017eimy v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Rusku atd. vyu\u017eily internetov\u00e9 infrastruktury k budov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 postavily technick\u00e9 a legislativn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry, aby mohly omezit p\u0159\u00edstup sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f k n\u011bkter\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm a aby zt\u00ed\u017eily p\u0159\u00edstup z\u00e1padn\u00edm spole\u010dnostem na sv\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed trhy.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nA\u010dkoli se ve Washingtonu a Bruselu ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f na rozd\u011blen\u00ed internetu, to posledn\u00ed, co Peking a Moskva cht\u011bj\u00ed, je ocitnout se ve sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch a b\u00fdt od\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed od glob\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b internetu. Nakonec pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k internetu k kr\u00e1de\u017ei du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed propagandy, zasahov\u00e1n\u00ed do voleb v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch a k tomu, aby mohli hrozit kritick\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e v konkuren\u010dn\u00edch st\u00e1tech. \u010c\u00edna a Rusko by ide\u00e1ln\u011b cht\u011bly vytvo\u0159it internet \u00fapln\u011b znovu \u2013 podle sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch \u0161ablon a donutit sv\u011bt hr\u00e1t podle sv\u00fdch represivn\u00edch pravidel. Ale to se jim nepoda\u0159ilo \u2013 m\u00edsto toho pos\u00edlily sv\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edsnou kontrolu nad vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem k jejich trh\u016fm, omezov\u00e1n\u00edm mo\u017enosti sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f p\u0159ipojit se k internetu a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm slabin, kter\u00e9 jsou nevyhnuteln\u011b d\u016fsledkem digit\u00e1ln\u00ed svobody a z\u00e1padn\u00ed otev\u0159enosti.<\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, jejich spojenci a partne\u0159i by m\u011bli p\u0159estat m\u00edt obavy z rizika rozd\u011blen\u00ed internetu ze strany autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f. M\u00edsto toho by m\u011bli rozd\u011blit ho sami<\/b>, vytvo\u0159en\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edho bloku, uvnit\u0159 kter\u00e9ho mohou informace, slu\u017eby a produkty voln\u011b proudit, s vylou\u010den\u00edm zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nerespektuj\u00ed svobodu vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo pr\u00e1vo na soukrom\u00ed, anga\u017euj\u00ed se v podkop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo poskytuj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b kyberzlo\u010dinc\u016fm. V takov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu budou zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed koncept skute\u010dn\u011b svobodn\u00e9ho a spolehliv\u00e9ho internetu, udr\u017eovat a roz\u0161i\u0159ovat v\u00fdhody p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 se postav\u00ed proti tomuto konceptu, j\u00ed nebudou moci ubl\u00ed\u017eit. C\u00edlem by m\u011bla b\u00fdt digit\u00e1ln\u00ed verze Schengensk\u00e9 dohody<\/b>, kter\u00e1 chr\u00e1n\u00ed voln\u00fd pohyb lid\u00ed, zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb v Evrop\u011b. 26 zem\u00ed Schengensk\u00e9 z\u00f3ny dodr\u017euje takovou sadu pravidel a mechanism\u016f zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed souladu; neizolovan\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9to dohody jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed svobodn\u00e9ho a otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu. Washington by m\u011bl vytvo\u0159it koalici, kter\u00e1 by spojila u\u017eivatele internetu, firmy a zem\u011b kolem demokratick\u00fdch hodnot, respektu k pr\u00e1vn\u00edmu st\u00e1tu a spravedliv\u00e9mu digit\u00e1ln\u00edmu obchodu: Liga svobodn\u00e9ho internetu<\/b>. M\u00edsto toho, aby umo\u017enily st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 tyto hodnoty nesd\u00edlej\u00ed, bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k internetu a z\u00e1padn\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trh\u016fm a technologi\u00edm, by koalice veden\u00e1 USA m\u011bla stanovit podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch ne\u010dlensk\u00e9 zem\u011b mohou z\u016fstat ve spojen\u00ed, a vytvo\u0159it bari\u00e9ry omezuj\u00edc\u00ed cenn\u00e1 data, kter\u00e1 mohou z\u00edskat, a \u0161kodu, kterou mohou zp\u016fsobit. Liga nezvedne digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eeleznou oponu; alespo\u0148 v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm st\u00e1diu bude velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st internetov\u00e9ho provozu st\u00e1le proudit mezi jej\u00edmi \u010dleny a \u201even\u201c, a liga se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na blokaci firem a organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed kyberzlo\u010din a napom\u00e1haj\u00ed mu, nikoli na cel\u00e9 zem\u011b. Vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed my\u0161lenky otev\u0159en\u00e9ho, tolerantn\u00edho a demokratick\u00e9ho internetu, budou m\u00edt motivaci zlep\u0161ovat sv\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto pravidel, aby se p\u0159ipojily k lize a zajistily spolehliv\u00e9 spojen\u00ed pro sv\u00e9 firmy a ob\u010dany. Odporn\u00e9 regimy v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Rusku a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i nad\u00e1le budou toto vid\u011bn\u00ed odm\u00edtat. M\u00edsto toho, aby nyn\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a jejich spojenci prosily a \u017eebraly o slu\u0161n\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed od takov\u00fdch vl\u00e1d, by m\u011bly stanovit z\u00e1kon: dodr\u017eujte pravidla, nebo budete od\u0159\u00edznuti.<\/p>\n

Konec sn\u016fm o internetu bez hranic<\/h2>\n

\nKdy\u017e administrativa Obamy v roce 2011 vydala svou Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed strategii kybernetick\u00e9ho prostoru, p\u0159edstavovala glob\u00e1ln\u00ed internet, kter\u00fd bude \"otev\u0159en\u00fd, interoperabiln\u00ed, bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a spolehliv\u00fd\". Ve stejnou dobu \u010c\u00edna a Rusko trvala na uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch pravidel v internetu. Peking nap\u0159\u00edklad cht\u011bl, aby jak\u00e1koliv kritika \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 by byla neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed uvnit\u0159 \u010c\u00edny, byla tak\u00e9 zak\u00e1z\u00e1na na americk\u00fdch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. Moskva na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b obratn\u011b hledala ekvivalent smluv o kontrole zbrojen\u00ed v kyberprostoru, zat\u00edmco z\u00e1rove\u0148 zvy\u0161ovala sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 kybernetick\u00e9 \u00fatoky. V dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu by \u010c\u00edna a Rusko st\u00e1le cht\u011bli m\u00edt vliv na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed internet. Ale vid\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hodnotu v vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00fdch uzav\u0159en\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed a ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed otev\u0159enosti Z\u00e1padu pro sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n

Obamaova strategie varovala, \u017ee \"alternativou glob\u00e1ln\u00ed otev\u0159enosti a funk\u010dn\u00ed kompatibility je fragmentovan\u00fd internet, kde zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace bude zbavena p\u0159\u00edstupu ke slo\u017eit\u00fdm aplikac\u00edm a cenn\u00e9mu obsahu kv\u016fli politick\u00fdm z\u00e1jm\u016fm n\u011bkolika zem\u00ed\". Navzdory snah\u00e1m Washingtonu toto v\u00fdsledku zabr\u00e1nit, jsme pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u00edmto sm\u011brem nyn\u00ed do\u0161li. A administrativa Trumpa ud\u011blala velmi m\u00e1lo pro zm\u011bnu strategie USA. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed kybernetick\u00e1 strategie prezidenta Donalda Trumpa, vydan\u00e1 v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2018, vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k \"otev\u0159en\u00e9mu, funk\u010dn\u011b kompatibiln\u00edmu, spolehliv\u00e9mu a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu internetu\", \u010d\u00edm\u017e opakuje mantru strategie prezidenta Baracka Obamy, ob\u010das zam\u011b\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed slova \"bezpe\u010dn\u00fd\" a \"spolehliv\u00fd\".<\/p>\n

Trumpova strategie se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na pot\u0159eb\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it svobodu internetu, kterou definuje jako \u201euskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch svobod na internetu, jako je svoboda projevu, sdru\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u00edrov\u00e9ho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed a pr\u00e1vo na soukrom\u00ed na internetu\u201c. A\u010dkoliv je to u\u0161lechtil\u00fd c\u00edl, ignoruje realitu, \u017ee v mnoha zem\u00edch, kde ob\u010dan\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed tato pr\u00e1va \u201eoffline\u201c, a t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e online, internet ji\u017e nen\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e n\u00e1strojem repres\u00ed. Re\u017eimy v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed um\u011blou inteligenci, aby jim pomohla l\u00e9pe sledovat sv\u00e9 ob\u010dany, a nau\u010dily se propojit videokamery, finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce a dopravn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, aby vytvo\u0159ily obrovsk\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze informac\u00ed o aktivit\u00e1ch jednotliv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da internetov\u00fdch cenzor\u016f, \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed dva miliony lid\u00ed, je \u0161kolena ve sb\u011bru dat pro zahrnut\u00ed do pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu hodnocen\u00ed \u201esoci\u00e1ln\u00edch kredit\u016f\u201c<\/b>, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed hodnotit ka\u017ed\u00e9ho obyvatele \u010c\u00edny a ud\u011blovat odm\u011bny a tresty za \u010diny, kter\u00e9 se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jak online, tak offline. Takzvan\u00fd Velk\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd firewall, kter\u00fd zakazuje lidem v zemi p\u0159\u00edstup k materi\u00e1l\u016fm na internetu, kter\u00e9 Komunistick\u00e1 strana \u010c\u00edny pova\u017euje za nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9, se stal vzorem pro jin\u00e9 autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 re\u017eimy. Podle Freedom House \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci \u0161kolili v n\u00e1vrhu syst\u00e9m\u016f internetov\u00e9ho dohledu sv\u00e9 kolegy v 36 zem\u00edch. V 18 zem\u00edch \u010c\u00edna pomohla vybudovat takov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"Liga
\nP\u0159ed kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00ed Googlu v Pekingu den pot\u00e9, co byla ozn\u00e1mena rozhodnut\u00ed spole\u010dnosti opustit \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd trh, leden 2010
\nGilles Sabrie \/ The New York Tim\u200bes \/ Redux<\/i><\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u010d\u00edsla\u201c jako p\u00e1ky<\/h2>\n

\nJak mohou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a jejich spojenci omezit \u0161kody, kter\u00e9 autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 re\u017eimy mohou zp\u016fsobit Internetu, a tak\u00e9 zabr\u00e1nit t\u011bmto re\u017eim\u016fm vyu\u017e\u00edvat mo\u017enosti Internetu k potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nesouhlasu? Objevily se n\u00e1vrhy pov\u011b\u0159it Sv\u011btovou obchodn\u00ed organizaci nebo OSN ustanoven\u00edm jasn\u00fdch pravidel zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch svobodn\u00fd tok informac\u00ed a dat. Jak\u00fdkoli takov\u00fd pl\u00e1n by v\u0161ak byl mrtv\u011b narozen\u00fd, proto\u017ee by musel z\u00edskat podporu pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bch st\u00e1t\u016f, na jejich\u017e zlo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 praktiky by byl zam\u011b\u0159en. Pouze vytvo\u0159en\u00edm bloku zem\u00ed, uvnit\u0159 nich\u017e mohou b\u00fdt data p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na, a zak\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu ostatn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm by z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b mohly z\u00edskat n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u00e1ky pro zm\u011bnu chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u0161patn\u00fdch\u201c akt\u00e9r\u016f na Internetu.<\/p>\n

Schengensk\u00e1 z\u00f3na Evropy nab\u00edz\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd model, ve kter\u00e9m se lid\u00e9 a zbo\u017e\u00ed pohybuj\u00ed svobodn\u011b, bez celn\u00edch a imigra\u010dn\u00edch kontrol. Jakmile osoba vstoup\u00ed do z\u00f3ny p\u0159es hrani\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159echod jedn\u00e9 zem\u011b, m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159istupovat k jak\u00e9koli jin\u00e9 zemi, ani\u017e by podstupovala dal\u0161\u00ed celn\u00ed nebo imigra\u010dn\u00ed kontroly. (Existuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky a \u0159ada zem\u00ed zavedla omezen\u00e9 hrani\u010dn\u00ed kontroly po krizi migrant\u016f v roce 2015.) Dohoda o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00f3ny se stala sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed legislativy EU v roce 1999; nakonec se p\u0159ipojily i st\u00e1ty mimo EU, jako jsou Island, Lichten\u0161tejnsko, Norsko a \u0160v\u00fdcarsko. Dohoda vylou\u010dila Irsko a Velkou Brit\u00e1nii na jejich \u017e\u00e1dost.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipojen\u00ed k Schengensk\u00e9 oblasti je spojeno se t\u0159emi po\u017eadavky, kter\u00e9 mohou slou\u017eit jako model pro digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dohodu. Za prv\u00e9, \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty mus\u00ed vyd\u00e1vat jednotn\u00e9 v\u00edza a zaji\u0161\u0165ovat vysokou \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti na sv\u00fdch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hranic\u00edch. Za druh\u00e9, mus\u00ed prok\u00e1zat, \u017ee jsou schopny koordinovat sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti s org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00fdmi v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v jin\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. A za t\u0159et\u00ed, mus\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvat spole\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjezd\u016f a odjezd\u016f do oblasti. Dohoda stanovuje pravidla, kter\u00e1 upravuj\u00ed p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed dohled a podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch mohou org\u00e1ny st\u00edhat podez\u0159el\u00e9 ve \u201ehork\u00e9 stop\u011b\u201c p\u0159es hranice. To tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje vyd\u00e1vat podez\u0159el\u00e9 v trestn\u00edch v\u011bcech mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n

Dohoda vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jasn\u00e9 pob\u00eddky pro spolupr\u00e1ci a otev\u0159enost. Jak\u00fdkoli evropsk\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd chce, aby jeho ob\u010dan\u00e9 m\u011bli pr\u00e1vo cestovat, pracovat nebo \u017e\u00edt kdekoli v EU, mus\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsobit svou hrani\u010dn\u00ed kontrolu schengensk\u00fdm standard\u016fm. \u010cty\u0159i \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU \u2014 Bulharsko, Chorvatsko, Kypr a Rumunsko \u2014 nebyly p\u0159ijaty do Schengensk\u00e9 oblasti z\u010d\u00e1sti proto, \u017ee tyto standardy nesplnily. Bulharsko a Rumunsko jsou v\u0161ak v procesu zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hrani\u010dn\u00ed kontroly, aby se mohly p\u0159ipojit. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pob\u00eddky funguj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ale takov\u00e9 pob\u00eddky chyb\u00ed ve v\u0161ech snah\u00e1ch o spojen\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed v boji proti kyberkriminalit\u011b, ekonomick\u00e9mu \u0161pehov\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm digit\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u011bku. Nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z t\u011bchto snah, \u00damluva Rady Evropy o kyberkriminalit\u011b (zn\u00e1m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e1 \u00famluva), definuje v\u0161echna rozumn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by st\u00e1ty m\u011bly p\u0159ijmout pro boj s kyberkriminalitou. Poskytuje vzorov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed normy, vylep\u0161en\u00e9 mechanismy koordinace a zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 procedury pro vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0160edes\u00e1t jedna zem\u00ed ratifikovalo smlouvu. P\u0159esto je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt zast\u00e1nce Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 \u00famluvy, proto\u017ee nefungovala: neposkytuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky za nespln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Aby Liga svobodn\u00e9ho internetu mohla fungovat, je nutn\u00e9 se vyhnout t\u00e9to pasti. Nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak p\u0159iv\u00e9st zem\u011b do souladu s po\u017eadavky ligy, je vyhro\u017eovat jim sta\u017een\u00edm produkt\u016f a slu\u017eeb<\/b> takov\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed jako Amazon, Facebook, Google a Microsoft a zablokov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu t\u011bchto spole\u010dnost\u00ed k pen\u011b\u017eenk\u00e1m stovek milion\u016f spot\u0159ebitel\u016f v USA a Evrop\u011b. Liga nebude blokovat ve\u0161ker\u00fd provoz od ne\u010dlen\u016f - stejn\u011b jako Schengensk\u00e1 z\u00f3na nezav\u00edr\u00e1 v\u0161echny zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eby p\u0159ed ne\u010dleny. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b schopnost smyslupln\u011b filtrovat cel\u00fd \u0161kodliv\u00fd provoz na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni nen\u00ed dnes technologi\u00edm dostupn\u00e1. Krom\u011b toho to vy\u017eaduje, aby vl\u00e1dy m\u011bly mo\u017enost de\u0161ifrovat provoz, co\u017e p\u0159inese v\u00edce \u0161kody na bezpe\u010dnosti ne\u017e pomoci, a naru\u0161\u00ed to ochranu soukrom\u00ed a ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody. Liga v\u0161ak bude zakazovat produkty a slu\u017eby od spole\u010dnost\u00ed a organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee podporuj\u00ed kybernetickou kriminalitu v ne\u010dlensk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, a tak\u00e9 blokovat provoz od poru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch pravidla poskytovatel\u016f internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb ve st\u00e1tech, kter\u00e9 nejsou \u010dleny.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad si p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee by Ukrajin\u011b, zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu \u00fato\u010di\u0161ti pro kyberzlo\u010dince, hrozili zablokov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu k slu\u017eb\u00e1m, na kter\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9, firmy a vl\u00e1da ji\u017e zvykl\u00ed, a od nich\u017e m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1viset jej\u00ed technologick\u00fd rozvoj. Ukrajinsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da by \u010delila siln\u00e9mu podn\u011btu, aby se kone\u010dn\u011b razantn\u011b postavila proti kyberkriminalit\u011b, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula uvnit\u0159 hranic zem\u011b. Tato opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou bezcenn\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di \u010c\u00edn\u011b a Rusku: konec konc\u016f, Komunistick\u00e1 strana \u010c\u00edny a Kreml ji\u017e ud\u011blali v\u0161e pro to, aby od\u0159\u00edzli sv\u00e9 ob\u010dany od glob\u00e1ln\u00edho internetu. C\u00edlem Ligy svobodn\u00e9ho internetu v\u0161ak nen\u00ed zm\u011bnit chov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch \"ideologick\u00fdch\" zlo\u010dinc\u016f, ale sn\u00ed\u017eit \u0161kodu, kterou p\u016fsob\u00ed, a povzbuzovat zem\u011b jako Ukrajina, Braz\u00edlie, Indie k dosa\u017een\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f v boji proti kyberkriminalit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zachov\u00e1n\u00edm svobody internetu<\/h2>\n

\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem ligy bude podpora svobody slova na internetu. \u010clen\u016fm v\u0161ak bude povoleno d\u011blat v\u00fdjimky v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad a\u010dkoli USA nebudou povinny p\u0159ij\u00edmat omezen\u00ed EU na svobodu slova, americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti budou muset vynalo\u017eit p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, aby neprod\u00e1valy a nezobrazovaly zak\u00e1zan\u00fd obsah u\u017eivatel\u016fm internetu v Evrop\u011b. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry upevn\u00ed status quo. Ale tak\u00e9 by to z\u00e1padn\u00edm zem\u00edm p\u0159ik\u00e1zalo form\u00e1ln\u011bji vykon\u00e1vat \u00fakol omezit takov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, jako je \u010c\u00edna, p\u0159ed aplikac\u00ed Orwellovsk\u00e9ho pohledu na \"informa\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\", trvaj\u00edc\u00edm na tom, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 formy vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pro n\u011b hrozbu n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Peking pravideln\u011b zas\u00edl\u00e1 jin\u00fdm vl\u00e1d\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dosti o odstran\u011bn\u00ed obsahu, kter\u00fd je publikov\u00e1n na serverech<\/a> jejich \u00fazem\u00ed a kter\u00fd kritizuje \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd re\u017eim nebo diskutuje o skupin\u00e1ch zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch re\u017eimem v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, jako je Falun Gong. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty tyto \u017e\u00e1dosti odm\u00edtaj\u00ed, ale ostatn\u00ed mohou podlehnout poku\u0161en\u00ed ustoupit, zejm\u00e9na pot\u00e9, co \u010c\u00edna podnikla odvetn\u00e9 kroky proti odm\u00edtnut\u00ed USA zah\u00e1jen\u00edm kybernetick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f na zdroje materi\u00e1lu. Liga svobody internetu poskytne podn\u011bt dal\u0161\u00edm zem\u00edm, aby pop\u0159ely takov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky \u010c\u00edny: to bude v rozporu s pravidly, a jin\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 zem\u011b jim pomohou chr\u00e1nit se p\u0159ed jakoukoliv odvetou.<\/p>\n

Liga bude pot\u0159ebovat mechanismus kontroly dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel sv\u00fdmi \u010dleny. Efektivn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonnostn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka. P\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed model hodnocen\u00ed lze nal\u00e9zt ve Skupin\u011b pro finan\u010dn\u00ed aktivity, organizaci bojuj\u00edc\u00ed proti pran\u00ed \u0161pinav\u00fdch pen\u011bz, kter\u00e1 byla zalo\u017eena G-7 a Evropskou komis\u00ed v roce 1989 a je financov\u00e1na jej\u00edmi \u010dleny. Na 37 \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f FATF p\u0159ipad\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina finan\u010dn\u00edch operac\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. \u010clenov\u00e9 se zavazuj\u00ed p\u0159ijmout des\u00edtky politik, v\u010detn\u011b kriminalizace pran\u00ed \u0161pinav\u00fdch pen\u011bz a financov\u00e1n\u00ed terorismu, a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed od bank, aby prov\u00e1d\u011bly \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 prov\u011brky sv\u00fdch klient\u016f. M\u00edsto p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9ho centralizovan\u00e9ho monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed FATF vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 syst\u00e9m, kdy ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen postupn\u011b analyzuje \u00fasil\u00ed ostatn\u00edch a poskytuje doporu\u010den\u00ed. Zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 nedodr\u017euj\u00ed po\u017eadovanou politiku, jsou um\u00edst\u011bny na tzv. \u201e\u0161ed\u00fd seznam\u201c FATF, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Zlo\u010dinci mohou b\u00fdt za\u0159azeni na \u201e\u010dernou listinu\u201c, co\u017e nut\u00ed banky za\u010d\u00edt podrobn\u00e9 kontroly, kter\u00e9 mohou zpomalit nebo dokonce zastavit mnoho transakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak m\u016f\u017ee Liga svobodn\u00e9ho Internetu zabr\u00e1nit \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti ve sv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech? Op\u011bt existuje model mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed. Liga vytvo\u0159\u00ed a financuje instituci podobnou Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizaci, kter\u00e1 bude identifikovat zraniteln\u00e9 online syst\u00e9my, informovat jejich vlastn\u00edky a pracovat na jejich pos\u00edlen\u00ed (podobn\u011b jako glob\u00e1ln\u00ed o\u010dkovac\u00ed kampan\u011b WHO); detekovat a reagovat na vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed malware a botnety, ne\u017e zp\u016fsob\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u0161kody (ekvivalent sledov\u00e1n\u00ed epidemi\u00ed); a p\u0159evz\u00edt odpov\u011bdnost za reakci, pokud prevence sel\u017ee (ekvivalent reakce WHO na pandemie). \u010clenov\u00e9 ligy by se tak\u00e9 dohodli zdr\u017eet se prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed ofenzivn\u00edch kybernetick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f proti sob\u011b navz\u00e1jem v m\u00edrov\u00e9m \u010dase. Takov\u00fd slib samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nezabr\u00e1n\u00ed Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm nebo jejich spojenc\u016fm zah\u00e1jit kybernetick\u00e9 \u00fatoky proti protivn\u00edk\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z\u016fstanou mimo ligu, jako je \u00cdr\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Budov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek<\/h2>\n

\nVytvo\u0159en\u00ed Ligy svobodn\u00e9ho Internetu by vy\u017eadovalo radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bnu my\u0161len\u00ed. My\u0161lenka, \u017ee p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k Internetu nakonec transformuje autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 re\u017eimy, je dobr\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale nen\u00ed to tak, to se nestane. Neochota p\u0159ijmout tuto realitu je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou alternativn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu. \u010casem v\u0161ak bude jasn\u00e9, \u017ee technologick\u00fd utopismus \u00e9ry vzniku Internetu je v modern\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b nevhodn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00ed technologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b budou odporovat vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Ligy svobodn\u00e9ho Internetu, proto\u017ee se sna\u017e\u00ed uklidnit \u010c\u00ednu a z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd trh, proto\u017ee jejich dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch. N\u00e1klady t\u011bchto firem v\u0161ak budou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vyv\u00e1\u017eeny t\u00edm, \u017ee t\u00edm, \u017ee budou od\u0159\u00edznuty od \u010c\u00edny, liga efektivn\u011b ochr\u00e1n\u00ed jejich z\u00e1jmy p\u0159ed konkurenc\u00ed z jej\u00ed strany.<\/p>\n

Liga svobodn\u00e9ho Internetu podle vzoru schengensk\u00e9 z\u00f3ny je jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak zabezpe\u010dit Internet p\u0159ed hrozbami vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdmi autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a dal\u0161\u00edmi \"\u0161patn\u00fdmi chlapci\". Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m bude z\u0159ejm\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ne\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00fd svobodn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd Internet. Ale pouze zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016f na zlovoln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a jejich p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 doufat ve sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed kybernetick\u00e9 kriminality a omezen\u00ed \u0161kody, kterou mohou takov\u00e9 re\u017eimy jako v Pekingu a Moskv\u011b zp\u016fsobit Internetu.<\/p>\n

Auto\u0159i:<\/p>\n

RICHARD A. CLARKE je p\u0159edsedou a gener\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159editelem Good Harbor Security Risk Management. Slou\u017eil ve vl\u00e1d\u011b USA jako speci\u00e1ln\u00ed poradce prezidenta pro bezpe\u010dnost v kyberprostoru, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed asistent prezidenta pro glob\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed koordin\u00e1tor pro bezpe\u010dnost a boj proti terorismu.<\/p>\n

ROB KNAKE je senior fellow Rady pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy a senior fellow Institutu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed udr\u017eitelnosti Severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed univerzity. Byl \u0159editelem pro kyberpolitiku v Rad\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti v letech 2011 a\u017e 2015.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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