{"id":39036,"date":"2019-10-31T22:27:30","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/dvumernyj-duet-sozdanie-borofen-grafenovyh-geterostruktur\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:27:30","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:30","slug":"dvumernyj-duet-sozdanie-borofen-grafenovyh-geterostruktur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/dvumernyj-duet-sozdanie-borofen-grafenovyh-geterostruktur","title":{"rendered":"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd duet: vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed borofen-grafenov\u00fdch heterostruktur","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd
\n
\n\u201eMutace je kl\u00ed\u010dem k odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed evoluce. Cesta od nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edho organismu k dominantn\u00edmu biologick\u00e9mu druhu trv\u00e1 tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Ale ka\u017ed\u00fdch n\u011bkolik set tis\u00edc let doch\u00e1z\u00ed v evoluci k n\u00e1hl\u00e9mu skoku vp\u0159ed\u201c (Charles Xavier, X-Men, 2000). Pokud odstran\u00edme v\u0161echny prvky science fiction p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 v komiksech a filmech, jsou slova profesora X naprosto pravdiv\u00e1. V\u00fdvoj n\u011b\u010deho prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu plynule, ale ob\u010das nastanou skoky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed obrovsk\u00fd dopad na cel\u00fd proces. To plat\u00ed nejen pro evoluci druh\u016f, ale i pro evoluci technologi\u00ed, jej\u00edm\u017e hlavn\u00edm motorem jsou lid\u00e9, jejich v\u00fdzkumy a vyn\u00e1lezy. Dnes se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme s v\u00fdzkumem, kter\u00fd podle jeho autor\u016f p\u0159edstavuje skute\u010dn\u00fd evolu\u010dn\u00ed skok v nanotechnologi\u00edch. Jak se v\u011bdc\u016fm z Northwest University (USA) poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it novou dvourozm\u011brnou heterostrukturu, pro\u010d byly jako z\u00e1klad vybr\u00e1ny grafen a borofen a jak\u00e9 vlastnosti m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m? O tom n\u00e1s informuje zpr\u00e1va v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Poj\u010fme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nTerm\u00edn \u201egrafen\u201c jsme u\u017e sly\u0161eli mnohokr\u00e1t \u2014 jedn\u00e1 se o dvourozm\u011brnou modifikaci uhl\u00edku, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z vrstvy atom\u016f uhl\u00edku o tlou\u0161\u0165ce 1 atom. Naproti tomu \u201eborofen\u201c se vyskytuje velmi z\u0159\u00eddka. Tento term\u00edn ozna\u010duje dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd krystal slo\u017een\u00fd v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b z atom\u016f boru (B). Mo\u017enost existence borofenu byla poprv\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bzena ji\u017e v polovin\u011b 90. let, ale ve skute\u010dnosti se tuto strukturu poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat a\u017e v roce 2015. <\/p>\n

Atom\u00e1rn\u00ed struktura borofenu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch a hexagon\u00e1ln\u00edch prvk\u016f a je d\u016fsledkem interakc\u00ed mezi dvoucentrov\u00fdmi a mnohocentrov\u00fdmi intrapl\u00e1tov\u00fdmi vazbami, co\u017e je velmi charakteristick\u00e9 pro prvky s nedostatkem elektron\u016f, mezi kter\u00e9 bor pat\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>Pod dvoucentrov\u00fdmi a mnohocentrov\u00fdmi vazbami se mysl\u00ed chemick\u00e9 vazby \u2014 interakce atom\u016f, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed stabilitu molekuly nebo krystalu jako jedn\u00e9 struktury. Nap\u0159\u00edklad dvoucentrov\u00e1 dvouelektronov\u00e1 vazba vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e si 2 atomy sd\u00edlej\u00ed 2 elektrony, a dvoucentrov\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edelektronov\u00e1 vazba vznik\u00e1 mezi 2 atomy a 3 elektrony atd.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Z fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt borofen pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s grafenem. Tak\u00e9 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee borofenov\u00e9 struktury mohou b\u00fdt efektivn\u00edm dopl\u0148kem pro baterie, proto\u017ee borofen m\u00e1 vysokou m\u011brnou kapacitu a jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti elektronick\u00e9 vodivosti a p\u0159enosu iont\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, zat\u00edm se jedn\u00e1 pouze o teorii.<\/p>\n

Jako trojmocn\u00fd prvek*<\/i>, bor m\u00e1 alespo\u0148 10 aloform\u016f*<\/i>. V dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9 form\u011b je podobn\u00fd polymorfismus*<\/i> tak\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n. <\/p>\n

Trojmocn\u00fd prvek*<\/b> m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et t\u0159i kovalentn\u00ed vazby, jejich\u017e valentnost je t\u0159i. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Aloformie*<\/b> je, kdy\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jeden chemick\u00fd prvek vyj\u00e1d\u0159en jako dv\u011b \u010di v\u00edce jednoduch\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Nap\u0159\u00edklad uhl\u00edk \u2014 diamant, grafen, grafit, uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubice atd.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Polymorfismus*<\/b> je schopnost l\u00e1tky existovat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ch (polymorfn\u00edch modifikac\u00edch). V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednoduch\u00fdch l\u00e1tek je tento term\u00edn synonymem pro aloformii. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Vzhledem k tak \u0161irok\u00e9mu polymorfismu je nazna\u010deno, \u017ee borofen m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdborn\u00fdm kandid\u00e1tem pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch dvourozm\u011brn\u00fdch heterostruktur, proto\u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 konfigurace vazeb boru by m\u011bly zm\u00edrnit po\u017eadavky na slad\u011bn\u00ed krystalov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky. Bohu\u017eel, tato ot\u00e1zka byla dosud zkoum\u00e1na v\u00fdhradn\u011b na teoretick\u00e9 \u00farovni kv\u016fli obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm se synt\u00e9zou.<\/p>\n

Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 2D materi\u00e1ly z\u00edskan\u00e9 z objemov\u00fdch vrstven\u00fdch krystal\u016f mohou b\u00fdt vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktury realizov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed mechanick\u00e9ho ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Na druhou stranu, dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9 later\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktury vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z vzestupn\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy. A atomicky p\u0159esn\u00e9 later\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktury maj\u00ed velk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f s kontrolou funk\u010dn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed heterop\u0159echodu, av\u0161ak kv\u016fli kovalentn\u00ed vazb\u011b obvykle nedokonal\u00e9 slad\u011bn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky vede k \u0161irok\u00fdm a neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdm rozhran\u00edm. Tud\u00ed\u017e potenci\u00e1l existuje, ale existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s jeho realizac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci se v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm poda\u0159ilo integrovat borofen a grafen do jedn\u00e9 dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9 heterostruktury. Navzdory nesouladu krystalografick\u00fdch m\u0159\u00ed\u017eek a symetrie mezi borofenem a grafenem vede sekven\u010dn\u00ed depozice uhl\u00edku a boru na substr\u00e1t z Ag(111) ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm vysok\u00e9m vakuu (UHV) k t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 atomov\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fdm later\u00e1ln\u00edm heterointerface s p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdmi zarovn\u00e1n\u00edmi m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, jako\u017e i k vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm heterointerface. <\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edprava na v\u00fdzkum<\/h3>\n

\nP\u0159ed v\u00fdzkumem heterostruktury bylo nutn\u00e9 ji vyrobit. R\u016fst grafenu a borofenu prob\u00edhal v komo\u0159e zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho vysok\u00e9ho vakua p\u0159i tlaku 1x10-10 mbar.<\/p>\n

Monokrystalick\u00fd substr\u00e1t Ag(111) byl \u010di\u0161t\u011bn opakovan\u00fdmi cykly disperze Ar+(1 x 10-5 mbar, energie 800 eV, 30 minut) a tepeln\u00fdm \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm (550 \u00b0C, 45 minut) a\u017e do dosa\u017een\u00ed atomov\u011b \u010dist\u00e9ho a ploch\u00e9ho povrchu Ag(111).<\/p>\n

R\u016fst grafenu byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn elektronov\u00fdm paprskem odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dist\u00e9 (99,997%) grafitov\u00e9 ty\u010de o pr\u016fm\u011bru 2,0 mm na zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd substr\u00e1t Ag (111) na 750 \u00b0C p\u0159i proudu \u017ehaven\u00ed ~ 1,6 A a zrychluj\u00edc\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed ~ 2 kV, co\u017e poskytlo emisn\u00ed proud ~ 70 mA a tok uhl\u00edku ~ 40 nA. Tlak v komo\u0159e byl 1 x 10-9 mbar.<\/p>\n

R\u016fst borofenu byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn elektronov\u00fdm paprskem odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dist\u00e9 (99,9999%) borov\u00e9 ty\u010de na zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd submonovrstvov\u00fd grafen na Ag (111) p\u0159i teplot\u011b 400-500 \u00b0C. Proud \u017ehaven\u00ed \u010dinil ~ 1,5 A a zrychluj\u00edc\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed 1,75 kV, co\u017e poskytlo emisn\u00ed proud ~ 34 mA a tok boru ~ 10 nA. Tlak v komo\u0159e b\u011bhem r\u016fstu borofenu byl p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2 x 10-10 mbar.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\n\"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1<\/i><\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku 1A<\/b> zobrazen STM*<\/i> sn\u00edmky vyrostl\u00e9ho grafenu, kde jsou grafenov\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny nejl\u00e9pe vizualizov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed mapy dI<\/i>\/dV<\/i> (1A<\/b>), kde I<\/i> a V<\/i> \u2014 tunelov\u00fd proud a posun vzorku, a \u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/i> \u2014 hustota. <\/p>\n

STM*<\/b> \u2014 skenovac\u00ed tunelov\u00fd mikroskop.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

dI<\/i>\/dV<\/i> mapy vzorku umo\u017enily vid\u011bt vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed hustotu stav\u016f grafenu ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se substr\u00e1tem Ag (111). V souladu s p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumy m\u00e1 povrchov\u00fd stav Ag (111) krokovou charakteristiku posunutou sm\u011brem k pozitivn\u00edm energi\u00edm na dI<\/i>\/dV<\/i> spektru grafenu (1B<\/b>), co\u017e vysv\u011btluje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed hustotu stav\u016f grafenu na 1A<\/b> p\u0159i 0,3 eV.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku 1C<\/b> m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt strukturu jednovrstv\u00e9ho grafenu, kde je jasn\u011b viditeln\u00e1 hexagon\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka a moir\u00e9 suprastruktura*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Suprastruktura* <\/b> \u2014 vlastnost struktury krystalov\u00e9 slou\u010deniny, kter\u00e1 se opakuje v ur\u010dit\u00e9m intervalu a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tak novou strukturu s jin\u00fdm obdob\u00edm st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Moar*<\/b> \u2014 p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed dvou periodick\u00fdch m\u0159\u00ed\u017ekov\u00fdch vzor\u016f na sebe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch r\u016fst vede k tvorb\u011b dendritick\u00fdch a defektn\u00edch grafenov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n. Kv\u016fli slab\u00fdm interakc\u00edm mezi grafenem a podkladov\u00fdm substr\u00e1tem nen\u00ed rotace grafenu vzhledem k podkladov\u00e9mu Ag (111) unik\u00e1tn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Po nanesen\u00ed b\u00f3ru skenovac\u00ed tunelov\u00e1 mikroskopie (1D<\/b>) uk\u00e1zala p\u0159\u00edtomnost slou\u010den\u00ed borofenov\u00fdch a grafenov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n. Na sn\u00edmku jsou tak\u00e9 viditeln\u00e9 oblasti uvnit\u0159 grafenu, kter\u00e9 byly pozd\u011bji ur\u010deny jako interkalovan\u00fd borofenem grafen (ozna\u010deno na sn\u00edmku Gr\/B<\/b>). V t\u00e9to oblasti jsou tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e viditeln\u00e9 liniov\u00e9 prvky orientovan\u00e9 ve t\u0159ech sm\u011brech a odd\u011blen\u00e9 \u00fahlem 120 \u00b0 (\u017elut\u00e9 \u0161ipky).<\/p>\n

\"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n

Sn\u00edmek na 2A<\/b>, stejn\u011b jako 1D<\/b>, potvrzuj\u00ed vznik lokalizovan\u00fdch tmav\u00fdch prohlubn\u00ed (deprese) v grafenu po nanesen\u00ed b\u00f3ru.<\/p>\n

Abychom l\u00e9pe prozkoumali tyto \u00fatvary a zjistili jejich p\u016fvod, byl po\u0159\u00edzen dal\u0161\u00ed sn\u00edmek t\u00e9\u017ee oblasti, ale s pou\u017eit\u00edm map |dlnI<\/i>\/dz| (2\u0412), \u0433\u0434\u0435 I<\/i> \u2014 tunelov\u00fd proud, \u2013 perioda ant\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky (vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sousedn\u00edmi prvky),<\/i> \u2014 hustota, a od<\/i> \u2014 rozd\u011blen\u00ed sonda-vzorek (mezera mezi hrotem mikroskopu a vzorkem). Pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to metodiky umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat obr\u00e1zky s vysok\u00fdm prostorov\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm. Pro tento \u00fa\u010del lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt CO nebo H2 na hrotu mikroskopu. <\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek 2C<\/b> je sn\u00edmek po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd pomoc\u00ed STM, jeho\u017e hrot byl pokryt CO. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f A<\/b>, V<\/b> a S<\/b> ukazuje, \u017ee v\u0161echny atom\u00e1rn\u00ed prvky jsou ur\u010deny jako t\u0159i soused\u00edc\u00ed jasn\u00e9 hexagony, polo\u017een\u00e9 ve dvou neekvivalentn\u00edch sm\u011brech (\u010derven\u00e9 a \u017elut\u00e9 troj\u00faheln\u00edky na sn\u00edmc\u00edch). <\/p>\n

Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky t\u00e9to oblasti (2D<\/b>) potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee tyto prvky jsou v souladu s leguj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsmi b\u00f3ru, kter\u00e9 zab\u00edraj\u00ed dv\u011b podm\u0159\u00ed\u017eky grafenu, co\u017e nazna\u010duj\u00ed i p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se struktury.<\/p>\n

Pokryt\u00ed hrotu mikroskopu CO umo\u017enilo odhalit geometrickou strukturu listu borofenu (2E<\/b>), co\u017e by nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9, kdyby hrot byl standardn\u00ed (kovov\u00fd) bez pokryt\u00ed CO.<\/p>\n

\"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3<\/i><\/p>\n

Tvorba later\u00e1ln\u00edch hetero rozhran\u00ed mezi borofenem a grafenem (3A<\/b>) by m\u011blo prob\u00edhat, kdy\u017e borofen roste vedle grafenov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n, ve kter\u00fdch ji\u017e je bor. <\/p>\n

V\u011bdci p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee later\u00e1ln\u00ed heterointerface na b\u00e1zi grafen-hBN (grafen + nitrid boru) maj\u00ed shodu m\u0159\u00ed\u017eek, zat\u00edmco heterop\u0159echody na b\u00e1zi dichalkogenid\u016f p\u0159echodn\u00fdch kov\u016f maj\u00ed shodu symetri\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b grafenu\/borfeny je situace pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e1 \u2014 maj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed podobnost z hlediska konstant m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky nebo krystalov\u00e9 symetrie. I p\u0159es to v\u0161ak later\u00e1ln\u00ed heterointerface grafen\/borfen vykazuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ide\u00e1ln\u00ed atomovou shodu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e sm\u011bry borov\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce (B-row) se slu\u010duj\u00ed se zigzagov\u00fdmi (ZZ) sm\u011bry grafenu.3A<\/b>). Na 3B<\/b> je zobrazeno zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 podru\u010dt\u00ed ZZ heterointerface (modr\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry ozna\u010duj\u00ed mezif\u00e1zov\u00e9 prvky odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kovalentn\u00edm vazb\u00e1m boru-uhl\u00edku).<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e r\u016fst borofen se uskute\u010d\u0148uje p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b ne\u017e grafen, okraje grafenov\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebudou m\u00edt vysokou mobilitu p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed heterointerface s borfenem. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 atomov\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd heterointerface je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00fdsledkem r\u016fzn\u00fdch konfigurac\u00ed a vlastnost\u00ed mnohotakov\u00fdch vazeb boru. Spektra skenovac\u00ed tunelov\u00e9 spektroskopie (3C<\/b>) a diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed tunelov\u00e9 vodivosti (3D<\/b>) ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee elektronov\u00fd p\u0159echod z grafenu na borofen se uskute\u010d\u0148uje na vzd\u00e1lenosti ~ 5 \u00c5 bez viditeln\u00fdch stav\u016f rozhran\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku 3E<\/b> s\u00fa zobrazeny t\u0159i spektra skenovac\u00ed tunelov\u00e9 spektroskopie, po\u0159izovan\u00e1 pod\u00e9l t\u0159\u00ed te\u010dkovan\u00fdch \u010dar na 3D, kter\u00e1 potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee tento kr\u00e1tk\u00fd elektronov\u00fd p\u0159echod je necitliv\u00fd na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed mezif\u00e1zov\u00e9 struktury a je srovnateln\u00fd s podobn\u00fdm na hranic\u00edch borofen-st\u0159\u00edbro. <\/p>\n

\"Dvourozm\u011brn\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/i><\/p>\n

Grafenov\u00e1 interkalace*<\/i> byla tak\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve \u0161iroce zkoum\u00e1na, av\u0161ak p\u0159em\u011bna interkalant\u016f na skute\u010dn\u00e9 2D vrstvy je relativn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm jevem.<\/p>\n

Interkalace*<\/b> je reverzibiln\u00ed za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed molekuly nebo skupiny molekul mezi dal\u0161\u00edmi molekulami nebo skupinami molekul.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mal\u00fd atomov\u00fd polom\u011br boru a slab\u00e1 interakce mezi grafenem a Ag (111) nazna\u010duj\u00ed mo\u017enou interkalaci grafenu s borom. Na obr\u00e1zku 4A<\/b> Byly p\u0159edlo\u017eeny d\u016fkazy nejen o interkalaci b\u00f3ru, ale i o tvorb\u011b vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch borof\u00e9n-grafenov\u00fdch heterostruktur, zejm\u00e9na troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n obklopen\u00fdch grafenem. M\u0159\u00ed\u017eka pozorovan\u00e1 na t\u00e9to troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 dom\u00e9n\u011b potvrzuje p\u0159\u00edtomnost grafenu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, tento grafen vykazuje ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed hustotu stav\u016f p\u0159i -50 meV ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s okoln\u00edm grafenem (4B<\/b>). Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s grafenem p\u0159\u00edmo na Ag (111) chyb\u00ed zn\u00e1mky vysok\u00e9 lok\u00e1ln\u00ed hustoty stav\u016f ve spektru dI<\/i>\/dV<\/i> (4C<\/b>, modr\u00e1 k\u0159ivka), odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed povrchov\u00e9mu stavu Ag (111), je prvn\u00edm d\u016fkazem interkalace b\u00f3ru.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9, jak bylo o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1no pro \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou interkalaci, grafenov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 kontinuitn\u00ed po cel\u00e9m later\u00e1ln\u00edm rozhran\u00ed mezi grafenem a troj\u00faheln\u00edkovou oblast\u00ed (4D<\/b> \u2014 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 oblasti na 4A<\/b>, obkreslen\u00e9 \u010dervenou te\u010dkovanou \u010darou). Sn\u00edmkem po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm pomoc\u00ed CO na hrotu mikroskopu tak\u00e9 potvrdil p\u0159\u00edtomnost substitu\u010dn\u00edch ne\u010distot b\u00f3ru (4E<\/b> \u2014 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 oblasti na 4A<\/b>, obkreslen\u00e9 \u017elutou te\u010dkovanou \u010darou).<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem anal\u00fdzy byly tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny hroty mikroskopu bez jak\u00e9hokoliv pokryt\u00ed. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byly v interkalovan\u00fdch grafenov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n\u00e1ch zji\u0161t\u011bny zn\u00e1mky jednorozm\u011brn\u00fdch line\u00e1rn\u00edch prvk\u016f s periodicitou 5 \u00c5 (4F<\/b> a 4G<\/b>). Tyto jednorozm\u011brn\u00e9 struktury p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed \u0159ady b\u00f3ru v modelu borof\u00e9nu. Krom\u011b sady bod\u016f odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch grafenu, Fourierova transformace sn\u00edmku na 4G<\/b> zobrazuje p\u00e1r ortogon\u00e1ln\u00edch bod\u016f, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece 3 \u00c5 x 5 \u00c5 (4\u041d<\/b>), co\u017e skv\u011ble souhlas\u00ed s modelem borof\u00e9nu. Nav\u00edc, pozorovan\u00e1 trojn\u00e1 orientace m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky line\u00e1rn\u00edch prvk\u016f (1D<\/b>) dob\u0159e souhlas\u00ed s tou samou p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed strukturou, kter\u00e1 byla pozorov\u00e1na pro listy borof\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o interkalaci grafenu borof\u00e9nem bl\u00edzko okraj\u016f Ag, co\u017e tedy vede k tvorb\u011b vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch heterostruktur borof\u00e9n-grafen, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b realizov\u00e1ny zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho pokryt\u00ed grafenem.<\/p>\n

4I<\/b> je schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktury na 4H<\/b>, kde je sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159ady b\u00f3ru (r\u016f\u017eov\u00e1 \u0161ipka) bl\u00edzko zarovn\u00e1no se zigzagov\u00fdm sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm grafenu (\u010dern\u00e1 \u0161ipka), \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznik\u00e1 rota\u010dn\u011b soum\u011brn\u00e1 vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktura.<\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nTato studie uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee borofen je schopen vytv\u00e1\u0159et later\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed heterostruktury s grafenem. Podobn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my mohou b\u00fdt pou\u017eity p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch typ\u016f dvourozm\u011brn\u00fdch prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v nanotechnologi\u00edch, flexibiln\u00ed a nositeln\u00e9 elektronice, stejn\u011b jako v nov\u00fdch typech polovodi\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Sami v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jejich v\u00fdvoj m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm krokem vp\u0159ed pro technologie souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s elektronikou. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, zda se jejich slova stanou prorock\u00fdmi. V tuto chv\u00edli je pot\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b mnoho prozkoumat, porozum\u011bt a vynal\u00e9zt, aby se ty sci-fi n\u00e1pady, kter\u00e9 napl\u0148uj\u00ed mysl v\u011bdc\u016f, staly plnohodnotnou realitou.<\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a v\u0161em p\u0159eji dobr\u00fd pracovn\u00ed t\u00fdden, kluci. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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