{"id":39069,"date":"2019-10-31T22:27:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:27:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:41","slug":"genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits","title":{"rendered":"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/683dbd520cfc1ccfc5e452a041d7556b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVztahy mezi partnery, napln\u011bn\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed, pozornostmi a empati\u00ed, b\u00e1sn\u00edci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed l\u00e1skou, zat\u00edmco biologov\u00e9 \u2013 mezidruhovou interakc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159enou na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed rodu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy preferuj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed \u2013 rozmno\u017eovat se s co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem partner\u016f, aby zv\u00fd\u0161ily potomstvo, a t\u00edm zv\u00fd\u0161ily \u0161ance na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed cel\u00e9ho druhu. Jin\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed monogamn\u00ed p\u00e1ry, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159estat existovat pouze po smrti jednoho z partner\u016f. Mnoho let v\u011bdci tvrdili, \u017ee prvn\u00ed varianta je mnohem v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale to nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b pravda. Monogamn\u00ed p\u00e1ry obvykle spole\u010dn\u011b vychov\u00e1vaj\u00ed potomstvo, tj. chr\u00e1n\u00ed ho p\u0159ed pred\u00e1tory, sh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed potravu a u\u010d\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 dovednosti, zat\u00edmco v polygamn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch to v\u0161echno v\u011bt\u0161inou le\u017e\u00ed na k\u0159ehk\u00fdch bedrech samic. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee existuj\u00ed v\u00fdjimky, ale dnes o nich nemluv\u00edme. Biology dlouho zaj\u00edmal jin\u00fd zaj\u00edmav\u00fd moment \u2013 samci nad\u00e1le projevuj\u00ed pozornost v\u016f\u010di samic\u00edm, i kdy\u017e jejich p\u00e1r u\u017e byl vytvo\u0159en a existuje n\u011bkolik let. \u010c\u00edm je takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed podm\u00edn\u011bno, jak\u00fd z toho maj\u00ed u\u017eitek a jak\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u00ed aspekty s t\u00edm souvisej\u00ed? Na tyto ot\u00e1zky najdeme odpov\u011bdi ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Jdeme na to.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nVzhledem k t\u00e9matu v\u00fdzkumu se nebudeme zam\u011b\u0159ovat na polygamn\u00ed druhy pt\u00e1k\u016f, ale soust\u0159ed\u00edme se na ope\u0159en\u00e9 romantiky, kte\u0159\u00ed se zamilov\u00e1vaj\u00ed jednou prov\u017edy. <\/p>\n<p>Pokud jde o monogamii, stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee existuje n\u011bkolik jej\u00edch typ\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce: jeden sez\u00f3na, n\u011bkolik let a na cel\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi pt\u00e1ky je nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sez\u00f3nn\u00ed monogamie. Jasn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem mohou b\u00fdt divoc\u00ed housata. Samice se staraj\u00ed o hn\u00edzdo a sezen\u00ed na vejc\u00edch, zat\u00edmco samec hl\u00edd\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. Druh\u00fd den po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed rodina odch\u00e1z\u00ed k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu vodn\u00edmu zdroji, kde housata u\u010d\u00ed hledat si potravu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebezpe\u010d\u00ed na vod\u011b samice zu\u0159iv\u011b br\u00e1n\u00ed potomstvo, zat\u00edmco samec, z\u0159ejm\u011b vzpom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed na d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, se v\u011bt\u0161inou zachra\u0148uje \u00fat\u011bkem. Nejsp\u00ed\u0161 neide\u00e1ln\u00ed vztahy, a\u0165 se na to pod\u00edv\u00e1te jakkoli.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/275083047c8ff6da7d3cde562e809dc0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Rodina divok\u00fdch housat.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o vztaz\u00edch, jejich\u017e z\u00e1kladem je st\u00e1lost, jsou \u010d\u00e1pi v tomto ohledu nejlep\u0161\u00ed. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed monogamn\u00ed p\u00e1r na cel\u00fd \u017eivot a dokonce nem\u011bn\u00ed m\u00edsto bydli\u0161t\u011b bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pot\u0159eby. Jedno hn\u00edzdo \u010d\u00e1p\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1\u017eit a\u017e 250 kg a dosahovat 1,5 m v pr\u016fm\u011bru, slou\u017e\u00ed jim mnoho let, pokud nen\u00ed zni\u010deno p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi katastrofami nebo lidsk\u00fdm z\u00e1sahem. V \u010cesku existuje hn\u00edzdo, kter\u00e9 bylo vybudov\u00e1no ji\u017e v roce 1864. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/f5c0b6f4ce6556c830c7784251249c20.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Stavebn\u00ed dovednosti \u010d\u00e1p\u016f nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed, kdy\u017e vid\u00edte takov\u00e9 stavby.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od divok\u00fdch hus panuje mezi \u010d\u00e1py rovnost povinnost\u00ed: oba partne\u0159i zah\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dka, hledaj\u00ed potravu, u\u010d\u00ed potomky l\u00e9tat a chr\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli ve vztaz\u00edch \u010d\u00e1p\u016f hraj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly: zp\u011bv, tanec atd. Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee tyto ritu\u00e1ly prob\u00edhaj\u00ed nejen v obdob\u00ed tvorby p\u00e1ru (p\u0159i prvn\u00edm rande), ale i po celou spole\u010dnou \u017eivot (dokonce i kdy\u017e samec m\u011bn\u00ed samici b\u011bhem sezen\u00ed, prov\u00e1d\u00ed mal\u00fd tanec). Pro n\u00e1s to vypad\u00e1 velmi roztomile, romanticky a naprosto nelogicky, proto\u017ee z biologick\u00e9ho hlediska takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd prosp\u011bch. Nen\u00ed tomu tak? A zde se m\u016f\u017eeme plynule pustit do zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed samotn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd m\u011bl na tuto ot\u00e1zku odpov\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p><i>Etologov\u00e9*<\/i> se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1l\u00e9 projevov\u00e1n\u00ed cit\u016f samci souvis\u00ed se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm reproduk\u010dn\u00edho stavu samic.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Etologie*<\/b> je v\u011bda, kter\u00e1 studuje genetikou podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, tj. instinkty. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00e9, pro\u010d takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed trv\u00e1 nejen v obdob\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edho p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, ale po cel\u00fd \u017eivot, nebo\u0165 by bylo logi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, aby samci investovali v\u00edce sil a energie do potomstva, nikoli do projevov\u00e1n\u00ed cit\u016f k samici. Dodnes mnoz\u00ed badatel\u00e9 pova\u017eovali intenzitu projevov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1klonnosti k samici za p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na kvalitu p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem i potomstva (tj. po\u010det nakladen\u00fdch vajec). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/8831fc7c4854fc36f12f5e7d7c807117.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Samec jednoho druhu rajsk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f tancuje p\u0159ed samic\u00ed. Jak vid\u00edme, samec vypad\u00e1 mnohem jasn\u011bji ne\u017e samice. <\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tato teorie je podporov\u00e1na pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm. Samice, jej\u00edm\u017e partnerem je nepopsateln\u00fd krasavec a prvn\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed v obci, investuje v\u00edce \u00fasil\u00ed do potomstva, ne\u017e kdyby byl samec bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Zn\u00ed to legra\u010dn\u011b a sm\u011b\u0161n\u011b, ale ritu\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 samci prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159ed samicemi, maj\u00ed za c\u00edl demonstrovat nejen kr\u00e1su, ale tak\u00e9 s\u00edlu. Tak u\u017e to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee jasn\u00e9 pe\u0159\u00ed, kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 zp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed projevy pozornosti od samc\u016f jsou pro samice jen kognitivn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 dek\u00f3duj\u00ed jako informace o samci. <\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci z univerzit v Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b a Chicagu, jejich\u017e pr\u00e1ci dnes zkoum\u00e1me, se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee podobn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed samc\u016f je zam\u011b\u0159eno na optimalizaci chov\u00e1n\u00ed samic v\u016f\u010di procesu rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed potomstva.<\/p>\n<p>Model, kter\u00fd navrhli v\u011bdci, je zalo\u017een na mnoha experimentech, kter\u00e9 uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee pos\u00edlen\u00ed t\u011bchto sign\u00e1l\u016f od samc\u016f zvy\u0161uje p\u0159\u00ednos samic k procesu reprodukce. Existuje domn\u011bnka, \u017ee zdrojem takov\u00fdch stimula\u010dn\u00edch efekt\u016f jsou percep\u010dn\u00ed odpov\u011bdi vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z vlastnost\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, sign\u00e1l\u016f a nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu jako takov\u00e9ho. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je zn\u00e1mo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f takov\u00fdch \"odchylek\" od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch smyslov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f (sluch, zrak a \u010dich).<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e samec znovu a znovu demonstruje sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody p\u0159ed ostatn\u00edmi samci, m\u016f\u017ee to pozitivn\u011b ovlivnit samotn\u00e9ho samce (samice si ho ur\u010dit\u011b vybere). Ale pro samici to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nev\u00fdhoda, proto\u017ee to sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed jej\u00ed budouc\u00ed reproduktivn\u00ed realizaci. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, m\u00e1me situaci \"p\u0159ekro\u010dit o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed\". Samec, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdrazn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed samci a neust\u00e1le projevuje z\u00e1jem o samici, dostane to, co si p\u0159eje \u2014 p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho rodu. Samice, kter\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 obdobn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed od ostatn\u00edch samc\u016f, ale nedostane ho, se m\u016f\u017ee ocitnout v \u017ealostn\u00e9 situaci. Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad v\u011bdci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed mezi-genderov\u00fdm konfliktem: ukazov\u00e1n\u00ed samc\u016f sami sebe jako kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch roste v populaci, zat\u00edmco u samic roste odpor k t\u00e9to taktice.<\/p>\n<p>Tento konflikt byl modelov\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu (neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b). V z\u00edskan\u00fdch modelech sign\u00e1lov\u00fd vys\u00edla\u010d (zdroj sign\u00e1lu \u2014 samec) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 percep\u010dn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de (p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d sign\u00e1lu \u2014 samice), kter\u00e9 stimuluje samotn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly na \u00fakor vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. V ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u011b vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f v populaci samic (jak\u00fdsi druh mutace), od\u010de\u017e s\u00edla sign\u00e1l\u016f zdroje (samce) v\u00fdrazn\u011b kles\u00e1. Postupn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed takov\u00fdch zm\u011bn povede k tomu, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00fd typ sign\u00e1lu bude zcela ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd. Jak prob\u00edhaj\u00ed tyto zm\u011bny, jedny sign\u00e1ly vymiz\u00ed a ztrat\u00ed s\u00edlu, ale objevuj\u00ed se nov\u00e9, a proces za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 znovu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v praxi dost jednoduch\u00fd. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee se objevuje samec s jasn\u00fdm pe\u0159\u00edm (jen jedn\u00edm), vynik\u00e1 mezi ostatn\u00edmi a samice d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost pr\u00e1v\u011b jemu. Pak se objev\u00ed samec se dv\u011bma jasn\u00fdmi pe\u0159\u00ed\u010dky, pot\u00e9 se t\u0159emi atd. Ale s\u00edla takov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, v d\u016fsledku jeho zesilov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u00fam\u011brn\u011b klesat. A najednou se objev\u00ed samec, kter\u00fd um\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u011b zp\u00edvat a stav\u011bt hn\u00edzda. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 ope\u0159en\u00ed jako sign\u00e1l p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a za\u010dne degenerovat. <\/p>\n<p>Existuje v\u0161ak v\u017edy v\u00fdjimka z pravidel \u2014 n\u011bkter\u00e9 mezidruhov\u00e9 konflikty se mohou zm\u011bnit v plnohodnotnou a velmi efektivn\u00ed mezidruhovou spolupr\u00e1ci. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/600edd64e68a491efcc6dac10ab7e26f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Sch\u00e9ma vzniku mezidruhov\u00e9ho konfliktu a mezidruhov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Podstata spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee samec se siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sign\u00e1lem nut\u00ed samici sn\u00e9st ne t\u0159i, ale \u010dty\u0159i vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Pro samce je to v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 \u2014 bude m\u00edt v\u00edce potomk\u016f s jeho genofondem. Pro samici to nen\u00ed tak v\u00fdhodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee bude muset vynalo\u017eit v\u00edce \u00fasil\u00ed, aby v\u0161echny potomky p\u0159e\u017eily a dos\u00e1hly samostatn\u00e9ho v\u011bku. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se samice za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vyv\u00edjet paraleln\u011b se samci, aby byly odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u016f\u010di jejich sign\u00e1l\u016fm. V d\u016fsledku toho mohou existovat dv\u011b cesty: konflikt nebo spolupr\u00e1ce. <\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b spolupr\u00e1ce samice evolvuj\u00ed tak, aby sn\u00e1\u0161ely 3 vejce, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159ed vznikem siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sign\u00e1lu od samc\u016f, ale nad\u00e1le reaguj\u00ed na tyto sign\u00e1ly. Takto se formuje nejen p\u00e1r, ale p\u00e1r, kter\u00fd se navz\u00e1jem podporuje na optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni pro pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed rodu z pohledu interakce sign\u00e1l-odpov\u011b\u010f. <\/p>\n<p>Samci v\u0161ak nemohou evolvovat zp\u011bt, zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno. Jejich zes\u00edlen\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly sm\u011brem k samic\u00edm p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed v\u00fdsledek v podob\u011b sn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed vajec, tedy ne takov\u00e9ho, jak\u00e9 se o\u010dek\u00e1valo. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sign\u00e1lu na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 by bylo tak\u00e9 ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, proto\u017ee by vedlo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu vajec v sn\u016f\u0161ce na dv\u011b. Ukazuje se tedy, \u017ee jsme ve slep\u00e9 uli\u010dce \u2014 samci nemohou sn\u00ed\u017eit s\u00edlu sign\u00e1lu a nemohou ji ani zv\u00fd\u0161it, proto\u017ee v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by samice m\u011bly m\u00e9n\u011b potomstva, a ve druh\u00e9m by nereagovaly.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159irozen\u011b, ani samci, ani samice nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd zl\u00fd \u00famysl nebo touhu zotro\u010dit jeden druh\u00e9ho. Cel\u00fd tento proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 na genetick\u00e9 \u00farovni a je zam\u011b\u0159en v\u00fdhradn\u011b na blaho potomstva jednotliv\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru a blaho druhu jako celku. <\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nPomoc\u00ed matematick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdci odhadli podm\u00ednky, za nich\u017e m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout mezidruhov\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce. Kvantitativn\u00ed charakteristika s pr\u016fm\u011brnou hodnotou <i>zf<\/i> popisuje hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos samice k jej\u00edmu potomstvu. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnot\u011b se zprvu dovoluje rozv\u00edjet se do sv\u00e9ho optim\u00e1ln\u00edho hodnota <i>zopt<\/i>, co\u017e z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dvou prom\u011bnn\u00fdch: v\u00fdhod\u011b z p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (po\u010det p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch potomk\u016f) a n\u00e1kladech na p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro samice (<i>cf<\/i>). Posledn\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e1 se vyhodnocuje po rozmno\u017een\u00ed, co\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st samic p\u0159e\u017eije a m\u016f\u017ee v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce znovu p\u0159iv\u00e9st na sv\u011bt potomstvo, co\u017e vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu generac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to studii se \u010dasto budou pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 term\u00edny, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za to trochu objasnit:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>sign\u00e1ly<\/i> \u2014 projev pozornosti samc\u016f v\u016f\u010di p\u00e1rov\u00fdm samic\u00edm (zp\u011bv, tance a dal\u0161\u00ed ritu\u00e1ly), kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed ve formovan\u00fdch p\u00e1rech;<\/li>\n<li><i>p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek<\/i> \/ <i>investice<\/i> \u2014 odpov\u011b\u010f samic na tyto sign\u00e1ly, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu vajec v sn\u016f\u0161ce, del\u0161\u00edm \u010dase v\u011bnovan\u00e9m p\u00e9\u010di o budu\u0301c\u00ed potomstvo atd.;<\/li>\n<li><i>respondent<\/i> \u2014 samice reaguj\u00edc\u00ed na sign\u00e1ly samce;<\/li>\n<li><i>n\u00e1klady<\/i> \u2014 n\u00e1klady samic na potomstvo (\u010das v hn\u00edzd\u011b, \u010das na sh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed potravy, zdravotn\u00ed stav v d\u016fsledku v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho\/mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu vajec v sn\u016f\u0161ce apod.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly samc\u016f a reakce samic na n\u011b byly modelov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed voln\u011b rekombinuj\u00edc\u00edch dialeln\u00edch jednofaktorov\u00fdch modifik\u00e1tor\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e byly spojeny kvantitativn\u00ed a popula\u010dn\u00ed genetick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy. V <i>loci*<\/i>, kter\u00e1 kontroluje odpov\u011b\u010f samice (A), se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pozoruje vysok\u00e1 frekvence alely-<i>respond\u00e9ra*<\/i> (A2), kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u0159\u00edve existuj\u00edc\u00edmu percep\u010dn\u00edmu vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Lokus*<\/b> \u2014 m\u00edsto ur\u010dit\u00e9ho genu na genetick\u00e9 map\u011b chromozomu.<\/p>\n<p><b>Alely*<\/b> \u2014 r\u016fzn\u00e9 formy t\u00e9ho\u017e genu, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na stejn\u00fdch lokusech homologn\u00edch chromozom\u016f. Alely ur\u010duj\u00ed zp\u016fsob v\u00fdvoje konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho znaku.<\/p>\n<p><b>Gen-respond\u00e9r*<\/b> (Rsp) \u2014 gen funk\u010dn\u011b spojen\u00fd s faktorem poruchy segregace (gen SD), aktivn\u00ed alela, kter\u00e1 (Rsp+) m\u00e1 schopnost potla\u010dit expresi SD.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Signalizovan\u00fd lokus (B) je p\u016fvodn\u011b fixov\u00e1n pro alelu bez sign\u00e1lu (B1). Pot\u00e9 je zavedena alela B2, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobuje vznik sign\u00e1l\u016f od samc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Projev sign\u00e1l\u016f pro samce m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 svou cenu (<i>sm<\/i>), ale zvy\u0161uje p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek partnerky-samice (A2) o velikost \u03b1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u03b1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena jako dal\u0161\u00ed vejce v sn\u016f\u0161ce. P\u0159itom zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku samice se m\u016f\u017ee projevit tak\u00e9 v pozitivn\u00edch efektech, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 na sv\u00e9 potomstvo. <\/p>\n<p>Proto p\u00e1r, ve kter\u00e9m samec nese alelu signaliz\u00e1toru a samice nese alelu respond\u00e9ra (tj. p\u00e1ry A2B2), m\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek od samice a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed plodnost ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed 3 kombinace.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/511f08909b117f6eaf22371bf5dc0bdb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Varianty kombinac\u00ed samc\u016f a samic podle pom\u011bru sign\u00e1l\u016f a odpov\u011bd\u00ed na n\u011b.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Na po\u010det potomk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed k reprodukci v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce, m\u00e1 vliv <i>z\u00e1vislost na hustot\u011b*<\/i> uvnit\u0159 vrhu a z\u00e1vislost na hustot\u011b vrhu po ope\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Z\u00e1vislost na hustot\u011b*<\/b> \u2014 procesy z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na hustot\u011b se vyskytuj\u00ed, kdy\u017e jsou m\u00edry r\u016fstu populace regulov\u00e1ny hustotou t\u00e9to populace.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed skupina prom\u011bnn\u00fdch je spojena se smrtelnost\u00ed samic a samc\u016f po narozen\u00ed potomstva. Tyto prom\u011bnn\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k vrhu (<i>cm<\/i> \u2014 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samc\u016f, <i>cf<\/i> \u2014 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic), n\u00e1klady na sign\u00e1ly pro samce (<i>sm<\/i>) a nespecifickou smrtelnost (<i>dm<\/i> \u2014 samci a <i>df<\/i> \u2014 samice). <\/p>\n<p>Vdovy, vdovci, nezletil\u00ed a v\u0161ichni d\u0159\u00edve osam\u011bl\u00ed jedinci se sdru\u017euj\u00ed, aby vytvo\u0159ili nov\u00e9 p\u00e1ry, a ro\u010dn\u00ed cyklus kon\u010d\u00ed. V zkouman\u00e9m modelu je d\u016fraz kladen na genetickou monogamii, proto\u017ee v\u0161echny typy sexu\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru (tj. konkurence mezi jedinci o partnera) jsou ze strachu vylou\u010deny z v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/ef1411ddbbc7247131008f553ad86dfb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Vztah evoluce sign\u00e1l\u016f, respondent\u016f a p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee stabiln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1ha je dosa\u017eena, kdy\u017e samci vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly a samice na n\u011b reaguj\u00ed. V rovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9m stavu se ve\u0161ker\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k potomstvu obnovuje na \u00farove\u0148, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159ed vznikem dodate\u010dn\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f samc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Na grafu <b>A<\/b> v\u00fd\u0161e je uveden p\u0159\u00edklad evolu\u010dn\u00ed dynamiky, kde se p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic k potomstvu vrac\u00ed na optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, co\u017e je d\u016fsledek evoluce kvantitativn\u00edho znaku p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku (\u010d\u00e1rkovan\u00e1 zelen\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra p\u0159edstavuje skute\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek, zat\u00edmco pln\u00e1 zelen\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek, kter\u00fd nebyl realizov\u00e1n kv\u016fli nedostatku odpov\u011bdi samic na dodate\u010dn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly samc\u016f). Na grafu <b>V<\/b> je uveden alternativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad, kdy mezi\u0161lechtitelsk\u00fd konflikt vede ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b respondenta.<\/p>\n<p>A na grafu <b>S<\/b> jsou vyzdvi\u017eeny dva parametry, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tento v\u00fdsledek: zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 dodate\u010dn\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly (<i>\u03b1<\/i>), a n\u00e1klady samic na tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek (<i>cf<\/i>). V \u010derven\u00e9 oblasti na grafu sign\u00e1ly nikdy nep\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich n\u00e1klady p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy. V \u017elut\u00e9 a \u010dern\u00e9 oblasti se frekvence sign\u00e1l\u016f zvy\u0161uje, co\u017e vede k rostouc\u00edm n\u00e1kladov\u00fdm investic\u00edm ze strany samic. V \u017elut\u00e9 oblasti na to odpov\u00edd\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kvantitativn\u00edho investi\u010dn\u00edho znaku, co\u017e vede k trval\u00e9 fixaci alel jak sign\u00e1l\u016f, tak respondent\u016f. V \u010dern\u00e9 oblasti, kde maj\u00ed reaguj\u00edc\u00ed samice v\u00edce indukovan\u00fdch investic, se reaguj\u00edc\u00ed alela rychle ztr\u00e1c\u00ed, za n\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly, jako v tradi\u010dn\u00edch modelech mezi\u0161lechtitelsk\u00e9ho konfliktu (graf <b>V<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Svisl\u00e1 hranice mezi \u010dervenou a \u017elutou oblast\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje bod, ve kter\u00e9m samci z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos pro potomstvo, proto\u017ee samice vyva\u017euj\u00ed n\u00e1klady na projev sign\u00e1l\u016f. Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed hranice, odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed \u017elutou a \u010dernou oblast od \u010derven\u00e9, vznik\u00e1 podobn\u011b, ale z m\u00e9n\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu. Kdy\u017e jsou n\u00e1klady samic na p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek n\u00edzk\u00e9, optim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku bude relativn\u011b vysok\u00e1, a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic bude v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. To vede k tomu, \u017ee sign\u00e1ly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed samcovi proporcion\u00e1ln\u011b men\u0161\u00ed u\u017eitek z p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1, co\u017e je op\u011bt kompenzov\u00e1no jeho n\u00e1klady.<i>cf<\/i>)<i>zopt<\/i>)<\/p>\n<p>Prostor parametr\u016f, ve kter\u00e9m jsou sign\u00e1ly a odpov\u011bdi fixov\u00e1ny (\u017elut\u00e1), se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na s\u00edle v\u00fdb\u011bru a genetick\u00e9 disperzi alely respondenta. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdy\u017e po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed frekvence alely respondenta je 0.9 m\u00edsto 0.99, jak je uk\u00e1z\u00e1no na obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 2, zaveden\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f vede k \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdb\u011bru v\u016f\u010di responder\u016fm (p\u016fvodn\u00ed genetick\u00e1 disperze je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed) a \u010dern\u00e1 oblast se roz\u0161i\u0159uje doleva.<\/p>\n<p>Sign\u00e1ly samce se mohou objevit, i kdy\u017e budou spojeny s n\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed jeho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek do aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho vrhu (parametrizov\u00e1no <i>sfec<\/i>), \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed <i>p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost*<\/i> jak samce, tak samice, ani\u017e by sni\u017eovaly pravd\u011bpodobnost p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed samce.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>P\u0159izp\u016fsobivost*<\/b> je schopnost rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f s ur\u010ditou genotype.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetika l\u00e1sky: mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt jako z\u00e1klad spolupr\u00e1ce u monogamn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/5561c3ea63ec18c75e9a71d25902bfaf.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Pom\u011br n\u00e1klad\u016f na plodnost a sign\u00e1ly (vlevo) a pom\u011br n\u00e1klad\u016f na \u017eivotaschopnost a sign\u00e1ly.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V aspektu plodnosti, kdy\u017e jsou sign\u00e1ly samce fixov\u00e1ny (\u017elut\u00e1 oblast), v\u0161ichni samci p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b k potomstvu, ne\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bli p\u0159ed projevem sign\u00e1l\u016f. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e byl p\u0159ed projevem sign\u00e1l\u016f samc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic, kdy\u017e jsou n\u00e1klady samc\u016f regulov\u00e1ny plodnost\u00ed (nikoli \u017eivotaschopnost\u00ed), zvy\u0161uje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det potomk\u016f na p\u00e1r, ale to nen\u00ed zcela kompenzov\u00e1no. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic vede k n\u00e1r\u016fstu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu potomk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed dos\u00e1hli ope\u0159en\u00ed, ale sni\u017euje pr\u016fm\u011brnou \u017eivotaschopnost samic. To vede k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma silami, kde je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det potomk\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159i norm\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivotaschopnosti nebo v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (p\u0159ed projevem sign\u00e1l\u016f). <\/p>\n<p>Z matematick\u00e9ho hlediska to vypad\u00e1 takto: pokud sign\u00e1ly samc\u016f zvy\u0161uj\u00ed plodnost o 1 % (ale nezvy\u0161uj\u00ed \u017eivotaschopnost), n\u00e1klady samic na potomstvo se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed o 1,3 %, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jejich \u00famrtnost tak\u00e9 vzr\u016fst\u00e1 o 0,5 %, a po\u010det potomk\u016f na p\u00e1r se sni\u017euje o 0,16 %.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je v\u0161ak pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pod optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad kv\u016fli vlivu prost\u0159ed\u00ed), pak p\u0159i projevu sign\u00e1l\u016f stimuluj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1r\u016fst n\u00e1klad\u016f vznik\u00e1 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd syst\u00e9m, tj. mezirodov\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce. V takov\u00e9 situaci sign\u00e1ly samc\u016f nejen zvy\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek samic na potomstvo, ale tak\u00e9 jejich p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost.<\/p>\n<p>Toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed samc\u016f a samic se nej\u010dast\u011bji objevuje kv\u016fli vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m (klima, prost\u0159ed\u00ed, mno\u017estv\u00ed dostupn\u00e9ho j\u00eddla atd.). Z tohoto d\u016fvodu v\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee vznik monogamie u n\u011bkter\u00fdch sou\u010dasn\u00fdch druh\u016f, zat\u00edmco jejich p\u0159edci byli polygamn\u00ed, je zp\u016fsoben migrac\u00ed a tedy zm\u011bnou prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/early\/2019\/10\/09\/1904138116.full.pdf\">zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/suppl\/2019\/10\/09\/1904138116.DCSupplemental\/pnas.1904138116.sapp.pdf\">dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nTato studie uk\u00e1zala souvislost mezi polyamori\u00ed a monogami\u00ed z hlediska evoluce. V \u0159\u00ed\u0161i pt\u00e1k\u016f se samci v\u017edy sna\u017eili p\u0159ed\u010dit jeden druh\u00e9ho, aby z\u00edskali pozornost samice: jasn\u00fdm pe\u0159\u00edm, kr\u00e1sn\u00fdm tancem nebo dokonce p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm sv\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fsledkem konkurence mezi samci, co\u017e je nej\u010dast\u011bji charakteristick\u00e9 pro polyamorn\u00ed druhy. Z pohledu samic tyto sign\u00e1ly umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed posoudit kvality samce, kter\u00e9 jejich spole\u010dn\u00e9 potomstvo pod\u011bd\u00ed. S postupem \u010dasu v\u0161ak samci za\u010dali evolu\u010dn\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat sv\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly tak, aby byly jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u konkurent\u016f. Samice se naopak vyvinuly tak, aby odol\u00e1valy takov\u00fdm sign\u00e1l\u016fm. V\u017edy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zachov\u00e1na rovnov\u00e1ha. Pokud jsou n\u00e1klady samic na potomstvo nesoum\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00ednosem, pak nem\u00e1 smysl zvy\u0161ovat n\u00e1klady. Je lep\u0161\u00ed sn\u00e9st t\u0159i vejce a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v procesu vysed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdchovy potomstva, ne\u017e sn\u00e9st p\u011bt a zahynout p\u0159i snaze je chr\u00e1nit. <\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fd mezidruhov\u00fd konflikt z\u00e1jm\u016f by mohl v\u00e9st k katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmu poklesu populace, ale evoluce se vydala rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cestou \u2013 cestou spolupr\u00e1ce. V monogamn\u00edch p\u00e1rech se samci i nad\u00e1le projevuj\u00ed v pln\u00e9 kr\u00e1se, zat\u00edmco samice na to reaguj\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem do potomstva. <\/p>\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee sv\u011bt divok\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at nen\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi principy, z\u00e1kony a normami, a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed je podm\u00edn\u011bno evoluc\u00ed, genetikou a touhou po p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 se to romantik\u016fm zd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 prozaick\u00e9, ale v\u011bdci to vid\u00ed jinak. Co by mohlo b\u00fdt kr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e evolvovat tak, aby mezi samic\u00ed a samcem panovala rovnov\u00e1ha a skute\u010dn\u00e9 partnerstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zohled\u0148uje z\u00e1jmy obou stran a sm\u011b\u0159uje k blahu budouc\u00edch generac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed off-topic:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"ZbRrxw-H6xA\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/ZbRrxw-H6xA\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159esto\u017ee n\u00e1zev t\u011bchto pt\u00e1k\u016f nen\u00ed nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (\u201epot\u00e1pky\u201c), jejich tanec spojen\u00ed je prost\u011b n\u00e1dhern\u00fd.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Off-topic 2.0:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"nWfyw51DQfU\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/nWfyw51DQfU\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>R\u00e1jov\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky jsou jasn\u00fdm (doslovn\u011b) p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jakou rozmanitost sign\u00e1l\u016f samci pos\u00edlaj\u00ed samic\u00edm b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed (BBC Earth, hlas v pozad\u00ed \u2013 David Attenborough).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00e9 v\u00edkendy, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, <b>30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/471868\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u2014 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":29313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\".\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" 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