{"id":39223,"date":"2019-10-31T22:28:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:28:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/filosofiya-evolyutsii-i-evolyutsiya-interneta\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:28:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:28:32","slug":"filosofiya-evolyutsii-i-evolyutsiya-interneta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/filosofiya-evolyutsii-i-evolyutsiya-interneta","title":{"rendered":"Filozofie evoluce a evoluce internetu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

SPb, 2012
\nText se nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 filosofi\u00ed na internetu ani filosofi\u00ed internetu \u2013 prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st textu se v\u011bnuje filozofii a druh\u00e1 internetu. Jako spojovac\u00ed prvek mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma \u010d\u00e1stmi slou\u017e\u00ed pojem \u201eevoluce\u201c: \u0159e\u010d bude o filozofii evoluce<\/em> a o evoluci internetu<\/em>. Nejd\u0159\u00edve bude uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, jak filosofie \u2013 filozofie glob\u00e1ln\u00edho evolucionalismu, vyzbrojena konceptem \u201esingularity\u201c \u2013 nevyhnuteln\u011b vede k my\u0161lence, \u017ee internet je p\u0159edch\u016fdcem budouc\u00ed postspole\u010densk\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u00ed soustavy; a posl\u00e9ze i samotn\u00fd internet, p\u0159esn\u011bji logika jeho v\u00fdvoje, potvrd\u00ed pr\u00e1vo filosofie uva\u017eovat o, na prvn\u00ed pohled, \u010dist\u011b technologick\u00fdch t\u00e9matech.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Technologick\u00e1 singularita<\/h2>\n

\nPojem \u201esingularita\u201c s p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem \u201etechnologick\u00e1\u201c pro ozna\u010den\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho bodu na \u010dasov\u00e9 ose v\u00fdvoje civilizace zavedl matematik a spisovatel Vernor Vinge. Extrapolov\u00e1n\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho Mooreova z\u00e1kona, podle kter\u00e9ho se po\u010dty prvk\u016f v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch procesorech ka\u017ed\u00fdch 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f zdvojn\u00e1sobuj\u00ed, u\u010dinil p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee n\u011bkde kolem roku 2025 (plus m\u00ednus 10 let) by m\u011bly po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 \u010dipy vyrovnat svou v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed kapacitu lidsk\u00e9mu mozku (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u010dist\u011b form\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 podle p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho po\u010dtu operac\u00ed). Vinge konstatoval, \u017ee za touto hranic\u00ed n\u00e1s (lidstvo) \u010dek\u00e1 n\u011bco nelidsk\u00e9ho, um\u011bl\u00e1 nadinteligence, a m\u011bli bychom d\u016fkladn\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eit, zda dok\u00e1\u017eeme (a zda bychom m\u011bli) tuto pohromu p\u0159edej\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Evolu\u010dn\u011b planet\u00e1rn\u00ed singularita<\/h2>\n

\nDruh\u00fd vln\u011b z\u00e1jmu o probl\u00e9m singularity vznikla pot\u00e9, co n\u011bkolik v\u011bdc\u016f (Panov, Kurzweil, Snooks) provedlo numerickou anal\u00fdzu fenom\u00e9nu zrychlen\u00ed evoluce, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed obdob\u00ed mezi evolu\u010dn\u00edmi krizemi, nebo, jak se d\u00e1 \u0159\u00edci, \"revolucemi\" v historii Zem\u011b. K t\u011bmto revoluc\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed kysl\u00edkov\u00e1 katastrofa a s n\u00ed spojen\u00fd vznik jadern\u00fdch bun\u011bk (eukaryot); kambrium exploze \u2013 rychl\u00e9, prakticky okam\u017eit\u00e9 podle paleontologick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek formov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fznorod\u00fdch druh\u016f mnohobun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch, v\u010detn\u011b obratlovc\u016f; momenty vzniku a vyhynut\u00ed dinosaur\u016f; vznik hominid\u016f; neolitu a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 revoluce; za\u010d\u00e1tek st\u0159edov\u011bku; pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 a informa\u010dn\u00ed revoluce; kolaps bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho imperialistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (rozpad SSSR). Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee uveden\u00e9 a mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed revolu\u010dn\u00ed momenty v historii na\u0161\u00ed planety spadaj\u00ed do ur\u010dit\u00e9 pravidelnosti-formule, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 singularn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kolem roku 2027. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, na rozd\u00edl od spekulativn\u00edho p\u0159edpokladu Windjse, se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s \"singularity\" v tradi\u010dn\u00edm matematick\u00e9m smyslu \u2013 po\u010det kriz\u00ed v tomto bod\u011b, podle empiricky z\u00edskan\u00e9 formule, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nekone\u010dn\u00fdm, a intervaly mezi nimi se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed nule, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed rovnice se st\u00e1v\u00e1 neur\u010dit\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee odkazy na bod evolu\u010dn\u00ed singularity nazna\u010duj\u00ed n\u011bco podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e ban\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u016fst v\u00fdkonnosti po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f \u2013 ch\u00e1peme, \u017ee stoj\u00edme na prahu z\u00e1sadn\u00edho ud\u00e1losti v historii planety.<\/p>\n

Politick\u00e1, kulturn\u00ed a ekonomick\u00e1 singularita jako faktory absolutn\u00ed krize civilizace<\/h2>\n

\nNa zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e9 periody (n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 10-20 let) poukazuje i anal\u00fdza ekonomick\u00e9, politick\u00e9, kulturn\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry spole\u010dnosti (proveden\u00e1 mnou ve pr\u00e1ci \u201eFinita la historie. Politicko-kulturn\u011b-hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 singularita jako absolutn\u00ed krize civilizace \u2013 optimistick\u00fd pohled do budoucnosti<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c): prodlou\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch trend\u016f v\u00fdvoje v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v\u011bdecko-technick\u00e9ho pokroku nevyhnuteln\u011b vede k \"singul\u00e1rn\u00edm\" situac\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00fd finan\u010dn\u011b-ekonomick\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v podstat\u011b n\u00e1strojem pro slad\u011bn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00e9 v \u010dase a prostoru v\u00fdroby a spot\u0159eby zbo\u017e\u00ed. Pokud analyzujeme trendy ve v\u00fdvoji s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f a automatizace v\u00fdroby, m\u016f\u017eeme doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee \u010dasem bude ka\u017ed\u00fd akt spot\u0159eby co nejv\u00edce p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een k aktu v\u00fdroby, co\u017e bezesporu odstran\u00ed samotnou pot\u0159ebu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho finan\u010dn\u011b-ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee modern\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie se ji\u017e bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed takov\u00e9 \u00farovni v\u00fdvoje, kdy v\u00fdroba konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho jednotkov\u00e9ho produktu bude ur\u010dov\u00e1na nikoli statistick\u00fdm faktorem trhu spot\u0159eby, ale objedn\u00e1vkou konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho spot\u0159ebitele. To bude mo\u017en\u00e9 tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee z\u00e1konit\u00e9 zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu pr\u00e1ce na v\u00fdrobu jednotkov\u00e9ho produktu v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku povede k situaci, kdy k v\u00fdrob\u011b tohoto produktu bude pot\u0159eba minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se shrnuje do aktu objedn\u00e1vky. T\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee v d\u016fsledku technologick\u00e9ho pokroku se hlavn\u00edm zbo\u017e\u00edm st\u00e1v\u00e1 nikoli technick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale jeho funk\u010dnost \u2013 program. Rozvoj informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed tedy ukazuje jak na nevyhnutelnost budouc\u00edho absolutn\u00edho krizov\u00e9ho stavu modern\u00edho ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, tak na mo\u017enost jednozna\u010dn\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9 formy slad\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdroby a spot\u0159eby. Tento popisovan\u00fd p\u0159echodn\u00fd moment v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed historii lze rozumn\u011b nazvat ekonomickou singularitou.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstup o bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se politick\u00e9 singularit\u011b lze z\u00edskat anal\u00fdzou vztah\u016f dvou \u010dasov\u011b rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch akt\u016f: p\u0159ijet\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed a hodnocen\u00ed jeho v\u00fdsledku \u2013 maj\u00ed tendenci se sbli\u017eovat. To souvis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s t\u00edm, \u017ee na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b se \u010dist\u011b v\u00fdrobn\u011b-technologick\u00fdmi d\u016fvody zkracuje \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek mezi p\u0159ijet\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdsledku: od stolet\u00ed a desetilet\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve po roky, m\u011bs\u00edce a dny v modern\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, s rozvojem s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch informa\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed bude hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nikoli ur\u010den\u00ed osoby, kter\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159ijme, ale hodnocen\u00ed efektivity v\u00fdsledku. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nevyhnuteln\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00edme k situaci, kdy je mo\u017enost p\u0159ijmout rozhodnut\u00ed poskytov\u00e1na ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo m\u00e1 z\u00e1jem, a hodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledku rozhodnut\u00ed nevy\u017eaduje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed politick\u00e9 mechanismy (jako nap\u0159. hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed) a prov\u00e1d\u00ed se automaticky.<\/p>\n

Vedle technologick\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch singularit lze hovo\u0159it i o zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b projeven\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed singularit\u011b: o p\u0159echodu od tot\u00e1ln\u00edho prioritu postupn\u011b se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch um\u011bleck\u00fdch styl\u016f (s klesaj\u00edc\u00edm obdob\u00edm jejich prosperity) k paraleln\u00edmu, sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu existov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 rozmanitosti kulturn\u00edch forem, k svobod\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u00edho tvo\u0159en\u00ed a individu\u00e1ln\u00edho spot\u0159ebov\u00e1n\u00ed produkt\u016f tohoto tvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bd\u011b a filosofii se v sou\u010dasnosti r\u00fdsuje posun smyslu a c\u00edle pozn\u00e1n\u00ed od vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch logick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f (teori\u00ed) k r\u016fstu integrovan\u00e9ho individu\u00e1ln\u00edho porozum\u011bn\u00ed, k utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed takzvan\u00e9ho post-v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu, nebo post-singul\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru.<\/p>\n

Singularita jako ukon\u010den\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nTradi\u010dn\u011b se diskuse o singularit\u011b \u2013 jak technologick\u00e9 singularit\u011b spojen\u00e9 s obavami o otroctv\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed, tak planet\u00e1rn\u00ed singularit\u011b, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z anal\u00fdzy ekologick\u00fdch a civiliza\u010dn\u00edch kriz\u00ed \u2013 vede v term\u00ednech katastrofy. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc z obecn\u011b evolu\u010dn\u00edch \u00favah, bychom nem\u011bli p\u0159edstavovat nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed singularitu jako konec sv\u011bta. Logi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o d\u016fle\u017eitou, zaj\u00edmavou, ale nikoli jedine\u010dnou ud\u00e1lost v historii planety \u2013 p\u0159echod k nov\u00e9mu evolu\u010dn\u00edmu \u00farovni. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u0159ada singularn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z extrapolace trend\u016f ve v\u00fdvoji planety, spole\u010dnosti a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed techniky, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o ukon\u010den\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho (spole\u010densk\u00e9ho) evolu\u010dn\u00edho etapy v glob\u00e1ln\u00ed historii planety a za\u010d\u00e1tku nov\u00e9ho postspole\u010densk\u00e9ho. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o historickou ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 je porovnateln\u00e1 v\u00fdznamem s p\u0159echody od proto-biologick\u00e9 evoluce k biologick\u00e9 (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 4 miliardami let) a od biologick\u00e9 evoluce k spole\u010densk\u00e9 (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 2,5 miliony let).<\/p>\n

V uveden\u00fdch p\u0159echodn\u00fdch obdob\u00edch se tak\u00e9 pozorovaly singul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Tak p\u0159i p\u0159echodu od proto-biologick\u00e9ho st\u00e1diu evoluce k biologick\u00e9mu se posloupnost n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch synt\u00e9z nov\u00fdch organick\u00fdch polymer\u016f zm\u011bnila na nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd z\u00e1konit\u00fd proces jejich reprodukce, co\u017e lze ozna\u010dit jako \u201esingularity synt\u00e9zy\u201c. A p\u0159echod k soci\u00e1ln\u00edmu st\u00e1diu byl doprov\u00e1zen \u201esingularity adaptac\u00ed\u201c: \u0159ada biologick\u00fdch adaptac\u00ed p\u0159erostla v nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd proces v\u00fdroby a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed adaptivn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, tedy p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed prakticky okam\u017eit\u011b se p\u0159izp\u016fsobit jak\u00fdmkoliv zm\u011bn\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (ochladilo se \u2013 obl\u00e9kl si ko\u017eich, pr\u0161\u00ed \u2013 otev\u0159el de\u0161tn\u00edk). Singul\u00e1rn\u00ed trendy, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed ukon\u010den\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9ho<\/em> Etapa evoluce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt interpretov\u00e1na jako \u201esingularity intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch inovac\u00ed\u201c. Ve skute\u010dnosti posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed pozorujeme tuto singularitu jako p\u0159em\u011bnu \u0159et\u011bzce jednotliv\u00fdch objev\u016f a vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly d\u0159\u00edve odd\u011bleny zna\u010dn\u00fdmi \u010dasov\u00fdmi rozestupy, v nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd proud v\u011bdecko-technick\u00fdch novinek. P\u0159echod k post-soci\u00e1ln\u00edmu obdob\u00ed se tedy projevuje jako zm\u011bna v postupn\u00e9m objevov\u00e1n\u00ed kreativn\u00edch inovac\u00ed (objevy, vyn\u00e1lezy) na jejich nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 generov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V tomto smyslu lze do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry hovo\u0159it o formov\u00e1n\u00ed (p\u0159esn\u011bji formov\u00e1n\u00ed, nikoli vytvo\u0159en\u00ed) um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence. Stejn\u011b tak, jak lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdroba a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed adaptivn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lze ozna\u010dit jako \u201eum\u011bl\u00fd \u017eivot\u201c, a samotn\u00fd \u017eivot z pohledu nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 reprodukce organick\u00e9ho synt\u00e9zu \u2013 jako \u201eum\u011bl\u00fd synt\u00e9z\u201c. V podstat\u011b je ka\u017ed\u00fd evolu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159echod spojen s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm fungov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch proces\u016f p\u0159edchoz\u00edho evolu\u010dn\u00edho stupn\u011b nov\u00fdmi, pro n\u011bj nespecifick\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. \u017divot je nechemick\u00fd zp\u016fsob reprodukce chemick\u00e9ho synt\u00e9zu, rozum je nebiologick\u00fd zp\u016fsob zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivota. Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm v t\u00e9to logice lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee postsoci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m bude \u201enerozumn\u00fdm\u201c zp\u016fsobem zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u010dlov\u011bka. Ne v smyslu \u201ehloup\u00fdm\u201c, ale prost\u011b form\u00e1ln\u011b nem\u00e1 vztah k rozumn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b navr\u017een\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u011b-hierarchick\u00e9 logiky lze tak\u00e9 vyslovit p\u0159edpoklad o post-soci\u00e1ln\u00edm budoucnu lid\u00ed (element\u016f soci\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu). Stejn\u011b jako bioprocesy nenahradily chemick\u00e9 reakce, ale v podstat\u011b p\u0159edstavovaly jen slo\u017eitou jejich posloupnost, a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti nevylou\u010dilo biologickou (\u017eivotn\u00ed) podstatu \u010dlov\u011bka \u2013 tak ani post-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m nejen\u017ee nenahrad\u00ed lidskou inteligenci, ale ani ji nep\u0159ekon\u00e1. Post-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m bude fungovat NA z\u00e1klad\u011b lidsk\u00e9 inteligence a DLE zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jej\u00ed \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00edm glob\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00edho metody anal\u00fdzy vzorc\u016f p\u0159echod\u016f na nov\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (biologick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed) m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st n\u011bkter\u00e9 principy nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159echodu k post-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed evoluci. (1) Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed a stabilita p\u0159edchoz\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159i formov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho \u2013 \u010dlov\u011bk a lidstvo po p\u0159echodu evoluce na novou etapu si uchovaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy sv\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace. (2) Nekatastrofi\u010dnost p\u0159echodu na post-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2013 p\u0159echod se neprojev\u00ed v destrukci struktur sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho evolu\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, ale bude spojen s formov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. (3) Absolutn\u00ed za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed prvk\u016f p\u0159edchoz\u00edho evolu\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu do fungov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho \u2013 lid\u00e9 budou zaji\u0161\u0165ovat nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd proces tvo\u0159en\u00ed v post-soci\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, udr\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed svou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturu. (4) Nemo\u017enost formulovat principy nov\u00e9ho evolu\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu v term\u00ednech p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u2013 nem\u00e1me a nikdy nebudeme m\u00edt jazyk ani pojmy pro popis post-soci\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Postspole\u010densk\u00fd syst\u00e9m a informa\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165<\/h2>\n

\nV\u0161echny popsan\u00e9 varianty singularity, ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed na nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159echod, jsou tak \u010di onak spojeny s v\u011bdecko-technick\u00fdm pokrokem, a p\u0159esn\u011bji s v\u00fdvojem informa\u010dn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Technologick\u00e1 singularita Vinge p\u0159\u00edmo nazna\u010duje vytvo\u0159en\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, nad-inteligence, schopn\u00e9 absorbovat v\u0161echny sf\u00e9ry lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Graf popisuj\u00edc\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00ed evoluce dosahuje singularity, kdy\u017e frekvence revolu\u010dn\u00edch zm\u011bn, frekvence vzniku novinek se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nekone\u010dnou, co\u017e op\u011bt logicky souvis\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u00fdm pr\u016flomem v s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch technologi\u00edch. Ekonomick\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 singularity \u2013 spojen\u00ed akt\u016f v\u00fdroby a spot\u0159eby, p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed okam\u017eik\u016f p\u0159ijet\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed a vyhodnocen\u00ed jeho v\u00fdsledku \u2013 jsou tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem v\u00fdvoje informa\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza p\u0159edchoz\u00edch evolu\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159echod\u016f n\u00e1m nazna\u010duje, \u017ee postsoci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m by m\u011bl b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1n na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvc\u00edch soci\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u2013 individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rozumech, spojen\u00fdch nesoci\u00e1ln\u00edmi (neproduk\u010dn\u00edmi) vztahy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee stejn\u011b jako \u017eivot je n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, co nezbytn\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165uje chemick\u00e1 synt\u00e9za nechemick\u00fdmi metodami (prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm reprodukce), a rozum je n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, co nezbytn\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165uje reprodukci \u017eivota nebiologick\u00fdmi metodami (v produkci), tak by m\u011bl b\u00fdt postsoci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m ch\u00e1pan jako n\u011bco, co nezbytn\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165uje rozumnou produkci nesoci\u00e1ln\u00edmi metodami. P\u0159edobrazem takov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b bezpochyby vystupuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. Ale pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159edobrazem \u2013 pro p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed bodu singularity mus\u00ed sama je\u0161t\u011b proj\u00edt ne jednou kriz\u00ed, aby se transformovala na n\u011bco sob\u011bsta\u010dn\u00e9ho, co se n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdv\u00e1 s\u00e9mantick\u00fdm webem.<\/p>\n

Teorie mnoha sv\u011bt\u016f pravdy<\/h2>\n

\nPro diskusi o mo\u017en\u00fdch principech organizace post-soci\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a transformaci modern\u00edch informa\u010dn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed je krom\u011b evolu\u010dn\u00edch \u00favah nutn\u00e9 zachytit tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 filozoficko-logick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady, zejm\u00e9na vztah mezi ontologi\u00ed a logickou pravdou.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 filozofii existuje n\u011bkolik konkuren\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed pravdy: korespondentn\u00ed, autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1, pragmatick\u00e1, konven\u010dn\u00ed, koherentn\u00ed a n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b defla\u010dn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pop\u00edr\u00e1 samotnou pot\u0159ebu pojmu \u201epravda\u201c. Tuto situaci je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159edstavit jako \u0159e\u0161itelnou, kter\u00e1 by mohla skon\u010dit v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm jedn\u00e9 z teori\u00ed. Sp\u00ed\u0161e bychom se m\u011bli dostat k pochopen\u00ed principu relativnosti pravdy, kter\u00fd lze formulovat takto: pravdivost v\u00fdrok\u016f lze konstatovat pouze a v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b v r\u00e1mci jednoho z mnoha v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/em>, kter\u00e9 jsem v \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201eTeorie mnoha sv\u011bt\u016f pravdy<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c navrhl naz\u00fdvat logick\u00fdmi sv\u011bty<\/em>Pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z n\u00e1s je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pro potvrzen\u00ed pravdivosti na\u0161eho vy\u0159\u010den\u00e9ho tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 konstatuje n\u011bjakou situaci v osobn\u00ed realit\u011b, v na\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed ontologii, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba odkazu na \u017e\u00e1dnou teorii pravdy: tvrzen\u00ed je pravdiv\u00e9 prost\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b jeho zakotven\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed ontologii, v na\u0161em logick\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee existuj\u00ed i nadindividu\u00e1ln\u00ed logick\u00e9 sv\u011bty, generalizovan\u00e9 ontologie lid\u00ed, spojen\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010dinnostmi \u2013 v\u011bdeckou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, um\u011bleckou atd. A je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9m z t\u011bchto logick\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f je pravdivost tvrzen\u00ed zakotvena zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem \u2013 podle zp\u016fsobu jejich zapojen\u00ed do konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Specifika \u010dinnosti v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 ontologie toti\u017e ur\u010duj\u00ed soubor metod fixace a generace pravdiv\u00fdch tvrzen\u00ed: v n\u011bkter\u00fdch sv\u011btech p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 autoritativn\u00ed metoda (v n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed), v jin\u00fdch koherentn\u00ed (ve v\u011bd\u011b), v t\u0159et\u00edch konven\u010dn\u00ed (v etice, politice).<\/p>\n

Pokud tedy nechceme omezit s\u00e9mantickou s\u00ed\u0165 popisem pouze jedn\u00e9 oblasti (nap\u0159\u00edklad fyzick\u00e9 reality), mus\u00edme vych\u00e1zet z toho, \u017ee v n\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee existovat jedna logika, jeden princip pravdivosti \u2013 s\u00ed\u0165 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt budov\u00e1na na principu rovnosti p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se, ale z\u00e1sadn\u011b nesouvisej\u00edc\u00edch logick\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u0161ech mysliteln\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ontologie \u010dinnosti<\/h2>\n

\nA tady p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00edme od filozofie evoluce k evoluci internetu, od hypotetick\u00fdch singularit k utilit\u00e1rn\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho webu.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9my v\u00fdstavby s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry souvisej\u00ed s kultivov\u00e1n\u00edm jej\u00edmi projektanty naturalistick\u00e9, scientismov\u00e9 filozofie, tedy s pokusy vytvo\u0159it jedinou spr\u00e1vnou ontologii, kter\u00e1 by odr\u00e1\u017eela takzvanou objektivn\u00ed realitu. A je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pravdivost v\u00fdrok\u016f v t\u00e9to ontologii by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ur\u010dov\u00e1na podle jednotn\u00fdch pravidel, podle univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie pravdy (pod kterou se nej\u010dast\u011bji rozum\u00ed korespondentn\u00ed, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o shodu v\u00fdrok\u016f s n\u011bjakou \"objektivn\u00ed realitou\").<\/p>\n

Zde je pot\u0159eba se zeptat: co by m\u011bla ontologie popisovat, co pro ni p\u0159edstavuje tu \"objektivn\u00ed realitu\", kter\u00e9 by se m\u011bla \u0159\u00eddit? N\u011bjak\u00e9 neur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed objekt\u016f, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 sv\u011bt, nebo konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dinnost v r\u00e1mci kone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017einy objekt\u016f? Co n\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1: realita v\u016fbec, nebo pevn\u00e9 vztahy ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a objekt\u016f v sekvenci akc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na dosa\u017een\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f? Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed na tyto ot\u00e1zky mus\u00edme dosp\u011bt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee ontologie d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl pouze jako kone\u010dn\u00e1 a v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b jako ontologie \u010dinnosti (\u010din\u016f). A tedy je bezp\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e9 mluvit o jednotn\u00e9 ontologii: kolik \u010dinnost\u00ed, tolik ontologi\u00ed. Ontologii nen\u00ed t\u0159eba vym\u00fd\u0161let \u2013 je nutn\u00e9 ji odhalit formalizac\u00ed samotn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pokud mluv\u00edme o ontologii geografick\u00fdch objekt\u016f, ontologii navigace, pak ta bude jedna pro v\u0161echny \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 nejsou orientov\u00e1ny na zm\u011bnu krajiny. Ale pokud se obr\u00e1t\u00edme na oblasti, kde objekty nemaj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s prostorov\u00fdmi a \u010dasov\u00fdmi sou\u0159adnicemi, nemaj\u00ed vztah k fyzick\u00e9 realit\u011b, pak ontologie vznikaj\u00ed bez jak\u00fdchkoli omezen\u00ed: m\u016f\u017eeme uva\u0159it pokrm, postavit d\u016fm, vytvo\u0159it tr\u00e9ninkovou metodiku, napsat program politick\u00e9 strany, spojit slova do b\u00e1sn\u011b nekone\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, a ka\u017ed\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u2013 to je samostatn\u00e1 ontologie. P\u0159i takov\u00e9m ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed ontologi\u00ed (jako zp\u016fsob\u016f fixace konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dinnosti) mohou a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt vytv\u00e1\u0159eny pouze v t\u00e9to konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edmo prov\u00e1d\u011bny na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di nebo na n\u011bm zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny. A jin\u00e9 brzy v\u016fbec nez\u016fstanou; ty, kter\u00e9 nebudou \u201edigitalizov\u00e1ny\u201c, n\u00e1s zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zaj\u00edmat nemus\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ontologie jako hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdsledek \u010dinnosti<\/h2>\n

\nJak\u00e1koli \u010dinnost se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednotliv\u00fdch operac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 navazuj\u00ed vztahy mezi objekty pevn\u011b definovan\u00e9 oblasti. \u010cinitel (d\u00e1le tradi\u010dn\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00fd u\u017eivatel) opakovan\u011b \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e p\u00ed\u0161e v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek, vypl\u0148uje tabulku dat, sestavuje pracovn\u00ed graf \u2013 prov\u00e1d\u00ed zcela standardn\u00ed sadu operac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nakonec vedou k dosa\u017een\u00ed pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku. A v tomto v\u00fdsledku vid\u00ed smysl sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Ale pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me z pohledu nikoli lok\u00e1ln\u011b utilit\u00e1rn\u00edho, ale syst\u00e9mov\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho, pak hlavn\u00ed hodnota pr\u00e1ce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho profesion\u00e1la nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku, ale v metod\u011b jeho psan\u00ed, v ontologii \u010dinnosti. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, druh\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b (po v\u00fdvodu \u201eontologi\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt neomezen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed; kolik \u010dinnost\u00ed, tolik ontologi\u00ed\u201c) by m\u011bl b\u00fdt teze: smysl jak\u00e9koli \u010dinnosti nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v kone\u010dn\u00e9m produktu, ale v ontologii, kter\u00e1 je zaznamen\u00e1na b\u011bhem jej\u00ed realizace<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Samotn\u00fd produkt, tedy \u010dl\u00e1nek, v sob\u011b nese ontologii \u2013 je to v podstat\u011b jej\u00ed ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed v textu, ale v takto zafixovan\u00e9 podob\u011b se produkt velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b podrobuje ontologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. Pr\u00e1v\u011b o tento k\u00e1men \u2013 o pevn\u00fd kone\u010dn\u00fd produkt \u010dinnosti \u2013 se semantick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, \u017ee odhalit s\u00e9mantiku (ontologii) textu lze pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee ji\u017e disponujeme ontologi\u00ed tohoto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho textu. Pochopit text s m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161nou ontologi\u00ed (se zm\u011bn\u011bnou terminologi\u00ed, pojmovou s\u00edt\u00ed) je dokonce obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 i pro \u010dlov\u011bka, a pro program je to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, jak je jasn\u00e9 z navrhovan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, anal\u00fdzu s\u00e9mantiky textu nen\u00ed t\u0159eba prov\u00e1d\u011bt: pokud je c\u00edlem odhalit ur\u010ditou ontologii, nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba analyzovat fixovan\u00fd produkt, mus\u00ed se obr\u00e1tit p\u0159\u00edmo na samotnou \u010dinnost, v jej\u00edm\u017e pr\u016fb\u011bhu vznikl.<\/p>\n

Ontologick\u00fd parser<\/h2>\n

\nV podstat\u011b to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je t\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it programov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017eilo jako pracovn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho u\u017eivatele a ontologick\u00fd parser, kter\u00fd registruje v\u0161echny jeho \u010dinnosti. Od u\u017eivatele se nevy\u017eaduje nic v\u00edc ne\u017e pouze pracovat: vytvo\u0159it strukturu textu, upravit ji, vyhled\u00e1vat zdroje, vyzna\u010dit citace, um\u00edstit je do odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch sekc\u00ed, d\u011blat pozn\u00e1mky a koment\u00e1\u0159e, organizovat index a tezaurus atd. Maximem dodate\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed by bylo ozna\u010den\u00ed nov\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f a jejich propojen\u00ed s ontologi\u00ed pomoc\u00ed kontextov\u00e9ho menu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd profesion\u00e1l v\u0161ak tuto dodate\u010dnou \u201ez\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u201c jist\u011b uv\u00edt\u00e1. Tedy \u00fakol je zcela konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed: je nutn\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it takov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro odborn\u00edka jak\u00e9koli oblasti, od kter\u00e9ho by se nemohl vzd\u00e1t.<\/em>, n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd nejen umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u0161echny standardn\u00ed operace p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi informacemi (sb\u011br, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, konfigurace), ale tak\u00e9 automaticky formalizuje \u010dinnost, buduje ontologii t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti a p\u0159i akumulaci \"zku\u0161enosti\" ji koriguje.<\/p>\n

Vesm\u00edr objekt\u016f a klastrov\u00e9 ontologie<\/h2>\n

\n Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee popisovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k budov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b bude skute\u010dn\u011b efektivn\u00ed pouze za spln\u011bn\u00ed t\u0159et\u00edho principu: programov\u00e9 kompatibility v\u0161ech vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch ontologi\u00ed, tedy zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jejich syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 prov\u00e1zanosti. Bezpochyby ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel, ka\u017ed\u00fd profesion\u00e1l vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed svou ontologii a pracuje v jej\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale kompatibilita individu\u00e1ln\u00edch ontologi\u00ed v datech a ideologii organizace zajist\u00ed vznik jednotn\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru objekt\u016f<\/em> (dat).<\/p>\n

Automatick\u00e9 srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edch ontologi\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed, \u017ee odhalov\u00e1n\u00edm jejich p\u0159ekryv\u016f se budou vytv\u00e1\u0159et tematick\u00e9 klastrov\u00e9 ontologie<\/em> \u2013 hierarchicky organizovan\u00e9 neinvidu\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury objekt\u016f. Interakce individu\u00e1ln\u00ed ontologie s klastrovou v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnost u\u017eivatele, nasm\u011bruje ji a koriguje.<\/p>\n

Jedine\u010dnost objekt\u016f<\/h2>\n

\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed po\u017eadavek na s\u00e9mantickou s\u00ed\u0165 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed uniqueness objekt\u016f, bez nich\u017e nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 realizovat propojen\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edch ontologi\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ka\u017ed\u00fd text by m\u011bl b\u00fdt v syst\u00e9mu v jedin\u00e9m exempl\u00e1\u0159i \u2013 pak bude ka\u017ed\u00e9 na n\u011bj odkazov\u00e1n\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00e9 citov\u00e1n\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1no: u\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee sledovat zapojen\u00ed textu a jeho fragment\u016f do r\u016fzn\u00fdch klastr\u016f nebo osobn\u00edch ontologi\u00ed. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pod \u201ejedin\u00fdm exempl\u00e1\u0159em\u201c se rozum\u00ed neuchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na jednom serveru, ale p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed objektu unik\u00e1tn\u00edho identifik\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee by m\u011bl b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1n princip kone\u010dnosti objemu unik\u00e1tn\u00edch objekt\u016f p\u0159i mnohosti a neomezenosti jejich organizace v ontologii.<\/p>\n

U\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 centrum<\/h2>\n

\nZ\u00e1sadn\u00edm d\u016fsledkem organizace s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b podle navr\u017een\u00e9 sch\u00e9my bude odm\u00edtnut\u00ed sitecentrismu \u2013 struktury internetu orientovan\u00e9 na str\u00e1nky. Vznik a p\u0159\u00edtomnost ur\u010dit\u00e9ho objektu v s\u00edti znamen\u00e1 pouze a v\u00fdhradn\u011b jeho p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00edho identifik\u00e1toru a za\u0159azen\u00ed alespo\u0148 do jedn\u00e9 ontologie (\u0159\u00edkejme, individu\u00e1ln\u00ed ontologie u\u017eivatele, kter\u00fd objekt um\u00edstil). Objekt, nap\u0159\u00edklad text, by nem\u011bl m\u00edt \u017e\u00e1dnou adresu na Webu \u2013 nen\u00ed v\u00e1z\u00e1n na \u017e\u00e1dnou str\u00e1nku ani na web. Jedin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak k textu p\u0159istupovat, je jeho zobrazen\u00ed v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di u\u017eivatele po jeho nalezen\u00ed v n\u011bjak\u00e9 ontologii (a\u0165 u\u017e jako samostatn\u00fd objekt, nebo podle odkazu \u010di citace). S\u00ed\u0165 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b u\u017eivatelsky orientovanou: p\u0159ed a bez p\u0159ipojen\u00ed u\u017eivatele m\u00e1me pouze univerzum objekt\u016f a mno\u017estv\u00ed klastrov\u00fdch ontologi\u00ed postaven\u00fdch na tomto univerzu, a teprve po p\u0159ipojen\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k konfiguraci univerza vzhledem ke struktu\u0159e ontologie u\u017eivatele \u2013 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b s mo\u017enost\u00ed voln\u00e9ho p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e\u00fahl\u016f pohledu\u201c, p\u0159echodu na pozice jin\u00fdch, sousedn\u00edch nebo vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch ontologi\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de se st\u00e1v\u00e1 ne zobrazen\u00ed obsahu, ale p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k ontologi\u00edm (klastr\u016fm) a navigace v nich.<\/p>\n

Slu\u017eby a produkty v takov\u00e9 s\u00edti budou figurovat jako samostatn\u00e9 objekty, p\u016fvodn\u011b zapsan\u00e9 v ontologi\u00edch jejich vlastn\u00edk\u016f. Pokud bude v aktivit\u011b u\u017eivatele zji\u0161t\u011bna pot\u0159eba ur\u010dit\u00e9ho objektu, tak p\u0159i jeho p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v syst\u00e9mu bude automaticky nab\u00eddnut. (V podstat\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b takov\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu nyn\u00ed funguje kontextov\u00e1 reklama \u2013 pokud n\u011bco hled\u00e1te, zcela ur\u010dit\u011b neodejdete bez nab\u00eddek.) Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, samotn\u00e1  pot\u0159eba jak\u00e9hokoliv nov\u00e9ho objektu (slu\u017eby, produktu) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt odhalena anal\u00fdzou klastrov\u00fdch ontologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee v u\u017eivatelsky orientovan\u00e9 s\u00edti bude nab\u00edzen\u00fd objekt zobrazen v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di u\u017eivatele jako vlo\u017een\u00fd widget. Pro zobrazen\u00ed v\u0161ech nab\u00eddek (v\u0161ech v\u00fdrobk\u016f v\u00fdrobce nebo v\u0161ech text\u016f autora) se mus\u00ed u\u017eivatel p\u0159epnout na ontologii dodavatele, kde jsou systematicky zobrazeny v\u0161echny objekty dostupn\u00e9 pro extern\u00ed u\u017eivatele. A je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee s\u00ed\u0165 okam\u017eit\u011b poskytuje mo\u017enost sezn\u00e1mit se s ontologiemi v\u00fdrobc\u016f klastru, a co je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, s informacemi o chov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch u\u017eivatel\u016f v tomto klastru.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

\nTak\u017ee informa\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 budoucnosti se jev\u00ed jako univerzum unik\u00e1tn\u00edch objekt\u016f s individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi ontologiemi, kter\u00e9 jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b spojeny do klastrov\u00fdch ontologi\u00ed. Objekt je definov\u00e1n a p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd v s\u00edti pro u\u017eivatele pouze jako zapsan\u00fd v jedn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edce ontologi\u00edch. Ontologie se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b automaticky parsov\u00e1n\u00edm aktivity u\u017eivatele. P\u0159\u00edstup do s\u00edt\u011b je organizov\u00e1n jako existence\/aktivita u\u017eivatele ve sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed ontologii s mo\u017enost\u00ed jej\u00edho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159echodu k jin\u00fdm ontologi\u00edm. A pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b u\u017e je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 popisovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m naz\u00fdvat s\u00edt\u00ed \u2013 jedn\u00e1 se o jak\u00fdsi virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed sv\u011bt, s univerzem, kter\u00e9 je u\u017eivatel\u016fm \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edstavov\u00e1no ve form\u011b jejich individu\u00e1ln\u00ed  ontologie \u2013 soukrom\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed reality.<\/p>\n

*
\nNa z\u00e1v\u011br bych cht\u011bl zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee ani filozofick\u00fd, ani technick\u00fd aspekt nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed singularity nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s probl\u00e9mem takzvan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch aplikovan\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f nikdy nevede k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed toho, co by se dalo pln\u011b nazvat inteligenc\u00ed. A to nov\u00e9, co bude tvo\u0159it esenci fungov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho evolu\u010dn\u00edho stupn\u011b, ji\u017e nebude inteligenc\u00ed \u2013 ani um\u011blou, ani p\u0159irozenou. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno, bylo by spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee to bude inteligenc\u00ed do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, jak budeme schopni to pochopit sv\u00fdm lidsk\u00fdm intelektem.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i pr\u00e1ci na vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f je t\u0159eba k nim p\u0159istupovat pouze jako k technick\u00fdm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a nezab\u00fdvat se filozofick\u00fdmi, psychologick\u00fdmi a u\u017e v\u016fbec eticko-estetick\u00fdmi a glob\u00e1ln\u011b-katastrofick\u00fdmi momenty. A\u010dkoli to nepochybn\u011b budou zkoumat jak humanitn\u00ed, tak technick\u00e9 obory, jejich \u00favahy nezrychl\u00ed ani nezpomal\u00ed z\u00e1konit\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ryze technick\u00fdch \u00faloh. Filozofick\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed jak cel\u00e9mu evolu\u010dn\u00edmu pohybu sv\u011bta, tak podstat\u011b nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed hierarchick\u00e9 zm\u011bny p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed s touto zm\u011bnou samotnou.<\/p>\n

Samotn\u00e1 zm\u011bna bude technologick\u00e1. Ale nenastane v d\u016fsledku n\u011bjak\u00e9ho geni\u00e1ln\u00edho individu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Ale na z\u00e1klad\u011b souhrnu rozhodnut\u00ed. P\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00edm kritick\u00e9 masy. Inteligence se zrealizuje v \"hardware\". Ale nebude to individu\u00e1ln\u00ed inteligence. A ne v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. A nebude u\u017e to inteligenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P.S. Pokus o realizaci projektu noospherenetwork.com<\/a><\/noindex> (varianta po prim\u00e1rn\u00edm testov\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Literatura<\/p>\n

1. Vernor Vinge. Technologick\u00e1 singularita, www.computerra.ru\/think\/35636<\/a><\/noindex>
\n2. A. D. Panov. Ukon\u010den\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00edho cyklu evoluce? Filozofick\u00e9 v\u011bdy, \u010d. 3\u20134: 42\u201349; 31\u201350, 2005.
\n3. Boldachev A.V. Finita la historie. Politicko-kulturn\u011b-ekonomick\u00e1 singularita jako absolutn\u00ed krize civilizace. Optimistick\u00fd pohled do budoucnosti<\/a><\/noindex>. SPb., 2008.
\n4. Boldachev A.V. Struktura glob\u00e1ln\u00edch evolu\u010dn\u00edch \u00farovn\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>. SPb., 2008.
\n5. Boldachev A.V. Novinky. \u00davahy v r\u00e1mci evolu\u010dn\u00ed paradigmatu<\/a><\/noindex>, SPb.: Vydavatelstv\u00ed S.-Petersbursk\u00e9 univerzity, 2007. \u2014 256 s.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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