{"id":39238,"date":"2019-10-31T22:28:37","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:28:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/semanticheskij-brauzer-ili-zhizn-bez-sajtov\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:28:37","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:28:37","slug":"semanticheskij-brauzer-ili-zhizn-bez-sajtov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/semanticheskij-brauzer-ili-zhizn-bez-sajtov","title":{"rendered":"Semantick\u00fd prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d nebo \u017eivot bez webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Semantick\u00fd
\n
\nMy\u0161lenku o nevyhnutelnosti p\u0159echodu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b od struktury zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky k u\u017eivatelsky centr\u00e1ln\u00ed struktu\u0159e jsem vyj\u00e1d\u0159il u\u017e v roce 2012 (Filozofie evoluce a evoluce internetu<\/a><\/noindex> nebo zkr\u00e1cen\u011b WEB 3.0. Od webov\u00e9 centrisity k u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 centrisity<\/a><\/noindex>). Letos jsem se pokusil rozvinout t\u00e9ma nov\u00e9ho internetu v textu WEB 3.0 \u2014 druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>. Nyn\u00ed zve\u0159ej\u0148uji druhou \u010d\u00e1st \u010dl\u00e1nku WEB 3.0 nebo \u017eivot bez webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek<\/a><\/noindex> (doporu\u010duji si to prohl\u00e9dnout p\u0159ed \u010dten\u00edm t\u00e9to str\u00e1nky).<\/p>\n

Tak co tedy m\u00e1me? Internet ve verzi web 3.0 existuje, ale webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky ne? A co tedy existuje?
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nExistuj\u00ed data, organizovan\u00e1 v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00e9matick\u00e9m grafu: v\u0161echno je se v\u0161\u00edm spojeno, v\u0161echno z n\u011b\u010deho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, v\u0161echno bylo n\u011b\u010d\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm zaznamen\u00e1no, zm\u011bn\u011bno nebo vytvo\u0159eno. Dv\u011b posledn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky o \u201evypl\u00fdv\u00e1\u201c a \u201en\u011bk\u00fdm\u201c n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee graf by m\u011bl b\u00fdt subjektivn\u011b-ud\u00e1lostn\u00ed, ne objektivn\u00ed. Ale o tom bude zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh (p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u011b viz Subjektivn\u011b-ud\u00e1lostn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup<\/a><\/noindex>). Nyn\u00ed v\u0161ak n\u00e1m sta\u010d\u00ed ch\u00e1pat, \u017ee s\u00e9matick\u00fd graf web 3.0 nen\u00ed statickou sadou znalost\u00ed, ale p\u0159edstavuje tempor\u00e1ln\u00ed fixaci vztah\u016f p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a akt\u00e9r\u016f jak\u00e9koli \u010dinnosti v jejich \u010dasov\u00e9 posloupnosti. <\/p>\n

D\u00e1le, pokud mluv\u00edme o vrstv\u011b dat, je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed graf je nezbytn\u011b rozd\u011blen na dv\u011b nestejn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti: strom model\u016f, popisuj\u00edc\u00ed propojen\u00ed akc\u00ed, koncept\u016f a jejich vlastnost\u00ed (odpov\u00edd\u00e1 sad\u011b terminologick\u00fdch axiom\u016f TBox v OWL), a p\u0159edm\u011btov\u00fd graf, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u00e1losti zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch hodnot vlastnost\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed a akc\u00ed (soubor tvrzen\u00ed o jednotlivc\u00edch ABox v OWL). A mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma \u010d\u00e1stmi grafu je nastavena jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 vazba: data o jednotlivc\u00edch \u2013 tedy konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch v\u011bcech, akc\u00edch, akt\u00e9rech \u2013 mohou b\u00fdt formov\u00e1na a zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1na v grafu pouze a v\u00fdhradn\u011b podle odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch model\u016f. No a, jak u\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, glob\u00e1ln\u00ed graf \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jeho modelov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st a tud\u00ed\u017e p\u0159edm\u011btov\u00e1 \u2013 je p\u0159irozen\u011b rozd\u011blen na segmenty podle tematick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed se od semantiky a dat m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159esunout k diskusi o druh\u00e9m epitetu webu 3.0 \u2013 \u201edecentralizovan\u00fd\u201c, tedy k popisu s\u00edt\u011b. A je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee strukturu s\u00edt\u011b a jej\u00ed protokoly by m\u011bla ur\u010dovat pr\u00e1v\u011b ta sam\u00e1 semantika. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm, proto\u017ee gener\u00e1torem i spot\u0159ebitelem obsahu je u\u017eivatel, je logick\u00e9, \u017ee on, nebo l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno jeho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, by m\u011blo b\u00fdt s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdm uzlem. Tak\u017ee web 3.0 je jednoprvkov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, jej\u00ed\u017e uzly tvo\u0159\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016f. <\/p>\n

Pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed v grafu dat, nap\u0159\u00edklad popisu jednotlivce, mus\u00ed u\u017eivatel na z\u00e1klad\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00edho modelu konceptu vytvo\u0159it s\u00ed\u0165ovou transakci. Data jsou ulo\u017eena na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatele a na uzlech ostatn\u00edch u\u017eivatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou na tento model p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161eni. Tak\u017ee v\u00fdm\u011bnou transakc\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b pevn\u011b stanoven\u00e9ho souboru model\u016f, na kter\u00fdch se realizuje jejich spole\u010dn\u00e1 \u010dinnost, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti vypodob\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b autonomn\u00ed klastr. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee cel\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed semantick\u00fd graf je distribuovan\u011b ulo\u017een v tematick\u00fdch klastrech a decentralizovan\u011b \u2014 uvnit\u0159 klastr\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd uzel, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi modely, m\u016f\u017ee pat\u0159it do n\u011bkolika klastr\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i popisu s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b je nutn\u00e9 n\u011bkolik slov \u0159\u00edci i o konsensu, tedy o principech validace a synchronizace dat na r\u016fzn\u00fdch uzlech, bez kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee tyto principy by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt toto\u017en\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny klastry a v\u0161echna data, proto\u017ee transakce v s\u00edti mohou m\u00edt jak pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00fd charakter, tak b\u00fdt administrativn\u00ed nebo zcela zbyte\u010dn\u00e9. Proto je v s\u00edti implementov\u00e1no n\u011bkolik \u00farovn\u00ed algoritm\u016f konsensu, jejich\u017e v\u00fdb\u011br je ur\u010den modelem transakce.<\/p>\n

Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u00e1r slov o u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m rozhran\u00ed, o s\u00e9mantick\u00e9m prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di. Jeho funkce jsou trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed: (1) navigace po grafu (podle tematick\u00fdch klastr\u016f), (2) vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed dat podle model\u016f obor\u016f, (3) vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, editace dat a odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch transakc\u00ed podle odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch model\u016f, (4) psan\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dynamick\u00fdch model\u016f akc\u00ed, a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b (5) uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed fragment\u016f grafu. Toto je kr\u00e1tk\u00fd popis funkc\u00ed s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de a je odpov\u011bd\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku: kde jsou tedy webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky? Jedin\u00e9 m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 u\u017eivatel \u201enav\u0161t\u011bvuje\u201c v s\u00edti webu 3.0, je jeho s\u00e9mantick\u00fd prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed jak k zobrazen\u00ed, tak k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli obsahu, jak\u00fdchkoli dat, v\u010detn\u011b model\u016f. U\u017eivatel s\u00e1m ur\u010duje hranice a formu zobrazen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, hloubku pronik\u00e1n\u00ed do s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho grafu.<\/p>\n

To je jasn\u00e9, ale p\u0159esto, kde jsou webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky? Kam je t\u0159eba j\u00edt, jakou adresu napsat v tomto \u201es\u00e9mantick\u00e9m prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di\u201c, abychom se dostali na Facebook? Jak naj\u00edt webovou str\u00e1nku firmy? Kde koupit tri\u010dko nebo se pod\u00edvat na video kan\u00e1l? Poj\u010fme se pokusit to objasnit na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkladech. <\/p>\n

Pro\u010d pot\u0159ebujeme Facebook nebo jinou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165? Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee pro komunikaci: \u0159\u00edci n\u011bco o sob\u011b a p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst si, co ostatn\u00ed publikuj\u00ed, vym\u011bnit si koment\u00e1\u0159e. P\u0159itom je podstatn\u00e9, \u017ee neoslovujeme v\u0161echny a ne\u010dteme v\u0161echno \u2013 komunikace je v\u017edy omezen\u00e1 na des\u00edtky, stovky, nebo jen n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159\u00e1tel. Co je pot\u0159eba k uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9 komunikace v r\u00e1mci popsane konfigurace decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b? Spr\u00e1vn\u011b: vytvo\u0159it komunitn\u00ed klastr s sadou standardn\u00edch model\u016f jedn\u00e1n\u00ed (zapsat p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek, poslat zpr\u00e1vu, komentovat, d\u00e1t \u201eto se mi l\u00edb\u00ed\u201c atd.), nastavit p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e1 pr\u00e1va k model\u016fm a pozvat dal\u0161\u00ed u\u017eivatele, aby se k t\u011bmto model\u016fm p\u0159ipojili. T\u00edmto vznik\u00e1 na\u0161e \u201efacebook\u201c. Jen\u017ee nejde o glob\u00e1ln\u00ed Facebook, kter\u00fd diktuje podm\u00ednky v\u0161em a v\u0161emu, ale o p\u0159izp\u016fsobitelnou lok\u00e1ln\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165, je\u017e je pln\u011b v dispozici \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm klastru. U\u017eivatel pos\u00edl\u00e1 do s\u00edt\u011b transakci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jednoho z model\u016f komunity, dejme tomu, sv\u016fj koment\u00e1\u0159, \u010dlenov\u00e9 klastru, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161eni k tomuto modelu, obdr\u017e\u00ed text koment\u00e1\u0159e a zapi\u0161\u00ed ho do sv\u00fdch \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 (p\u0159i\u0159ad\u00ed ho k fragmentu tematick\u00e9ho grafu) a zobraz\u00ed ho ve sv\u00fdch s\u00e9mantick\u00fdch prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d\u00edch. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1me decentralizovanou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 (klastr) pro komunikaci skupiny u\u017eivatel\u016f, jej\u00ed\u017e ve\u0161ker\u00e1 data jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch samotn\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f. Mohou b\u00fdt tato data viditeln\u00e1 u\u017eivatel\u016fm mimo klastr? To je ot\u00e1zka ohledn\u011b nastaven\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu. Pokud je povolen\u00ed ud\u011bleno, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obsah \u010dlen\u016f komunity p\u0159e\u010dten programov\u00fdm agentem a zobrazen v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo prov\u00e1d\u00ed vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v grafu. Je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee po\u010det a slo\u017eitost model\u016f klastru nejsou nijak omezeny \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee nastavit komunitu podle pot\u0159eb jak\u00e9koli \u010dinnosti. A je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt \u010dleny libovoln\u00e9ho po\u010dtu klastr\u016f, a to jak jako aktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci, tak pouze p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161eni k jednotliv\u00fdm model\u016fm pouze pro \u010dten\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed odpov\u00edme na ot\u00e1zku: jak naj\u00edt webovou str\u00e1nku spole\u010dnosti? Odpov\u011b\u010f je ban\u00e1ln\u00ed: m\u00edsto, kde se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed informace o v\u0161ech spole\u010dnostech \u2013 to je p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd sektor s\u00e9mantick\u00e9ho grafu. Dostat se na toto m\u00edsto pom\u016f\u017ee navigace prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de nebo vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed podle n\u00e1zvu spole\u010dnosti. D\u00e1le u\u017e z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na u\u017eivateli \u2013 jak\u00e9 modely pro zobrazen\u00ed dat pot\u0159ebuje: stru\u010dn\u00e1 prezentace, \u00fapln\u00e9 informace, seznam slu\u017eeb, seznam pracovn\u00edch pozic nebo formul\u00e1\u0159 pro zpr\u00e1vy. Tak\u017ee spole\u010dnost pro sv\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed v s\u00e9mantick\u00e9m grafu mus\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt sadu standardn\u00edch model\u016f pro zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed transakc\u00ed do s\u00edt\u011b, a t\u00edm budou data o n\u00ed dostupn\u00e1 pro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zobrazen\u00ed. Pokud je t\u0159eba p\u0159izp\u016fsobit a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it prezentaci spole\u010dnosti na s\u00edti, je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it si vlastn\u00ed modely, v\u010detn\u011b designov\u00fdch. Zde nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, krom\u011b jednoho: nov\u00e9 modely mus\u00ed b\u00fdt za\u010dlen\u011bny do jednotn\u00e9ho stromu, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna souvislost dat v tematick\u00e9m grafu.<\/p>\n

Na elektronick\u00fd obchod plat\u00ed banalita \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tak\u00e9. Ka\u017ed\u00fd produkt (mobil, tri\u010dko) m\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00fd identifik\u00e1tor a \u00fadaje o produktu zad\u00e1v\u00e1 do s\u00edt\u011b v\u00fdrobce. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, d\u011bl\u00e1 to jen jednou, podepisuje \u00fadaje sv\u00fdm soukrom\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem. Spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 je p\u0159ipravena produkt prodat, umis\u0165uje v s\u00e9mantick\u00e9m grafu n\u011bkolik u\u010din\u011bn\u00fdch podle standardn\u00edho modelu tvrzen\u00ed o cen\u011b a podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch dod\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1le ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel s\u00e1m rozhoduje o sv\u00e9m hled\u00e1n\u00ed: zda hled\u00e1 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mezi produkty, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout jemu zn\u00e1m\u00fd prodejce, nebo porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 produkty r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f a teprve pot\u00e9 vyb\u00edr\u00e1 vhodn\u00e9ho dodavatele. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee op\u011bt m\u00edstem, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdb\u011bru a n\u00e1kupu produkt\u016f, je s\u00e9mantick\u00fd prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d u\u017eivatele, a ne ur\u010dit\u00e1 webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka v\u00fdrobce nebo prodejce. I kdy\u017e samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00fdrobce a prodejce maj\u00ed mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159it si vlastn\u00ed modely zobrazen\u00ed produkt\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edk vyu\u017e\u00edt. Pokud bude cht\u00edt, pokud mu to bude pohodln\u00e9. Jinak v\u0161echno m\u016f\u017ee ud\u011blat pomoc\u00ed standardn\u00edch model\u016f vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zobrazen\u00ed dat.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkolik slov o reklam\u011b a jej\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b v s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 s\u00edti. M\u00edsta jej\u00edho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed: bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo v obsahu (nap\u0159\u00edklad ve vide\u00edch), nebo v modelech zobrazen\u00ed obsahu. Mezi inzerenty a vlastn\u00edky obsahu nebo model\u016f je pouze odstran\u011bn zprost\u0159edkovatel, kter\u00fdm je vlastn\u00edk webu.<\/p>\n

Sch\u00e9ma fungov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 decentralizovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, prezentovan\u00e9 z pohledu u\u017eivatele, je maxim\u00e1ln\u011b unifikov\u00e1no: (1) ve\u0161ker\u00fd obsah je um\u00edst\u011bn v jedin\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 grafu, (2) z\u00e1znam, hled\u00e1n\u00ed a zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu prob\u00edh\u00e1 podle model\u016f koncept\u016f, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed s\u00e9mantickou prov\u00e1zanost dat, (3) \u010dinnost u\u017eivatel\u016f se uskute\u010d\u0148uje podle dynamick\u00fdch model\u016f, (4) jedin\u00e9 m\u00edsto, kde se \u010dinnost odehr\u00e1v\u00e1, je s\u00e9mantick\u00fd prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d u\u017eivatele.
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Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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