{"id":40154,"date":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya"},"modified":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","slug":"intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","title":{"rendered":"Inteligence \u2014 schopnost objektu p\u0159izp\u016fsobit sv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed s c\u00edlem vlastn\u00edho p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>Abstrakt<\/h4>\n<p>\nCel\u00fd sv\u011bt mluv\u00ed o um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci, ale p\u0159itom \u2013 tady je paradox! \u2013 neexistuje obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e1, srozumiteln\u00e1, logicky strukturovan\u00e1 a hlubok\u00e1 definice samotn\u00e9ho \u201einteligence\u201c (dokonce nejen um\u011bl\u00e9, ale obecn\u00e9). Pro\u010d se neodv\u00e1\u017eit a nepokou\u0161et se naj\u00edt a navrhnout takovou definici? V\u017edy\u0165 definice je z\u00e1kladem, na kter\u00e9m se buduje v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed, \u017ee? Jak m\u016f\u017eeme vybudovat AI, pokud ka\u017ed\u00fd vid\u00ed to, co by m\u011blo b\u00fdt z\u00e1kladem, odli\u0161n\u011b? Jdeme na to\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova: inteligence, schopnost, vlastnost, objekt, adaptace, chov\u00e1n\u00ed, okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zachov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pro popis existuj\u00edc\u00edch definic inteligence byla vyu\u017eita studie \u201eA Collection of Definitions of Intelligence\u201c (S. Legg, M. Hutter. A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence (2007), <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639\">arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639<\/a><\/noindex>), citace z n\u00ed\u017e jsou uvedeny spolu s koment\u00e1\u0159i (<i>kurz\u00edva<\/i>).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>\u00davod<\/h4>\n<p>\nTato studie (A Collection of\u2026) p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159ehled mnoha (v\u00edce ne\u017e 70!) neofici\u00e1ln\u00edch definic term\u00ednu \u201einteligence\u201c, kter\u00e9 auto\u0159i shrom\u00e1\u017edili b\u011bhem mnoha let. Je p\u0159irozen\u00e9, \u017ee sestaven\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9ho seznamu by bylo nemo\u017en\u00e9, nebo\u0165 mnoho definic inteligence je hluboko poh\u0159beno v \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch a knih\u00e1ch. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, zde uveden\u00e9 definice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sb\u00edrku s podrobn\u00fdmi odkazy\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Navzdory dlouh\u00e9 historii v\u00fdzkum\u016f a diskus\u00ed st\u00e1le neexistuje standardn\u00ed definice inteligence. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee inteligenci lze definovat pouze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b, nikoli \u00fapln\u011b. Mysl\u00edme si, \u017ee tato m\u00edra pesimismu je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e1. I kdy\u017e neexistuje jedin\u00e1 standardn\u00ed definice, pokud prozkoum\u00e1me mno\u017estv\u00ed navr\u017een\u00fdch, rychle se st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u0159ejm\u00fdm siln\u00e9 podobnost mezi mnoha definicemi.<\/p>\n<h4>Definice inteligence<\/p>\n<p>Definice z obecn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (slovn\u00edky, encyklopedie atd.)<\/h4>\n<p>\n<i>(uvedeny 3 nejlep\u0161\u00ed definice inteligence z 18, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti origin\u00e1ln\u00edho \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br byl proveden podle krit\u00e9ria \u2013 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka a hloubka pokryt\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed \u2013 schopnost\u00ed, charakteristik, parametr\u016f atd., uveden\u00fdch v definici)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schopnost efektivn\u011b se adaptovat na okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zm\u011bn v sob\u011b, nebo \u00faprav ve sv\u00e9m okol\u00ed, \u010di hled\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00e9ho\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Inteligence nen\u00ed jeden du\u0161evn\u00ed proces, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e kombinace mnoha du\u0161evn\u00edch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k efektivn\u00ed adaptaci na okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Adaptace je v\u00fdsledkem projevu mnoha nezkouman\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed inteligenci. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee je uvedeno okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2014 existuj\u00edc\u00ed nebo dokonce nov\u00e9.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schopnost u\u010dit se a rozum\u011bt, nebo se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s nov\u00fdmi \u010di slo\u017eit\u00fdmi situacemi;<\/li>\n<li>Zru\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed rozumu;<\/li>\n<li>Um\u011bn\u00ed aplikovat znalosti k ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, nebo schopnost myslet abstraktn\u011b, jak je tato schopnost m\u011b\u0159ena objektivn\u00edmi krit\u00e9rii (p\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee je uvedeno okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed! Nev\u00fdhody:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Skrze spojku \u201enebo\u201c jsou spojeny r\u016fznorod\u00e9 kategorie: \u201eschopnost u\u010dit se\u201c a \u201evypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s nov\u00fdmi situacemi\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>A \u201ezru\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed rozumu\u201c se v\u016fbec nehod\u00ed pro definici.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lid\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch schopnostech ch\u00e1pat slo\u017eit\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, efektivit\u011b adaptace na okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, u\u010den\u00ed se z vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti, anga\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1ch uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek pomoc\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>No, alespo\u0148 jsou uvedeni lid\u00e9, tj. \u010dlov\u011bk s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi schopnostmi! Uvedena je efektivita adaptivity \u2014 to je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, ale samotn\u00e1 adaptace nen\u00ed na seznamu! P\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek je v podstat\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Definice uveden\u00e9 psychology (t\u0159i nejlep\u0161\u00ed ze 35 definic)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preferuji ozna\u010dit inteligenci jako \u201e\u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou inteligenci\u201c. D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee se klade d\u016fraz na vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed inteligence k dosa\u017een\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchu v \u017eivot\u011b. Proto definuj\u00ed inteligenci jako dovednost dos\u00e1hnout toho, co chce \u010dlov\u011bk dos\u00e1hnout v \u017eivot\u011b v sociokulturn\u00edm kontextu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 c\u00edle: pro n\u011bkoho je to z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed velmi dobr\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek ve \u0161kole a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed test\u016f, pro n\u011bkoho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt c\u00edlem st\u00e1t se velmi dobr\u00fdm basketbalistou, here\u010dkou nebo hudebn\u00edkem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>C\u00edl je jasn\u011b definov\u00e1n \u2014 dos\u00e1hnout \u00fasp\u011bchu v \u017eivot\u011b, ale to je tak v\u0161echno\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Z obecn\u00e9ho hlediska je inteligence p\u0159\u00edtomna tam, kde si jednotliv\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e nebo \u010dlov\u011bk, i kdy\u017e nejasn\u011b, uv\u011bdomuje relevanci sv\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u016f\u010di c\u00edli. Z mnoha definic, kter\u00e9 psychologov\u00e9 podnikli k definov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co je nejasn\u00e9, jsou v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159ijateln\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>schopnost reagovat na nov\u00e9 situace nebo se to nau\u010dit pomoc\u00ed nov\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch reakc\u00ed, a<\/li>\n<li>schopnost plnit testy nebo \u0159e\u0161it \u00fakoly, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed uchopen\u00ed vzorc\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u00farove\u0148 inteligence je \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 slo\u017eitosti nebo abstraktnosti, nebo oboj\u00edmu sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<i>Tak se objevila hierarchie: \u201eZ nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edho pohledu\u2026\u201d, to u\u017e je dobr\u00e9. Ale na tom dobr\u00e9m to kon\u010d\u00ed\u2026<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tautologie: reagovat\u2026 pomoc\u00ed nov\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00edch reakc\u00ed. Neexistuje rozd\u00edl \u2014 pomoc\u00ed star\u00fdch nebo nov\u00fdch reakc\u00ed, hlavn\u00ed je reagovat!<\/li>\n<li>Te\u010f o testech\u2026 Uchopen\u00ed vzorc\u016f \u2014 to nen\u00ed \u0161patn\u00e9, ale rozhodn\u011b to nesta\u010d\u00ed!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligence nen\u00ed jedna schopnost, ale soubor, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z n\u011bkolika funkc\u00ed. Znamen\u00e1 to kombinaci schopnost\u00ed nezbytn\u00fdch pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a rozvoj v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9 kultury.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>O, kone\u010dn\u011b bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed d\u00edky inteligenci! Ale ztratilo se v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Popisy, kter\u00e9 poskytli v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci AI (3 nejlep\u0161\u00ed z 18)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligentn\u00ed agent d\u011bl\u00e1 to, co] odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jeho okolnostem a jeho c\u00edli; je flexibiln\u00ed v\u016f\u010di m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a c\u00edl\u016fm, u\u010d\u00ed se ze sv\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed a \u010din\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br, kter\u00fd je podm\u00edn\u011bn omezen\u00edmi vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a schopnostmi zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Snad nejlep\u0161\u00ed (ze v\u0161ech zde uveden\u00fdch) definice inteligence.<br \/>\nC\u00edl \u2014 ozna\u010den, pravda, ale nebyl konkretizov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Adaptabilita \u2014 jak dle podm\u00ednek, tak dle c\u00edle. Posledn\u00ed znamen\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuje pojem o nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm c\u00edli!<\/p>\n<p>U\u010den\u00ed \u2014 odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed (pravda, zjevn\u011b nen\u00ed uvedeno) vlastnost\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed, vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<br \/>\nV\u00fdb\u011br \u2014 tedy se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed krit\u00e9ria.<\/p>\n<p>Omezen\u00ed \u2014 ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a v p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201eSchopnost se n\u011bco nau\u010dit je nezbytn\u00e1, oblast\u00ed znalost\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 dovednost, pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra p\u0159edm\u011btov\u011b orientovan\u00fdch znalost\u00ed. Dos\u00e1hnout tohoto \u201eObecn\u00e9ho AI\u201c vy\u017eaduje vysoce adaptivn\u00ed, univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee samostatn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1vat nesm\u00edrn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum specifick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a dovednost\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee zlep\u0161ovat sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti pomoc\u00ed sebevzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee zde je schopnost n\u011bco se nau\u010dit \u2014 kone\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl\u2026 A z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed vlastnosti Obecn\u00e9 AI \u2014 vysok\u00e1 adaptabilita, univerz\u00e1lnost\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligentn\u00ed syst\u00e9my by m\u011bly fungovat a fungovat dob\u0159e v mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch. Jejich inteligence jim umo\u017e\u0148uje maximalizovat pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011bchu, i kdy\u017e nemaj\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 znalosti o situaci. Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed inteligentn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f nelze posuzovat odd\u011blen\u011b od prost\u0159ed\u00ed, od konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situace v\u010detn\u011b c\u00edle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Co znamen\u00e1 \u201efungovat dob\u0159e\u201c? V \u010dem spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 \u00fasp\u011bch?<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Mo\u017enost souhrnn\u00e9ho popisu<\/h4>\n<p>\nPokud z prozkouman\u00fdch definic \u201evyt\u00e1hneme\u201c \u010dasto se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed funkce (rysy, charakteristiky atd.), zjist\u00edme, \u017ee inteligence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Je to vlastnost, kterou m\u00e1 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed agent p\u0159i interakci s prost\u0159ed\u00edm\/mi.<\/li>\n<li>Tato vlastnost se t\u00fdk\u00e1 schopnosti agenta dosahovat \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f nebo u\u017eitku vzhledem k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu c\u00edli nebo \u00fakolu.<\/li>\n<li>Tato vlastnost z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, jak je agent schopen a m\u011bl by se p\u0159izp\u016fsobit r\u016fzn\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm a prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSpole\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch atribut\u016f n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 na\u0161e neform\u00e1ln\u00ed definici inteligence: Inteligence je m\u011b\u0159ena schopnost\u00ed agenta dosahovat c\u00edl\u016f v \u0161irok\u00e9m spektru podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Ale po\u010dkejte, pot\u0159ebujeme odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku: co je inteligence, a ne jak (nebo \u010d\u00edm) se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed (hodnot\u00ed)<\/b>! M\u016f\u017eeme autory \u010dl\u00e1nku ospravedlnit t\u00edm, \u017ee tyto definice jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159in\u00e1ct let star\u00e9, a o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let se m\u011blo n\u011bco zm\u011bnit \u2014 v\u017edy\u0165 oblast IT se vyv\u00edj\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm tempem\u2026 Ale n\u00ed\u017ee je p\u0159\u00edklad z \u010dl\u00e1nku z roku 2012, (M.Hutter, Jedno desetilet\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf\">www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf<\/a><\/noindex>) kde se v definici inteligence skoro nic nezm\u011bnilo<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p>\u00davaha, kreativita, asociace, generalizace, rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vzor\u016f, \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, pam\u011b\u0165, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, dosa\u017een\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f, u\u010den\u00ed, optimalizace, sebez\u00e1chova, vid\u011bn\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka, klasifikace, indukce a dedukce, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed\u2026 P\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed inteligence, kter\u00e9 by zahrnovalo ka\u017ed\u00fd jej\u00ed aspekt, se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><i>Znovu ty sam\u00e9 probl\u00e9my (a je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce) s definic\u00ed, jak\u00e9 byly p\u0159ed 8 lety: projevuje se inteligence v podob\u011b nestrukturovan\u00e9ho seznamu vlastnost\u00ed!<br \/>\n<\/i><br \/>\nDefinice inteligence na Wikipedii (p\u0159\u00edstup 22. kv\u011btna 2016):<br \/>\n\u201eInteligence (z lat. intellectus \u2014 pocit, vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed, porozum\u011bn\u00ed, pojem, rozum) \u2014 je kvalita psychiky, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se ze schopnosti p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat se nov\u00fdm situac\u00edm, schopnosti u\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enosti, porozum\u011bn\u00ed a aplikaci abstraktn\u00edch koncept\u016f a vyu\u017eit\u00ed vlastn\u00edch znalost\u00ed k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Obecn\u00e1 schopnost pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e1 spojuje v\u0161echny kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti \u010dlov\u011bka: pocit, vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, pam\u011b\u0165, p\u0159edstavivost, my\u0161len\u00ed, fantazii.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Tentokr\u00e1t ta sam\u00e1 Wikipedie, ale v nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi k 24. lednu 2020: <br \/>\n\u201eInteligence (z lat. intellectus \u201evn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, \u201epochopen\u00ed\u201c, \u201eporozum\u011bn\u00ed\u201c, \u201epojem\u201c, \u201erozum\u201c) nebo mysl \u2014 je kvalita psychiky, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se ze schopnosti p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat se nov\u00fdm situac\u00edm, schopnosti u\u010den\u00ed a zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enosti, porozum\u011bn\u00ed a aplikaci abstraktn\u00edch koncept\u016f, a vyu\u017eit\u00ed vlastn\u00edch znalost\u00ed k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed kolem \u010dlov\u011bka. Obecn\u00e1 schopnost pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e1 spojuje kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti: pocit, vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, pam\u011b\u0165, p\u0159edstavivost, my\u0161len\u00ed, fantazii, stejn\u011b jako pozornost, v\u016fli a reflexi.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Ub\u011bhlo tolik let, ale vid\u00edme st\u00e1le to sam\u00e9 \u2014 soubor charakteristik bez jak\u00e9koli struktury\u2026 A zm\u00ednka o \u010dlov\u011bku \u2014 nositeli inteligence, a\u017e na konci textu. T. j. prov\u00e9st substituci: \u201eabstraktn\u00ed Objekt s inteligenc\u00ed \u2014&gt; \u010clov\u011bk s inteligenc\u00ed\u201c s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v t\u00e9to definici: \u201eCo pot\u0159ebuje \u010clov\u011bk, aby se stal inteligentn\u00edm?\u201c, se nejev\u00ed jako mo\u017en\u00e9. Nebo tato substituce vede k ban\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm: \u010clov\u011bk, aby se stal inteligentn\u00edm, pot\u0159ebuje z\u00edskat schopnost adaptace na nov\u00e9 situace, u\u010den\u00edm na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enost\u00ed, porozum\u011bn\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed abstraktn\u00edch koncept\u016f a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch znalost\u00ed k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed atd. Zkr\u00e1tka, takto se lze st\u00e1t chytr\u00fdm, a ne z\u016fstat hloup\u00fdm\u2026<\/p>\n<p><b>Tak\u017ee na z\u00e1klad\u011b uveden\u00e9ho se navrhuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed definice, p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 k Objektu, proto\u017ee intelekt nem\u016f\u017ee \u201eviset ve vzduchu\u201c, to jsou v\u017edy n\u011b\u010d\u00ed schopnosti. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed i pro chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pouze n\u011bkdo nebo n\u011bco:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Intlekt Objektu je soubor schopnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i:<br \/>\n(1) Identifikaci, formalizaci a zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed (ve form\u011b modelu) z\u00e1kon\u016f stavu a \/ nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu.<br \/>\n(2) P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed stav\u016f a \/ nebo variant chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) v Okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu.<br \/>\n(3) Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed popisu stavu a \/ nebo realizace chov\u00e1n\u00ed Objektu, p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) Okoln\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu<br \/>\nza p\u0159edpokladu maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho pom\u011bru Chov\u00e1n\u00ed Objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na chov\u00e1n\u00ed<br \/>\nObjektu s c\u00edlem zachov\u00e1n\u00ed (existence, trv\u00e1n\u00ed, byt\u00ed) Objektu v Okol\u00ed<br \/>\nprost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Takto to vypad\u00e1 v grafu:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligence \u2014 schopnost objektu p\u0159izp\u016fsobit sv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed s c\u00edlem vlastn\u00edho p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/129374b299b164f44092cecb0111e81a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed o aplikaci definice\u2026 Pravda, jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, je v\u017edy konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed. Proto, abychom otestovali logiku definice, m\u011bli bychom nahradit Objekt n\u011bjak\u00fdm \u0161iroce zn\u00e1m\u00fdm a srozumiteln\u00fdm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, nap\u0159\u00edklad\u2026 Automobilem. Tak\u017ee...<\/p>\n<p>Automobil s intelektem je Automobil se souborem schopnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i:<br \/>\n(1) Identifikaci, formalizaci a zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed (ve form\u011b modelu) z\u00e1kon\u016f stavu a \/ nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n (1.1) Silni\u010dn\u00ed situace, a<br \/>\n (1.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Automobilu.<br \/>\n(2) P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed stav\u016f a \/ nebo variant chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n (2.1) v Silni\u010dn\u00ed situaci, a<br \/>\n (2.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Automobilu.<br \/>\n(3) Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed popisu stavu a \/ nebo realizace chov\u00e1n\u00ed Vozidla, p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n (3.1) silni\u010dn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, a<br \/>\n (3.2) vnit\u0159n\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed Vozidla<br \/>\ns c\u00edlem maximalizace pom\u011bru (Chov\u00e1n\u00ed Vozidla \/ N\u00e1klady na chov\u00e1n\u00ed Vozidla) za \u00fa\u010delem zachov\u00e1n\u00ed (existence, trv\u00e1n\u00ed, byt\u00ed) Vozidla \u2014 jak v silni\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, tak vnit\u0159n\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed Vozidla.<br \/>\nJen j\u00e1 vid\u00edm, \u017ee Vozidlo s takov\u00fdmi schopnostmi naz\u00fdv\u00e1me inteligentn\u00edm? A je\u0161t\u011b ot\u00e1zka: v\u0161imli byste si rozd\u00edlu mezi j\u00edzdou v aut\u011b, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159idi\u010d, a j\u00edzdou v takov\u00e9m Inteligentn\u00edm Vozidle?<\/p>\n<p>Odpov\u011b\u010f \"NE\" znamen\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligence \u2014 schopnost objektu p\u0159izp\u016fsobit sv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed s c\u00edlem vlastn\u00edho p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0e4fd2bdf68ca67323eab5def953c732.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBylo d\u00e1no spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 definici inteligence: p\u0159i nahrazen\u00ed \u201eObjekt -&gt; Vozidlo\u201c se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 logick\u00e9 poruchy ani nesrovnalosti v popisu neobjevily.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Je d\u00e1no spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 definice inteligence: p\u0159i substituci \u201eObjekt \u2014&gt; Auto\u201c se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 logick\u00e9 chyby nebo nesrovnalosti v popisu neobjevily.<\/li>\n<li>Nab\u00edz\u00ed se \u201ehr\u00e1t\u201c si s touto definic\u00ed \u2014 dosadit m\u00edsto anonymn\u00edho slova \u201eObjekt\u201c n\u00e1zev jak\u00e9hokoli, zvolen\u00e9, dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho, spole\u010densk\u00e9ho, v\u00fdrobn\u00edho, technick\u00e9ho) a sami si ov\u011b\u0159it t\u00edmto, kompatibilitu. Ur\u010dit\u011b se pod\u011blte o v\u00fdsledky a my\u0161lenky na z\u00e1v\u011br experimentu!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nDefinice inteligence skrze jej\u00ed c\u00edle <\/p>\n<h4>(A. \u017ddanov. \u201eAutonomn\u00ed Um\u011bl\u00e1 Inteligence\u201c (2012), 3. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, elektronick\u00e9, s. 49-50):<\/h4>\n<p>\nHlavn\u00edmi c\u00edli, kter\u00e9 sleduje nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ka\u017ed\u00e9ho organismu, jsou:<br \/>\np\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed organismu;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>akumulace znalost\u00ed jeho nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem.<\/li>\n<li>Tyto 2 body: p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a akumulace znalost\u00ed \u2014 jsou zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm popisem bod\u016f 3 a 2, respektive!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Jako Z\u00e1v\u011br...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Jako z\u00e1v\u011br\u2026<\/b><br \/>\n\u201eVicarious u\u010d\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159edstavivost\u201c <br \/>\n(\u201ePo\u010d\u00edta\u010d se nau\u010dil agresivn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.cz\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201e\u017divot by byl dost nudn\u00fd bez fantazie. Proto je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f to, \u017ee ve skute\u010dnosti \u017e\u00e1dnou fantazii nemaj\u00ed. Startup Vicarious vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fd zp\u016fsob zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat, inspirovan\u00fd t\u00edm, jak pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b informace \u201ete\u010dou\u201c mozkem. Veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee to po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016fm poskytne n\u011bco, co by se dalo p\u0159irovnat k fantazii, a co, jak doufaj\u00ed, pom\u016f\u017ee ud\u011blat stroje mnohem chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00edmi. Spole\u010dnost p\u0159edstavila nov\u00fd typ neuronov\u00e9ho algoritmu, jeho\u017e vlastnosti byly p\u0159evzaty z biologie. Jednou z nich je schopnost p\u0159edstavit si, jak by m\u011bly b\u00fdt vykreslov\u00e1ny nau\u010den\u00e9 informace v r\u016fzn\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u00edch - n\u011bco jako digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fantazie.\u201c <\/p>\n<p>To je zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 shoda! P\u0159esn\u011b jak je v bod\u011b (2) definov\u00e1no: anticipativn\u00ed odraz - to je digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fantazie! <\/p>\n<p>To se nest\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dasto, ale pod\u00edvejte, co jsme objevili na internetu: <br \/>\n(\u201ePo\u010d\u00edta\u010d se nau\u010dil agresivn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.cz\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201eSpecialist\u00e9 z Georgijsk\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho institutu sestavili model bezpilotn\u00edho automobilu (m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko 1:5 zalo\u017een\u00e9 na s\u00e9riov\u00e9m podvozku d\u00e1lkov\u011b ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho modelu), schopn\u00fd proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt zat\u00e1\u010dky pomoc\u00ed kontrolovan\u00e9ho smyku. Palubn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d je vybaven procesorem Intel Skylake Quad-core i7 a grafickou kartou Nvidia GTX 750ti GPU a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 informace z gyroskopu, senzor\u016f oto\u010den\u00ed kol, GPS a dvojice p\u0159edn\u00edch kamer. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dat p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch ze senzor\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed algoritmus 2560 trajektori\u00ed pohybu vp\u0159ed na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dv\u011b a p\u016fl sekundy.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>\u0158\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed algoritmus obsahuje \u201eobraz sv\u011bta\u201c automobilu ve form\u011b souboru mo\u017en\u00fdch trajektori\u00ed pohybu po dan\u00e9 trati.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eZ 2560 trajektori\u00ed algoritmus vybere tu nejoptim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a podle n\u00ed uprav\u00ed polohu kol a rychlost. Celkov\u011b se vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ech 2560 trajektori\u00ed a jejich aktualizace d\u011bje 60kr\u00e1t za sekundu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>To je anticipativn\u00ed odraz, um\u011bleck\u00e1 kreativita nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed fantazie! V\u00fdb\u011br optim\u00e1ln\u00ed trajektorie z p\u0159edem 2560 vygenerovan\u00fdch a \u00faprava polohy kol a rychlosti (adaptace!), aby z\u016fstaly na trati. V\u0161echno toto je pops\u00e1no p\u0159edlo\u017eenou sch\u00e9matem inteligence!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201eCel\u00fd proces u\u010den\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edho algoritmu zabral n\u011bkolik minut \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed po trati oper\u00e1torem s mal\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi s \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>Proces u\u010den\u00ed je vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed obrazu sv\u011bta!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201eP\u0159itom, jak upozor\u0148uj\u00ed badatel\u00e9, p\u0159i v\u00fduce nebyla pou\u017eita kontrolovan\u00e1 smy\u010dka, auto si ji \u201evynalezlo\u201c samo. B\u011bhem zkou\u0161ek automobil v autonomn\u00edm re\u017eimu proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bl trat\u00ed a sna\u017eil se udr\u017eet rychlost co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee osmi metr\u016fm za sekundu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>Kontrolovan\u00e1 smy\u010dka je prvkem optim\u00e1ln\u00ed strategie (to je maximalizace pom\u011bru \u201eChov\u00e1n\u00ed Objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na chov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c) samostatn\u011b vyvinut\u00e9 vozidlem.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201ePodle autor\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fduka algoritm\u016f agresivn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 i pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed autonomn\u00edho vozidla, stejn\u011b jako schopnost kontrolovat smy\u010dku m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00e9mu \u0159idi\u010di. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ne\u010dekan\u00e9 situace \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i n\u00e1led\u00ed \u2014 m\u016f\u017ee autonomn\u00ed automobil s\u00e1m vyjet ze smy\u010dky a p\u0159edej\u00edt mo\u017en\u00fdm nehod\u00e1m.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>A to je \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed automobilu... No, jako str\u00e1\u017en\u00fd pt\u00e1k (vzpom\u00edn\u00e1me na zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh), kter\u00fd z\u00edskal u\u017eite\u010dnou dovednost, ji hned p\u0159edal v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b jednou p\u0159inesu definici, kter\u00e1 je navr\u017eena k pou\u017eit\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><b>Intlekt Objektu je soubor schopnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i:<\/p>\n<p>(1) Identifikaci, formalizaci a zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed (ve form\u011b modelu) z\u00e1kon\u016f stavu a \/ nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu.<br \/>\n(2) P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m modelov\u00e1n\u00ed stav\u016f a \/ nebo variant chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) v Okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu.<br \/>\n(3) Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed popisu stavu a \/ nebo realizace chov\u00e1n\u00ed Objektu, p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) Okoln\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) Vnit\u0159n\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed Objektu<br \/>\nza p\u0159edpokladu maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho pom\u011bru Chov\u00e1n\u00ed Objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na chov\u00e1n\u00ed<br \/>\nObjekt s c\u00edlem zachov\u00e1n\u00ed (existence, trv\u00e1n\u00ed, byt\u00ed) objektu v okol\u00ed.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>D\u011bkuji za pozornost. Koment\u00e1\u0159e, p\u0159ipom\u00ednky \u2014 jsou zcela v\u00edt\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p>P. S. O \u201e\u2026 vysoce adaptivn\u00edm, univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 schopnost samostatn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1vat extr\u00e9mn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum specifick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a dovednost\u00ed\u201c a kter\u00fd je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed AGI, m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u2014 to je velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. Pokud tedy bude z\u00e1jem ze strany \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f. \ud83d\ude42<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/485744\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441! \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb (\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435) \u2014 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0442! \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435? \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":40155,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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