{"id":40512,"date":"2020-02-01T16:17:26","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T13:17:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pro-bekapy-v-proxmox-ve"},"modified":"2020-02-01T16:17:26","modified_gmt":"2020-02-01T13:17:26","slug":"pro-bekapy-v-proxmox-ve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/pro-bekapy-v-proxmox-ve","title":{"rendered":"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/fa71527edcee8bda086137c103728641.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nV \u010dl\u00e1nku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/selectel\/blog\/483236\/\">\u00abKouzlo virtualizace: \u00favodn\u00ed kurz v Proxmox VE\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b jsme nainstalovali na server hypervizor, p\u0159ipojili k n\u011bmu \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, postar\u00e1li se o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00ed a dokonce vytvo\u0159ili prvn\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj. Nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edv\u00e1me, jak realizovat nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba splnit, abychom v\u017edy m\u011bli mo\u017enost obnovit provoz slu\u017eeb v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchy.<\/p>\n<p>Nativn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje Proxmox umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nejen prov\u00e1d\u011bt z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed dat, ale tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et sady p\u0159edem nakonfigurovan\u00fdch obraz\u016f opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro rychl\u00e9 nasazen\u00ed. To nejen\u017ee pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i pot\u0159eb\u011b vytvo\u0159it nov\u00fd server pro jakoukoli slu\u017ebu b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika sekund, ale tak\u00e9 sni\u017euje dobu v\u00fdpadku na minimum.<\/p>\n<p>O pot\u0159eb\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1loh se nebudeme zmi\u0148ovat, proto\u017ee je to z\u0159ejm\u00e9 a ji\u017e dlouho je to axiom. Zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme se na n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00e9n\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e9 v\u011bci a rysy.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nNejprve se pod\u00edv\u00e1me, jak jsou data ukl\u00e1d\u00e1na p\u0159i procesu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Algoritmy z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nZa\u010dneme t\u00edm, \u017ee Proxmox m\u00e1 slu\u0161n\u00e9 nativn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1loh virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f. Umo\u017e\u0148uje snadno ulo\u017eit v\u0161echna data virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje a podporuje dva mechanismy komprese, stejn\u011b jako t\u0159i metody vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto z\u00e1loh.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u0159\u00edve se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na mechanismy komprese:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Komprese LZO<\/b>. Algoritmus bezztr\u00e1tov\u00e9 komprese dat, vynalezen\u00fd ji\u017e v polovin\u011b 90. let. K\u00f3d byl naps\u00e1n <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oberhumer.com\/opensource\/lzo\/\">Markusem Oberheimerem<\/a><\/noindex> (v Proxmox realizov\u00e1no utilitou lzop). Hlavn\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed tohoto algoritmu je velmi rychl\u00e1 dekomprese. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jak\u00e1koli z\u00e1loha vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 t\u00edmto algoritmem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby obnovena za minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010das.<\/li>\n<li><b>Komprese GZIP<\/b>. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto algoritmu bude z\u00e1loha \u201eza b\u011bhu\u201c komprimov\u00e1na utilitou GNU Zip, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdkonn\u00fd algoritmus Deflate, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phil_Katz\">Philem Katzem<\/a><\/noindex>. Hlavn\u00ed d\u016fraz je kladen na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed kompresi dat, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje zmen\u0161it m\u00edsto na disku, kter\u00e9 zab\u00edraj\u00ed z\u00e1lohy. Hlavn\u00edm rozd\u00edlem oproti LZO je, \u017ee postupy komprese\/dekomprese zab\u00edraj\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Re\u017eimy archivace<\/h2>\n<p>\nProxmox nab\u00edz\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm administr\u00e1tor\u016fm t\u0159i metody z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed nich lze vy\u0159e\u0161it po\u017eadovan\u00fd \u00fakol, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se stanov\u00ed priorita mezi nutnost\u00ed odstaven\u00ed a spolehlivost\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Re\u017eim Snapshot (Sn\u00edmek)<\/b>. Tento re\u017eim lze nazvat tak\u00e9 jako Live backup, proto\u017ee k jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 zastavovat b\u011bh virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje. Pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto mechanismu nep\u0159eru\u0161uje \u010dinnost VM, av\u0161ak m\u00e1 dv\u011b velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody \u2014 mohou vznikat probl\u00e9my kv\u016fli z\u00e1mk\u00e1m soubor\u016f opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rychlost vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u00e1lohy vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 touto metodou je t\u0159eba v\u017edy ov\u011b\u0159ovat v testovac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jinak existuje riziko, \u017ee p\u0159i pot\u0159eb\u011b nouzov\u00e9ho obnoven\u00ed mohou selhat.<\/li>\n<li><b>Re\u017eim Suspend (Pozastaven\u00ed)<\/b>. Virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj do\u010dasn\u011b \"zmrazuje\" sv\u016fj stav a\u017e do skon\u010den\u00ed procesu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obsah opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti nen\u00ed vymaz\u00e1n, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje pokra\u010dovat v pr\u00e1ci p\u0159esn\u011b z m\u00edsta, kde byla \u010dinnost pozastavena. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b to vy\u017eaduje odstaven\u00ed serveru po dobu kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, ale nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 vyp\u00ednat\/zap\u00ednat virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj, co\u017e je dost kritick\u00e9 pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Zejm\u00e9na pokud spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti slu\u017eeb nen\u00ed automatick\u00e9. P\u0159esto by tak\u00e9 tyto z\u00e1lohy m\u011bly b\u00fdt rozbaleny v testovac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro kontrolu.<\/li>\n<li><b>Re\u017eim Stop (Zastaven\u00ed)<\/b>. Nejd\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 vypnut\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje. Je odesl\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edkaz na standardn\u00ed vypnut\u00ed, po zastaven\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed a pot\u00e9 se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edkaz na zapnut\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje. Po\u010det chyb p\u0159i tomto p\u0159\u00edstupu je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161inou se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed nule. Z\u00e1lohy vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy rozbalov\u00e1ny spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed procedury z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nPro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1lohy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>P\u0159ejdeme na po\u017eadovan\u00fd virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj.<\/li>\n<li>Vybereme polo\u017eku <b>Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Stiskneme tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>Z\u00e1lohovat nyn\u00ed<\/b>. Otev\u0159e se okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete vybrat parametry budouc\u00ed z\u00e1lohy.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/aa10195c519192e78382d67656c60223.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Jako \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b uvedeme to, kter\u00e9 jsme p\u0159ipojili <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/selectel\/blog\/483236\/\">v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n<li>Po v\u00fdb\u011bru parametr\u016f stiskneme tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/b> a \u010dek\u00e1me, a\u017e bude z\u00e1loha vytvo\u0159ena. O tom bude informov\u00e1na zpr\u00e1va <b>TASK OK<\/b>.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/3ecaef57ba7e49cb77bf8af9fa7534fa.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed budou vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 archivy z\u00e1loh virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f k dispozici ke sta\u017een\u00ed ze serveru. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm a nejtrivi\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed je SFTP. K tomu pou\u017eijte popul\u00e1rn\u00edho multiplatformn\u00edho FTP klienta FileZilla, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee pracovat protokolem SFTP.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>V poli <b>Hostitel<\/b> zadajte IP adresu na\u0161eho virtualiza\u010dn\u00edho serveru do pole <b>U\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no<\/b> zadejte root do pole <b>Heslo<\/b> \u2014 ten, kter\u00fd byl zvolen p\u0159i instalaci, a do pole <b>Port<\/b> uvedete \u201e22\u201c (nebo jak\u00fdkoliv jin\u00fd port, kter\u00fd byl nastaven pro SSH p\u0159ipojen\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li>Stiskneme tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>Rychl\u00e9 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed<\/b> a pokud byly v\u0161echny \u00fadaje zad\u00e1ny spr\u00e1vn\u011b, zobraz\u00ed se ve va\u0161em aktivn\u00edm panelu v\u0161echny soubory um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na serveru.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00edme do adres\u00e1\u0159e <b>\/mnt\/storage<\/b>. V\u0161echny vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed kopie budou ulo\u017eeny v podslo\u017ece \u201edump\u201c. Budou m\u00edt form\u00e1t:\n<ul>\n<li><b>vzdump-qemu-\u010d\u00edslo_stroje-datum-\u010das.vma.gz<\/b> v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zvolen\u00ed metody GZIP;<\/li>\n<li><b>vzdump-qemu-\u010d\u00edslo_stroje-datum-\u010das.vma.lzo<\/b> v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zvolen\u00ed metody LZO.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nDoporu\u010duje se ihned stahovat z\u00e1lohy ze serveru a uchov\u00e1vat je na bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad v na\u0161em cloudov\u00e9m \u00falo\u017ei\u0161ti. Pokud rozbal\u00edte soubor s p\u0159\u00edponou vma pomoc\u00ed stejnojmenn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje dod\u00e1van\u00e9ho s Proxmox, uvnit\u0159 najdete soubory s p\u0159\u00edponami <b>raw<\/b>, <b>conf<\/b> a <b>fw<\/b>. V t\u011bchto souborech se nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>raw<\/b> \u2014 obraz disku;<\/li>\n<li><b>conf<\/b> \u2014 konfigurace VM;<\/li>\n<li><b>fw<\/b> \u2014 nastaven\u00ed firewallu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Obnova ze z\u00e1lohy<\/h2>\n<p>\nP\u0159edstavme si situaci, kdy byla virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161ina omylem odstran\u011bna a je t\u0159eba jej\u00ed n\u00e1hl\u00e9 obnoven\u00ed ze z\u00e1lohy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Otev\u0159ete \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, ve kter\u00e9m se nach\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00e1loha.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159ejdeme na z\u00e1lo\u017eku <b>Obsah<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Vyberte pot\u0159ebnou kopii a stiskn\u011bte tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>Obnoven\u00ed<\/b>.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/b57943719acaae310f40133f705dd46e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Uve\u010fte c\u00edlov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b a ID, kter\u00e9 bude stroji p\u0159id\u011bleno po dokon\u010den\u00ed procesu.<\/li>\n<li>Stiskneme tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>Obnoven\u00ed<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nJakmile bude obnoven\u00ed dokon\u010deno, VM se objev\u00ed v seznamu dostupn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<h2>Klonov\u00e1n\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161iny<\/h2>\n<p>\nJako p\u0159\u00edklad si p\u0159edstavme, \u017ee je ve firm\u011b pot\u0159eba prov\u00e9st zm\u011bny v n\u011bjak\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b. Takov\u00e1 zm\u011bna se prov\u00e1d\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mnoha \u00faprav konfigura\u010dn\u00edch soubor\u016f. V\u00fdsledek je p\u0159itom nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fd a jak\u00e1koliv chyba m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit p\u00e1d slu\u017eby. Aby takov\u00fd experiment neovlivnil funguj\u00edc\u00ed server, doporu\u010duje se prov\u00e9st klonov\u00e1n\u00ed virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161iny.<\/p>\n<p>Mechanismus klonov\u00e1n\u00ed vytvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159esnou kopii virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho serveru, se kterou je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt jak\u00e9koliv zm\u011bny, ani\u017e by to ovlivnilo provoz hlavn\u00ed slu\u017eby. Pokud budou zm\u011bny \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b aplikov\u00e1ny, nov\u00e1 VM bude uvedena do provozu a star\u00e1 bude vypnuta. P\u0159i tomto procesu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pamatovat na jednu zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost. Na klonovan\u00e9m stroji bude IP adresa stejn\u00e1 jako u p\u016fvodn\u00ed VM, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i jej\u00edm spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dojde ke konfliktu adres.<\/p>\n<p>Pov\u00edme, jak se vyvarovat takov\u00e9 situaci. P\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed proveden\u00edm klonov\u00e1n\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st zm\u011bny v konfiguraci s\u00edt\u011b. K tomu je t\u0159eba do\u010dasn\u011b zm\u011bnit IP adresu, ale restartovat s\u00ed\u0165ovou slu\u017ebu. Po proveden\u00ed klonov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba nastaven\u00ed vr\u00e1tit zp\u011bt na hlavn\u00edm stroji a na klonovan\u00e9m stroji nastavit libovolnou jinou IP adresu. Tak z\u00edsk\u00e1me dv\u011b kopie jednoho a toho sam\u00e9ho serveru na r\u016fzn\u00fdch adres\u00e1ch. To umo\u017en\u00ed rychle uv\u00e9st novou slu\u017ebu do provozu.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je touto slu\u017ebou webov\u00fd server, sta\u010d\u00ed pouze zm\u011bnit A z\u00e1znam u Va\u0161eho DNS poskytovatele, po \u010dem\u017e budou po\u017eadavky klient\u016f na toto dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny ji\u017e na adresu klonovan\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161iny.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Mimochodem, Selectel poskytuje v\u0161em sv\u00fdm klient\u016fm slu\u017ebu hostov\u00e1n\u00ed libovoln\u00e9ho po\u010dtu dom\u00e9n na NS serverech zdarma. Spr\u00e1va z\u00e1znam\u016f se prov\u00e1d\u00ed jak pomoc\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed administrativn\u00ed panely, tak i pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho API. V\u00edce o tom se do\u010dtete <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kb.selectel.ru\/8782381.html\">v na\u0161\u00ed znalostn\u00ed b\u00e1zi<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Klonov\u00e1n\u00ed VM v Proxmox je velmi jednoduch\u00fd \u00fakol. K jeho proveden\u00ed je t\u0159eba u\u010dinit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kroky:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>P\u0159ejd\u011bte na pot\u0159ebn\u00fd stroj.<\/li>\n<li>Vyberte z menu <b>V\u00edce<\/b> bod <b>Klonovat<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>V otev\u0159en\u00e9m okn\u011b vypl\u0148te parametr N\u00e1zev.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/134be9c8446e76c7000883eb6e0ff5a5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Prove\u010fte klonov\u00e1n\u00ed stisknut\u00edm tla\u010d\u00edtka <b>Klonovat<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nTento n\u00e1stroj umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159it kopii virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje nejen na lok\u00e1ln\u00edm serveru. Pokud n\u011bkolik virtualiza\u010dn\u00edch server\u016f spoj\u00edme do clusteru, pomoc\u00ed tohoto n\u00e1stroje lze okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159esunout vytvo\u0159enou kopii na po\u017eadovan\u00fd fyzick\u00fd server. U\u017eite\u010dnou funkc\u00ed je volba diskov\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b (parametr <b>C\u00edlov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b<\/b>), co\u017e je velmi pohodln\u00e9 p\u0159i p\u0159esunu virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje z jednoho fyzick\u00e9ho nosi\u010de na druh\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>Form\u00e1ty virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165<\/h2>\n<p>\nPodrobn\u011b si pov\u00edme o form\u00e1tech \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v Proxmox:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>RAW<\/b>. Nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed form\u00e1t. Je to soubor obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed data pevn\u00e9ho disku \"byte for byte\" bez komprese nebo optimalizace. Je to velmi pohodln\u00fd form\u00e1t, proto\u017ee se snadno p\u0159ipoj\u00ed standardn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkazem mount v jak\u00e9mkoli linuxov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Nav\u00edc je to nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed \"typ\" \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, proto\u017ee hypervizor ho nemus\u00ed nijak zpracov\u00e1vat.\n<p>Z\u00e1va\u017enou nev\u00fdhodou tohoto form\u00e1tu je to, \u017ee kolik m\u00edsta jste p\u0159id\u011blili virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed mu, tolik m\u00edsta na pevn\u00e9m disku bude soubor ve form\u00e1tu RAW zab\u00edrat (nez\u00e1visle na skute\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00e9m prostoru uvnit\u0159 virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje).<\/li>\n<li><b>Form\u00e1t obrazu QEMU (qcow2)<\/b>. Snad nejuniverz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed form\u00e1t pro vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00fdchkoli \u00fakol\u016f. Jeho v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee soubor s daty bude obsahovat pouze skute\u010dn\u011b obsazen\u00e9 m\u00edsto uvnit\u0159 virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud bylo p\u0159id\u011bleno 40 GB m\u00edsta a skute\u010dn\u011b bylo obsazeno pouze 2 GB, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edsto bude dostupn\u00e9 pro jin\u00e9 VM. To je velmi aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u00faspory diskov\u00e9ho prostoru.\n<p>Malou nev\u00fdhodou pr\u00e1ce s t\u00edmto form\u00e1tem je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed takov\u00e9ho obrazu v jak\u00e9mkoli jin\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu bude nejprve nutn\u00e9 st\u00e1hnout <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nbd.sourceforge.io\/\">speci\u00e1ln\u00ed ovlada\u010d nbd<\/a><\/noindex>, a tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt utilitu <b>qemu-nbd<\/b>, kter\u00e1 umo\u017en\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu p\u0159istupovat k souboru jako k b\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu blokov\u00e9mu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pot\u00e9 bude obraz dostupn\u00fd pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, d\u011blen\u00ed na odd\u00edly, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed kontroln\u00edch operac\u00ed souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a dal\u0161\u00ed operace.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 operace I\/O p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto form\u00e1tu jsou programov\u011b zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny, co\u017e vede k zpomalen\u00ed p\u0159i aktivn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci s diskov\u00fdm subsyst\u00e9mem. Pokud je c\u00edlem nasadit na server datab\u00e1zi, je lep\u0161\u00ed zvolit form\u00e1t RAW.<\/li>\n<li><b>Form\u00e1t obrazu VMware (vmdk)<\/b>. Tento form\u00e1t je \"nativn\u00ed\" pro hypervizor VMware vSphere a byl zahrnut do Proxmox pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kompatibility. Umo\u017e\u0148uje migraci virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho stroje VMware do infrastruktury Proxmox.\n<p>Pou\u017eit\u00ed vmdk na trval\u00e9m z\u00e1klad\u011b se nedoporu\u010duje, tento form\u00e1t je nejpomalej\u0161\u00ed v Proxmox, a proto je vhodn\u00fd pouze k prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed migrace, nic v\u00edc. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bude v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti tato nev\u00fdhoda odstran\u011bna.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Pr\u00e1ce s obrazy disk\u016f<\/h2>\n<p>\nSada s Proxmoxem je velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj s n\u00e1zvem <b>qemu-img<\/b>. Jednou z jeho funkc\u00ed je p\u0159evod obraz\u016f virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch disk\u016f. Pro jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed otev\u0159\u00edt konzoli hypervizoru a prov\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edkaz ve form\u00e1tu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">qemu-img convert -f vmdk test.vmdk -O qcow2 test.qcow2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu bude vmdk-obraz virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b VMware s n\u00e1zvem <b>test<\/b> p\u0159eveden do form\u00e1tu <b>qcow2<\/b>. To je velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz, kdy\u017e je pot\u0159eba opravit chybu p\u0159i p\u016fvodn\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011bru form\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky tomuto p\u0159\u00edkazu lze tak\u00e9 vynutit vytvo\u0159en\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho obrazu pomoc\u00ed argumentu <b>\u2013 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed instance,<\/b>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">qemu-img create -f raw test.raw 40G<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTakov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz vytvo\u0159\u00ed obraz test ve form\u00e1tu <b>RAW<\/b>, o velikosti 40 GB. Nyn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 ho p\u0159ipojit k libovoln\u00e9 z virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>Zm\u011bna velikosti virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho disku<\/h2>\n<p>\nA nakonec uk\u00e1\u017eeme, jak zv\u011bt\u0161it velikost obrazu disku, pokud z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu p\u0159estalo b\u00fdt na n\u011bm m\u00edsto. K tomu pou\u017eijeme argument resize:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">qemu-img resize -f raw test.raw 80G<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed m\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 obraz velikost 80 GB. Podrobn\u00e9 informace o obrazu lze zobrazit pomoc\u00ed argumentu <b>Zobrazit u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 informace o obrazech<\/b>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">qemu-img info test.raw<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNen\u00ed t\u0159eba zapom\u00ednat, \u017ee samo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed obrazu automaticky nezv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost odd\u00edlu \u2014 pouze p\u0159id\u00e1 dostupn\u00e9 voln\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Pro zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed odd\u00edlu pou\u017eijte p\u0159\u00edkaz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">resize2fs \/dev\/sda1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nkde <b>\/dev\/sda1<\/b> \u2014 po\u017eadovan\u00fd odd\u00edl.<\/p>\n<h2>Automatizace vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1loh<\/h2>\n<p>\nPou\u017eit\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1loh je velmi pracn\u00e1 \u00faloha a zabere spoustu \u010dasu. Proto Proxmox VE obsahuje n\u00e1stroj pro automatick\u00e9 z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed podle pl\u00e1nu. Pod\u00edvejme se, jak to ud\u011blat:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Pomoc\u00ed webov\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed hypervizoru otev\u0159eme polo\u017eku <b>Datacenter<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Vybereme polo\u017eku <b>Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Stiskneme tla\u010d\u00edtko <b>P\u0159idat<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Nastav\u00edme parametry pro pl\u00e1nova\u010d.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch v Proxmox VE\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/25af2e0d4972539961b807076ced12fe.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li>Za\u0161krtneme polo\u017eku <b>Povolit<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Ulo\u017e\u00edme zm\u011bny pomoc\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtka <b>Vytvo\u0159it<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed pl\u00e1nova\u010d automaticky spust\u00ed program z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b v ur\u010den\u00e9m \u010dase, podle zadan\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>\nByly zkoum\u00e1ny standardn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed a obnovy virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f. Jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f uchovat v\u0161echna data a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze je rychle obnovit.<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee to nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd mo\u017en\u00fd zp\u016fsob uchov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch dat. Existuje mnoho n\u00e1stroj\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kb.selectel.ru\/23137499.html#id-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0Duplicity\">Duplicity<\/a><\/noindex>, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et kompletn\u00ed a inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie obsahu virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch server\u016f na b\u00e1zi Linux.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1lohovac\u00edch postup\u016f je v\u017edy t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee aktivn\u011b zat\u011b\u017euj\u00ed diskovou subsyst\u00e9m. Vzhledem k tomu se doporu\u010duje tyto postupy prov\u00e1d\u011bt v dob\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed operac\u00ed vstupu a v\u00fdstupu uvnit\u0159 stroj\u016f. Stav zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed diskov\u00fdch operac\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat p\u0159\u00edmo z webov\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed hypervizora (parametr IO delay).<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/selectel\/blog\/486194\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u00ab\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432 Proxmox VE\u00bb \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f. \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b Proxmox \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":40513,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/pro-bekapy-v-proxmox-ve\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | 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