{"id":40651,"date":"2020-02-02T21:02:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-02T18:02:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/domashnij-veb-server-na-solnechnyh-batareyah-otrabotal-15-mesyaczev-aptajm-9526"},"modified":"2020-02-02T21:02:01","modified_gmt":"2020-02-02T18:02:01","slug":"domashnij-veb-server-na-solnechnyh-batareyah-otrabotal-15-mesyaczev-aptajm-9526","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/domashnij-veb-server-na-solnechnyh-batareyah-otrabotal-15-mesyaczev-aptajm-9526","title":{"rendered":"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed webov\u00fd server na sol\u00e1rn\u00ed energii fungoval 15 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f: uptime 95,26%","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPrvn\u00ed prototyp sol\u00e1rn\u00edho serveru s \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotkou nab\u00edjen\u00ed. Foto: solar.lowtechmagazine.com<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2018 nad\u0161enec z Low-tech Magazine spustil projekt \u201en\u00edzkotechnologick\u00e9ho\u201c webov\u00e9ho serveru<\/a><\/noindex>. \u00dakolem bylo sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu energie natolik, aby dom\u00e1c\u00edmu self-hosted serveru sta\u010dila jedna sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panel. Nen\u00ed to snadn\u00e9, proto\u017ee server mus\u00ed fungovat 24 hodin denn\u011b. Pod\u00edvejme se, co z toho nakonec vze\u0161lo.<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eete nav\u0161t\u00edvit server solar.lowtechmagazine.com<\/a><\/noindex>, zkontrolovat aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed spot\u0159ebu energie a \u00farove\u0148 nabit\u00ed baterie. Webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka je optimalizov\u00e1na na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det po\u017eadavk\u016f a minim\u00e1ln\u00ed provoz, tak\u017ee by m\u011bla vydr\u017eet n\u00e1raz n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnosti z Habr. Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e \u010din\u00ed spot\u0159eba energie na jednoho unik\u00e1tn\u00edho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edka 0,021 Wh.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nN\u011bkolik minut p\u0159ed sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm 31. ledna 2020 mu zb\u00fdvalo 42 % nabit\u00ed baterie. Sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed v Barcelon\u011b bylo v 8:04 m\u00edstn\u00edho \u010dasu, pot\u00e9 by m\u011blo proudit nap\u011bt\u00ed ze sol\u00e1rn\u00edho panelu.<\/p>\n

\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d?<\/h1>\n

\nP\u0159ed deseti lety experti p\u0159edpov\u00eddali<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee rozvoj internetu povede k \u201edematerializaci\u201c spole\u010dnosti, celkov\u00e9 digitalizaci \u2014 a t\u00edm ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed celkov\u00e9 spot\u0159eby energie. M\u00fdlili se. Ve skute\u010dnosti internet s\u00e1m vy\u017eaduje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie<\/a><\/noindex>, a toto mno\u017estv\u00ed st\u00e1le roste.<\/p>\n

IT spole\u010dnosti zah\u00e1jily iniciativy na p\u0159echod na alternativn\u00ed zdroje energie, ale to je nyn\u00ed nemo\u017en\u00e9. V\u0161echny datov\u00e9 centra spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce energie, ne\u017e kolik generuj\u00ed v\u0161echny sol\u00e1rn\u00ed a v\u011btrn\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny na sv\u011bt\u011b. Co je hor\u0161\u00ed, v\u00fdroba a pravideln\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panel\u016f a v\u011btrn\u00fdch turb\u00edn tak\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje energii<\/a><\/noindex>, proto je dnes prost\u011b nemo\u017en\u00e9 vzd\u00e1t se fosiln\u00edch paliv (ropa, plyn, uran). Ale t\u011bchto z\u00e1sob dlouho nevydr\u017e\u00ed, a proto se nutn\u011b mus\u00edme zamyslet, jak \u017e\u00edt na obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch. Zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 infrastruktury, v\u010detn\u011b webov\u00fdch server\u016f.<\/p>\n

Low-tech Magazine pova\u017euje za probl\u00e9m<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychl\u00e9 nafukov\u00e1n\u00ed webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek. Od roku 2010 do roku 2018 se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 velikost str\u00e1nky zv\u00fd\u0161ila z 0,45 MB na 1,7 MB<\/a><\/noindex>, a u mobiln\u00edch web\u016f \u2014 z 0,15 MB na 1,6 MB, podle konzervativn\u00edho odhadu.<\/p>\n

Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed objem\u016f provozu p\u0159ekra\u010duje pokrok v energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/a><\/noindex> (energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 k p\u0159enosu 1 megabajtu informac\u00ed), co\u017e neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje energetickou n\u00e1ro\u010dnost internetu. T\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed a zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 weby nejen\u017ee zvy\u0161uj\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e na s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturu, ale tak\u00e9 zkracuj\u00ed \u201e\u017eivotnost\u201c po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f, kter\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9 \u010dast\u011bji vyhazovat a vyr\u00e1b\u011bt nov\u00e9, co\u017e rovn\u011b\u017e je velmi energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, zv\u00fd\u0161enou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed samotn\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u017eivota: lid\u00e9 tr\u00e1v\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fd \u010das na internetu a v mnoha ohledech se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00e9 webov\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost si ji\u017e t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159edstavit bez cloudov\u00e9 IT infrastruktury (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, messengery, e-mail atd.)<\/p>\n

Konfigurace serveru a webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky<\/h1>\n

\nV tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a><\/noindex> podrobn\u011b popisuje hardwarovou konfiguraci a softwarov\u00fd stack webov\u00e9ho serveru.<\/p>\n

Jednodeskov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d Olimex Olinuxino A20 Lime 2<\/a><\/noindex> byl vybr\u00e1n pro n\u00edzkou spot\u0159ebu energie a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed funkce, jako je p\u0159\u00edtomnost obvodu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed AXP209<\/a><\/noindex>. Umo\u017e\u0148uje dotazovat statistiky o aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed a proud\u011bn\u00ed z desky a z baterie. Obvod automaticky p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed mezi akumul\u00e1torem a DC konektorem, kam te\u010de proud ze sol\u00e1rn\u00edho panelu. Tak je mo\u017en\u00e9 zajistit nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed serveru s podporou akumul\u00e1toru.<\/p>\n

\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\nOlimex Olinuxino A20 Lime 2<\/i><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u011b byla jako akumul\u00e1tor vybr\u00e1na lithium-polymerov\u00e1 baterie s kapacitou 6600 mAh (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 24 Wh), pozd\u011bji byla nahradila olov\u011bno-kyselinov\u00e1 baterie s kapacitou 84,4 Wh.<\/p>\n

Opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m se spou\u0161t\u00ed z microSD karty. A\u010dkoli OS zab\u00edr\u00e1 maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 GB a statick\u00e1 webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka asi 30 MB, ned\u00e1valo ekonomick\u00fd smysl kupovat kartu men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Class 10 16 GB.<\/p>\n

Server se p\u0159ipojuje k s\u00edti p\u0159es 100megabitov\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed v Barcelon\u011b a standardn\u00ed spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fd router. Pro n\u011bj je rezervov\u00e1na statick\u00e1 IP adresa. Prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd si m\u016f\u017ee takov\u00fd web postavit ve sv\u00e9m byt\u011b, sta\u010d\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011b upravit nastaven\u00ed firewallu pro forwarding port\u016f na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed IP:<\/p>\n

Port 80 na 80 pro HTTP\nPort 443 na 443 pro HTTPS\nPort 22 na 22 pro SSH<\/pre>\n
\nOpera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m Armbian Stretch<\/a><\/noindex> na b\u00e1zi distribuce Debian a j\u00e1dra SUNXI<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e9 bylo vyvinuto pro jednodeskov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de s \u010dipy AllWinner.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n50w sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panel pro webov\u00fd server a 10w panel pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed ob\u00fdvac\u00edho pokoje v byt\u011b autora<\/i><\/p>\n
Statick\u00e1 str\u00e1nka byla vygenerov\u00e1na syst\u00e9mem Pelican<\/a><\/noindex> (gener\u00e1tor webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek v Pythonu). Statick\u00e9 str\u00e1nky se na\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed rychleji a nezat\u011b\u017euj\u00ed CPU, tak\u017ee jsou mnohem \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dynamicky generovan\u00e9 str\u00e1nky z hlediska spot\u0159eby energie. Zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d \u0161ablony. zde<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd moment \u2014 komprese obr\u00e1zk\u016f, proto\u017ee bez t\u00e9to optimalizace je prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 megabajt. Pro optimalizaci bylo rozhodnuto p\u0159ev\u00e9st fotografie na polot\u00f3nov\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zde je fotografie telefonistek u p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de z minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. 253 KB<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nA zde je optimalizovan\u00fd polot\u00f3nov\u00fd obr\u00e1zek o velikosti 36,5 KB<\/a><\/noindex> se t\u0159emi barvami (\u010dern\u00e1, b\u00edl\u00e1, \u0161ed\u00e1). D\u00edky optick\u00e9 iluzi se div\u00e1kovi zd\u00e1, \u017ee je barev v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159i.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nPolot\u00f3nov\u00e9 fotografie byly vybr\u00e1ny nejen pro optimalizaci velikosti (to je pom\u011brn\u011b sporn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed), ale tak\u00e9 z estetick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Tato star\u00e1 technika zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed obr\u00e1zk\u016f m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e9 stylov\u00e9 rysy, tak\u017ee web z\u00edskal v jist\u00e9m smyslu jedine\u010dn\u00fd design.<\/p>\n
623 ilustrace na webu magaz\u00ednu Low-tech Magazine po optimalizaci zmen\u0161ily svou velikost z 194,2 MB na 21,3 MB, tedy o 89%.<\/p>\n
V\u0161echny star\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky byly p\u0159evedeny do Markdownu pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed psan\u00ed nov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a tak\u00e9 pro jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159es git<\/a><\/noindex>. Z webu byly odstran\u011bny v\u0161echny skripty a trackery, stejn\u011b jako loga. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v\u00fdchoz\u00ed p\u00edsmo v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di klienta. Jako \u201elogo\u201c slou\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1zev magaz\u00ednu velk\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny se \u0161ipkou vlevo: LOW\u2190TECH MAGAZINE. Celkem 16 byt\u016f m\u00edsto obr\u00e1zku.<\/p>\n
Pro p\u0159\u00edpad v\u00fdpadku byla zorganizov\u00e1na mo\u017enost \u201eoffline \u010dten\u00ed\u201c: texty a obr\u00e1zky se exportuj\u00ed do RSS feedu. Je aktivov\u00e1no ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed 100% obsahu do cache, v\u010detn\u011b HTML.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed optimalizac\u00ed je aktivace nastaven\u00ed HTTP2 v nginx, co\u017e m\u00edrn\u011b sni\u017euje objem dat a zkracuje dobu na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed str\u00e1nek ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s HTTP\/1.1. V tabulce jsou porovn\u00e1ny v\u00fdsledky pro p\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n
| | FP | WE | HS | FW | CW |\n|----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|\n| HTTP\/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s |\n| HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s |\n| Obr\u00e1zky | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 |\n| \u00faspory | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |<\/pre>\n
\u00dapln\u00e1 konfigurace nginx:<\/p>\n
root@solarserver:\u2044var\u2044log\u2044nginx# cat \u2044etc\u2044nginx\u2044sites-enabled\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com\n\n# Expires map\nmap $sent_http_content_type $expires {\ndefault off;\ntext\u2044html 7d;\ntext\u2044css max;\napplication\u2044javascript max;\n~image\u2044 max;\n}\n\nserver {\nlisten 80;\nserver_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;\n\nlocation \u2044 {\nreturn 301 https\u2077\u2044$server_name$request_uri;\n}\n}\n\nserver{\nlisten 443 ssl http2;\nserver_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;\n\ncharset UTF-8; #zlep\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti str\u00e1nky t\u00edm, \u017ee se charset pos\u00edl\u00e1 s prvn\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed.\n\nlocation \u2044 {\nroot \u2044var\u2044www\u2044html\u2044;\nindex index.html;\nautoindex off;\n}\n\n\n#Caching (ulo\u017ete html str\u00e1nky na 7 dn\u00ed, ostatn\u00ed co nejd\u00e9le, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 cache na \u00favodn\u00ed str\u00e1nce)\nexpires $expires;\n\nlocation @index {\nadd_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;\nadd_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';\netag off;\nexpires off;\n}\n\n#error_page 404 \u2044404.html;\n\n# p\u0159esm\u011brovat str\u00e1nky s chybami serveru na statickou str\u00e1nku \u204450x.html\n#error_page 500 502 503 504 \u204450x.html;\n#location = \u204450x.html {\n# root \u2044var\u2044www\u2044;\n#}\n\n#Compression\n\ngzip on;\ngzip_disable \"msie6\";\ngzip_vary on;\ngzip_comp_level 6;\ngzip_buffers 16 8k;\ngzip_http_version 1.1;\ngzip_types text\u2044plain text\u2044css application\u2044json application\u2044javascript text\u2044xml application\u2044xml application\u2044xml+rss text\u2044javascript;\n\n\n#Caching (ulo\u017ete html str\u00e1nku na 7 dn\u00ed, ostatn\u00ed co nejd\u00e9le)\nexpires $expires;\n\n# Logs\naccess_log \u2044var\u2044log\u2044nginx\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;\nerror_log \u2044var\u2044log\u2044nginx\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;\n\n# SSL Settings:\nssl_certificate \u2044etc\u2044letsencrypt\u2044live\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com\u2044fullchain.pem;\nssl_certificate_key \u2044etc\u2044letsencrypt\u2044live\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com\u2044privkey.pem;\n\n# Zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu HTTPS s obnoven\u00edm relace\nssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;\nssl_session_timeout 5m;\n\n# Aktivujte ochranu na stran\u011b serveru proti \u00fatok\u016fm BEAST\nssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;\nssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;\n\n# Zaka\u017ete SSLv3\nssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;\n\n# Sni\u017ete velikost vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pam\u011bti pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed TTFB\nssl_buffer_size 4k;\n\n# Parametr Diffie-Hellman pro DHE \u0161ifrovac\u00ed sady\n# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out \u2044etc\u2044ssl\u2044certs\u2044dhparam.pem 4096\nssl_dhparam \u2044etc\u2044ssl\u2044certs\u2044dhparam.pem;\n\n# Aktivujte HSTS (https\u2077\u2044developer.mozilla.org\u2077\u2044en-US\u2077\u2044docs\u2077\u2044Security\u2077\u2044HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)\nadd_header Strict-Transport-Security \"max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains\";\n\n# Aktivujte OCSP stapling (http\u2077\u2044blog.mozilla.org\u2077\u2044security\u2077\u20442013\u2077\u204407\u2077\u204429\u2077\u2044ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)\nssl_stapling on;\nssl_stapling_verify on;\nssl_trusted_certificate \u2044etc\u2044letsencrypt\u2044live\u2044solar.lowtechmagazine.com\u2044fullchain.pem;\nresolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;\nresolver_timeout 5s;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledky 15 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f provozu<\/h1>\n
\nV obdob\u00ed od 12. prosince 2018 do 28. listopadu 2019 server vyk\u00e1zal uptime 95,26%<\/a><\/noindex>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed provozu kv\u016fli \u0161patn\u00e9mu po\u010das\u00ed za rok \u010dinilo 399 hodin.<\/p>\n
Ale pokud nebereme v \u00favahu posledn\u00ed dva m\u011bs\u00edce, doba bezporuchov\u00e9ho provozu \u010dinila 98,2 % a doba v\u00fdpadku pouze 152 hodin, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i. Doba bezporuchov\u00e9ho provozu klesla na 80 % v posledn\u00edch dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, kdy se spot\u0159eba energie zv\u00fd\u0161ila kv\u016fli aktualizaci softwaru. Ka\u017edou noc byla str\u00e1nka na n\u011bkolik hodin vypnuta.<\/p>\n
Podle statistik za obdob\u00ed od 3. prosince 2018 do 24. listopadu 2019 \u010dinila spot\u0159eba elektrick\u00e9 energie serveru 9,53 kWh. Byly zaznamen\u00e1ny zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty v fotovoltaick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu kv\u016fli p\u0159evodu nap\u011bt\u00ed a vyb\u00edjen\u00ed baterie. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed regul\u00e1tor uk\u00e1zal ro\u010dn\u00ed spot\u0159ebu 18,10 kWh, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost syst\u00e9mu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 %.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\nZjednodu\u0161en\u00fd diagram. Na n\u011bm nen\u00ed zobrazen p\u0159evodn\u00edk nap\u011bt\u00ed z 12 na 5 volt\u016f a bateriov\u00fd m\u011b\u0159i\u010d amp\u00e9rhodin.<\/i><\/p>\n
B\u011bhem zkouman\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed nav\u0161t\u00edvilo web 865 000 unik\u00e1tn\u00edch n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f. I s ohledem na ve\u0161ker\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty energie ve slune\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu \u010dinila spot\u0159eba energie na jednoho unik\u00e1tn\u00edho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edka 0,021 Wh. Tak\u017ee jedno kilowatt-hodina vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed energie sta\u010d\u00ed na obsluhu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 50 000 unik\u00e1tn\u00edch n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem experimentu byly testov\u00e1ny slune\u010dn\u00ed panely r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikost\u00ed. V tabulce jsou uvedeny v\u00fdpo\u010dty, za jak dlouho se nab\u00edjej\u00ed akumul\u00e1tory r\u016fzn\u00fdch kapacit p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edch panel\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nPr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkon webov\u00e9ho serveru b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho roku, v\u010detn\u011b v\u0161ech ztr\u00e1t energie, \u010dinil 1,97 W. V\u00fdpo\u010det ukazuje, \u017ee pro udr\u017een\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky v noci b\u011bhem nejkrat\u0161\u00ed noci v roce (8 hodin 50 minut, 21. \u010dervna) je pot\u0159eba 17,40 watt-hodin kapacity, zat\u00edmco b\u011bhem nejdel\u0161\u00ed noci (14 hodin 49 minut, 21. prosince) je pot\u0159eba 29,19 Wh.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nJeliko\u017e olov\u011bn\u00e9 akumul\u00e1tory by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt vybit\u011bny pod polovinu sv\u00e9 kapacity, server pot\u0159ebuje baterii o v\u00fdkonu 60 Wh, aby p\u0159e\u017eil nejdel\u0161\u00ed noc p\u0159i optim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed osv\u011btlenosti (2\u00d729,19 Wh). V\u011bt\u0161inu roku syst\u00e9m pracoval s akumul\u00e1torem 86,4 Wh a 50-wattov\u00fdm sol\u00e1rn\u00edm panelem, \u010d\u00edm\u017e byl dosa\u017een uveden\u00fd uptime 95-98 %.<\/p>\n
Uptime 100 %<\/h1>\n
\nPro dosa\u017een\u00ed uptime 100 % je nutn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161it kapacitu akumul\u00e1tor\u016f. K vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho dne velmi \u0161patn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed (bez v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby elektrick\u00e9 energie) je pot\u0159eba 47,28 watt-hodin (24 hodin \u00d7 1,97 watt\u016f) \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n
Od 1. prosince 2019 do 12. ledna 2020 byla do syst\u00e9mu nainstalov\u00e1na 168wattov\u00e1 baterie, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 praktickou kapacitu \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b 84 watt-hodin. Tato kapacita je dostate\u010dn\u00e1 k udr\u017een\u00ed chodu webu po dobu dvou noc\u00ed a jednoho dne. Konfigurace byla testov\u00e1na v nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed roku, ale po\u010das\u00ed bylo relativn\u011b dobr\u00e9 \u2014 a b\u011bhem uveden\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed \u010dinil \u010das bezporuchov\u00e9ho provozu 100%.<\/p>\n
Abychom v\u0161ak zajistili 100% dostupnost po \u0159adu let, je t\u0159eba zohlednit i ten nejhor\u0161\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, kdy \u0161patn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed trv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010dty ukazuj\u00ed: pro udr\u017een\u00ed webu online po dobu \u010dty\u0159 dn\u016f s n\u00edzkou nebo nulovou v\u00fdrobou energie bude pot\u0159eba olov\u011bno-kyselinov\u00e1 baterie s kapacitou 440 watt-hodin, tedy velikost\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed automobilov\u00e9 baterii.<\/p>\n
V praxi p\u0159i dobr\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed olov\u011bno-kyselinov\u00e1 baterie s kapacitou 48 Wh udr\u017e\u00ed server v chodu p\u0159es noc od b\u0159ezna do z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Baterie o kapacit\u011b 24 Wh udr\u017e\u00ed server maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 6 hodin, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se odpoj\u00ed ka\u017edou noc, a to v r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010dasy v z\u00e1vislosti na m\u011bs\u00edci.<\/p>\n
V z\u00e1sad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 weby nemus\u00ed fungovat v noci, kdy je po\u010det n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, tvrd\u00ed kluci z Low-tech Magazine. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud jde o region\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd \u010dasopis, kam nechod\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci z jin\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch p\u00e1sem, ale pouze m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9.<\/p>\n
To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pro weby s r\u016fznou n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnost\u00ed a r\u016fznou dostupnost\u00ed jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed akumul\u00e1tory r\u016fzn\u00e9 kapacity a sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\n\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nAutor vypracov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010det, kolik energie je pot\u0159eba na v\u00fdrobu<\/i> samotn\u00fdch sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panel\u016f (embodied energy) a kolik energie se z\u00edsk\u00e1, pokud tuto hodnotu vyd\u011bl\u00edme o\u010dek\u00e1vanou \u017eivotnost\u00ed 10 let.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nT\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze vypo\u010d\u00edtat ekvivalent fosiln\u00edho paliva, kter\u00e9 bylo spot\u0159ebov\u00e1no na v\u00fdrobu a provoz panel\u016f. Podle Low-tech Magazine vyprodukoval jejich syst\u00e9m (50W panel, 86,4 Wh baterie) b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho roku provozu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9 kg emis\u00ed nebo ekvivalent sp\u00e1len\u00ed 3 litr\u016f benz\u00ednu: p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b tolik, kolik osobn\u00ed auto vyprodukuje za 50 km j\u00edzdy.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nPokud server nen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen ze slune\u010dn\u00edch bateri\u00ed, ale z ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, pak ekvivalent emis\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed asi \u0161estkr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed: 1,54 kg (ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 energetice je vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl alternativn\u00ed energetiky a jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren). Ale autor \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee toto srovn\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b korektn\u00ed, proto\u017ee zohled\u0148uje embodied energy slune\u010dn\u00ed infrastruktury, ale nezohled\u0148uje tuto hodnotu pro ve\u0159ejnou energetickou s\u00ed\u0165, tedy n\u00e1klady na jej\u00ed v\u00fdstavbu a \u00fadr\u017ebu.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed vylep\u0161en\u00ed<\/h1>\n
\nV uplynul\u00e9m \u010dase bylo provedeno n\u011bkolik optimalizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eily spot\u0159ebu energie serveru. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 zjistil, \u017ee 6,63 TB z celkov\u00fdch 11,15 TB provozu generuje jedna nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1 implementace RSS feedu, kter\u00e1 tah\u00e1 obsah ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u00e1r minut. Po oprav\u011b t\u00e9to chyby se spot\u0159eba energie serveru (bez zohledn\u011bn\u00ed ztr\u00e1t energie) sn\u00ed\u017eila z 1,14 W na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,95 W. Zisk se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t mal\u00fd, ale rozd\u00edl 0,19 W znamen\u00e1 4,56 watthodin za den, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,5 hodin\u00e1m autonomn\u00edho provozu serveru.<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem prvn\u00edho roku \u010dinila \u00fa\u010dinnost pouze 50%. Ztr\u00e1ty byly pozorov\u00e1ny p\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed a vyb\u00edjen\u00ed baterie (22%) a tak\u00e9 p\u0159i p\u0159evodu nap\u011bt\u00ed z 12 V (sol\u00e1rn\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00fd syst\u00e9m) na 5 V (USB), kde ztr\u00e1ty \u010din\u00ed a\u017e 28%. V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1 suboptim\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d (regul\u00e1tor bez vestav\u011bn\u00e9ho USB), tak\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 tento moment optimalizovat nebo p\u0159ej\u00edt na sol\u00e1rn\u00ed instalaci 5V.<\/p>\n
Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed energie je mo\u017en\u00e9 nahradit olov\u011bno-kyselinov\u00e9 baterie dra\u017e\u0161\u00edmi lithium-iontov\u00fdmi, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed\/vyb\u00edjen\u00ed (<10%). Nyn\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9r zva\u017euje kompaktn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 energie v podob\u011b stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu<\/a><\/noindex> (CAES), kter\u00fd m\u00e1 \u017eivotnost des\u00edtky let, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed \u201euhl\u00edkovou stopu\u201c p\u0159i jej\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\nKompaktn\u00ed akumul\u00e1tor energie na stla\u010den\u00e9m vzduchu, zdroj<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n
Zva\u017euje se instalace dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011btrn\u00e9 turb\u00edny (tu lze vyrobit ze d\u0159eva<\/a><\/noindex>) a instalace slune\u010dn\u00edho sledu, kter\u00fd ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed panely sm\u011brem ke slunci. Sledova\u010d umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdrobu elekt\u0159iny o 30%.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\n
\nDal\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak zv\u00fd\u0161it efektivitu syst\u00e9mu, je jeho \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed. Hostit v\u00edce webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek na serveru a spustit v\u00edce server\u016f. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed energetick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba na ka\u017ed\u00fd web.<\/p>\n
\"Dom\u00e1c\u00ed
\nSpole\u010dnost slune\u010dn\u00edho hostingu. Ilustrace: Diego Marmolejo<\/i><\/p>\n
Pokud pokryjete cel\u00fd balkon bytu sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi panely a zalo\u017e\u00edte spole\u010dnost slune\u010dn\u00edho webhostingu, n\u00e1klady na ka\u017ed\u00e9ho klienta budou v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na jedin\u00fd web: \u00faspora z rozsahu.<\/p>\n
Celkov\u011b tento experiment ukazuje, \u017ee za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 infrastruktura fungovat na obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch energie.<\/p>\n
Teoreticky by takov\u00fd server mohl obej\u00edt i bez baterie, pokud by byl zrcadlen v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta. Nap\u0159\u00edklad um\u00edstit zrcadla na Nov\u00e9m Z\u00e9landu a v Chile. Tam budou sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely fungovat, kdy\u017e je v Barcelon\u011b noc.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e: solar.lowtechmagazine.com \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u0437 Low-tech Magazine \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 self-hosted \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c 24 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 solar.lowtechmagazine.com, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":40652,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Dom\u00e1c\u00ed webov\u00fd server na sol\u00e1rn\u00ed energii b\u011b\u017eel 15 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f: uptime 95,26% | 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