{"id":41564,"date":"2020-02-11T20:44:15","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T17:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom"},"modified":"2020-02-11T20:44:15","modified_gmt":"2020-02-11T17:44:15","slug":"skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","title":{"rendered":"Jak dlouho m\u016f\u017ee trvat dlouh\u00e1 stavba, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt mistrovsk\u00fdm d\u00edlem","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Na\u0161e spole\u010dnost \u00abINSISTEMS\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> se pod\u00edl\u00ed na velk\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch. O sv\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch projektech jsme ji\u017e psali na Habr a dnes nab\u00edz\u00edme zamyslet se nad velkolep\u00fdmi stavbami r\u016fzn\u00fdch epoch, kter\u00e9 trvaly, podle dne\u0161n\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek, velmi dlouho, ale nakonec se tyto objekty staly pam\u00e1tkami sv\u011btov\u00e9 architektury.<\/a><\/noindex>Jak se stav\u011blo d\u0159\u00edve<\/p>\n

\"JakZdroj<\/a><\/noindex>
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pokud zkr\u00e1t\u00edme historii v\u00fdvoje stavebn\u00edch technologi\u00ed na t\u0159i etapy ve stylu \"p\u0159i\u0161el, vid\u011bl, zv\u00edt\u011bzil\", vyjdeme z toho, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk zjistil, \u017ee z rudy lze vyrobit kov, vynalezl \u017eelezobeton a postavil buldozer. V\u011bt\u0161ina mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b urychlily stavebn\u00ed proces, byla vynalezena ve 20. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159ed t\u00edm z\u016fstal hlavn\u00ed metodou na stavb\u011b manu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. K dispozici byly lidem d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, p\u00e1ky a zvedac\u00ed mechanismy. Obvykle se stavebn\u00ed technika vyr\u00e1b\u011bla na m\u00edst\u011b stavby, a po jej\u00edm dokon\u010den\u00ed byla rozebr\u00e1na.<\/h2>\n

\nProto\u017ee v\u0161echny n\u00e1stroje byly z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a v\u00fdznamn\u011b neovliv\u0148ovaly produktivitu, bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 urychlit stavbu pouze za pomoci dodate\u010dn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly, co\u017e bylo nemo\u017en\u00e9 bez obrovsk\u00fdch rozpo\u010dt\u016f. Takov\u00e9 pen\u00edze se p\u0159id\u011blovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na v\u00fdstavbu chr\u00e1m\u016f a katedr\u00e1l. Zde bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e9st tolik lid\u00ed, kolik bylo pot\u0159eba pro postaven\u00ed v co nejkrat\u0161\u00edm \u010dase. Nap\u0159\u00edklad chr\u00e1m svat\u00e9 Sofie v Konstantinopoli (537 n.l.) byl postaven za pouh\u00fdch 6 let, co\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b pro chr\u00e1m vysok\u00fd 55,6 m bylo nerealisticky rychl\u00e9. Ale ve\u0161ker\u00fdch 6 let na n\u011bm pracovalo 10 000 d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f. To je cena velkolep\u00e9 stavby, kter\u00e1 se stala symbolem Istanbulu. V\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 let tato katedr\u00e1la z\u016fst\u00e1vala nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Mnoho st\u00e1lo nejen pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu, ale i stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly. O tom, \u017ee stavba n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch objekt\u016f byla velmi n\u00e1kladn\u00e1, p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed historici. Nap\u0159\u00edklad americk\u00fd badatel Henry Kraus srovnal stavebn\u00ed maltu se zlatem a p\u0159ijal metaforu do n\u00e1zvu sv\u00e9 knihy Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. V t\u00e9to knize jsou p\u0159edstaveny jeho v\u00fdzkumy financov\u00e1n\u00ed stavby n\u011bkter\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch katedr\u00e1l v obdob\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku.<\/p>\n

Mnoho st\u00e1la nejen pracovn\u00ed s\u00edla, ale tak\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly. O tom, \u017ee stavba n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch objekt\u016f byla velmi drah\u00e1, p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed historici. Nap\u0159\u00edklad americk\u00fd badatel Henry Kraus srovnal stavebn\u00ed malty se zlatem a vzal tuto metaforu jako n\u00e1zev sv\u00e9 knihy \"Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building\". V t\u00e9to knize jsou prezentov\u00e1ny jeho v\u00fdzkumy financov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavby n\u011bkter\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch katedr\u00e1l v dob\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bku.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b m\u00e1 sv\u016fj \"zlat\u00fd\" dlouhodob\u00fd projekt \u2013 v \u0160pan\u011blsku (slavn\u00e1 Sagrada Familia), v Kambod\u017ei (Angkor Wat), v \u010c\u00edn\u011b a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v Rusku. Takov\u00e9 projekty si zaslou\u017e\u00ed doplnit seznam div\u016f sv\u011bta, a bez ohledu na to, jak dlouho jejich v\u00fdstavba trvala, nakonec byla dokon\u010dena (skoro ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech).<\/p>\n

Jak dlouho vlastn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee trvat v\u00fdstavba velkolep\u00e9ho projektu, kter\u00fd si zaslou\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1t se pam\u00e1tkou sv\u011btov\u00e9 architektury?<\/p>\n

Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 ze\u010f \u2013 2000 let<\/h2>\n

\n\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Jedna z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch staveb na sv\u011bt\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdstavba trvala v\u00edce ne\u017e 2000 let. Cestou zdi le\u017e\u00ed pou\u0161t\u011b a \u0159eky, hory a roviny. Stav\u011bt ze\u010f za\u010dali ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. a dokon\u010dena byla v polovin\u011b 17. stolet\u00ed n. l. Sou\u010dasn\u011b na v\u00fdstavb\u011b zdi pracovaly a\u017e 300 000 lid\u00ed, celkem bylo k pr\u00e1ci p\u0159izv\u00e1no a\u017e 2 miliony lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00fdch surovin se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed na miliony tun. P\u0159i v\u00fdstavb\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou pracovn\u00edci z\u00edsk\u00e1vali materi\u00e1ly na m\u00edst\u011b. Zdi byly vyrobeny ze p\u00edsku a pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pevnost byla mezera mezi dv\u011bma zdmi vypln\u011bn\u00e1 r\u00e1kosem a vrbovou d\u0159evinou. V hor\u00e1ch byla ze\u010f stav\u011bna z opracovan\u00e9ho kamene a r\u016fzn\u00fdch hornin. Uplynuly stalet\u00ed, technologie se zdokonalovaly a objevovaly se nov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti zdi, postaven\u00e9 dynasti\u00ed Ming, jsou z cihel a stavebn\u00edho malty \u2013 stejn\u011b jako to d\u011bl\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt<\/b>: n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee je ze\u010f vid\u011bt z vesm\u00edru, ale to je f\u00e1ma, kterou ji\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t vyvr\u00e1tili.<\/p>\n

Sagrada Familia \u2013 v\u00edce ne\u017e 137 let<\/h2>\n

\nJste si jisti, \u017ee je to prvn\u00ed stavba, kterou jste si vzpomn\u011bli, kdy\u017e jste p\u0159e\u010detli n\u00e1zev \u010dl\u00e1nku. Projekt Antoni Gaud\u00edho se st\u00e1le stav\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed k\u00e1men baziliky byl polo\u017een v roce 1882. V roce Gaud\u00edho smrti \u2013 v roce 1926 \u2013 byla katedr\u00e1la postavena pouze z jedn\u00e9 \u010dtvrtiny, a bude symbolick\u00e9, kdy\u017e v\u00fdstavba nakonec skon\u010d\u00ed ve 100. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed jeho smrti.<\/p>\n

Sagrada m\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0161 web<\/a><\/noindex>, kde je mo\u017en\u00e9 vid\u011bt optimistickou p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f, \u017ee bazilika m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dokon\u010dena ve 21. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee nyn\u00ed je stavba dokon\u010dena z 70 % a dos\u00e1hla v\u00fd\u0161ky 90,1 metru (a pl\u00e1nov\u00e1no je 172,5 m).<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, na tomto webu se m\u016f\u017eete kdykoliv p\u0159ipojit k online kame\u0159e a osobn\u011b zkontrolovat, jak postupuje v\u00fdstavba nebo obnova.<\/p>\n

\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Na tomto archivn\u00edm obr\u00e1zku z roku 1892 jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdtahy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i stavb\u011b krypta chr\u00e1mu Svat\u00e9 rodiny. Tato d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 konstrukce p\u0159edstavuje syst\u00e9m kladek s lany \u2013 tento typ je\u0159\u00e1bu byl poprv\u00e9 pou\u017eit \u0158\u00edmany a mohl zvednout a\u017e 2,5 tuny.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt<\/b>: \u00fa\u0159ady v Barcelon\u011b ozn\u00e1mily, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o tom, \u017ee by v roce 1885 byla vyd\u00e1na jak\u00e1koli povolen\u00ed pro stavbu. A te\u010f, o 137 let po zah\u00e1jen\u00ed v\u00fdstavby, m\u011bsto ud\u011blilo stavitel\u016fm licenci, kter\u00e1 plat\u00ed do roku 2026. Dr\u017eme si palce: m\u011blo by se jim to poda\u0159it!<\/p>\n

Angkor Wat (Kambod\u017ea) \u2013 37 let<\/h2>\n

\n\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Angkor Wat byl postaven mezi lety 1113 a 1150 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee tento chr\u00e1m byl stav\u011bn nikoli 4 desetilet\u00ed, ale 4 stolet\u00ed, co\u017e nen\u00ed pravda. Nesrovnalost v datov\u00e1n\u00ed stavby vznikla, proto\u017ee Angkor Wat se nach\u00e1zel v srdci \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Khm\u00e9r\u016f \u2013 m\u011bst\u011b Angkor, a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00ed roky v\u00fdstavby m\u011bsta (co\u017e je pr\u00e1v\u011b 400 let) za roky v\u00fdstavby chr\u00e1mu.<\/p>\n

Budova p\u0159edstavuje t\u0159\u00ed\u00farov\u0148ovou pyramidu orientovanou na z\u00e1pad. Stavba chr\u00e1mu prob\u00edhala od st\u0159edu k periferii. Z jak\u00e9hokoli pohledu jsou v\u017edy vid\u011bt jen t\u0159i v\u011b\u017ee z p\u011bti, tak\u017ee i podle sou\u010dasn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek je Angkor Wat z\u00e1zrakem architektury.<\/p>\n

5 milion\u016f tun p\u00edskovce, kter\u00fd byl pou\u017eit na stavbu chr\u00e1mu, pracovn\u00edci t\u00e1hli na vzd\u00e1lenost 50 km od nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho lomu. Na stavb\u011b tohoto architektonick\u00e9ho z\u00e1zraku se pod\u00edlelo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 000 lid\u00ed a 6 000 slon\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pr\u00e1v\u011b zobrazeni na ilustraci.<\/p>\n

Khmersk\u00e1 stavba pat\u0159\u00ed do p\u0159echodn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze v\u00fdvoje stavebn\u00ed techniky: cihly a k\u00e1men napodobuj\u00ed formy a techniky d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho stavitelstv\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0159ezby na st\u011bn\u00e1ch imituj\u00ed bambusov\u00e9 paravany.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt<\/b>: chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex v Angkor Wat je natolik zn\u00e1m\u00fd, \u017ee Kambod\u017ean\u00e9 dokonce um\u00edstili jeho vyobrazen\u00ed na svou vlajku.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lnsk\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la \u2013 632 let<\/h2>\n

\n\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\u0160est stolet\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edkladem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu: pokud n\u011bco d\u011blat, tak kvalitn\u011b, i kdy\u017e to trv\u00e1 dlouho. Kdy\u017e byl katedr\u00e1ln\u00ed chr\u00e1m, jeho\u017e stavba za\u010dala v roce 1248, dokon\u010den na konci 19. stolet\u00ed, stal se nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed budovou na sv\u011bt\u011b (157 m). Pozd\u011bji tento rekord p\u0159ekonaly katedr\u00e1la v Ulmu (161 m) a mrakodrapy v USA. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 up\u0159esnit, \u017ee stavba katedr\u00e1ly v Kol\u00edn\u011b nad R\u00fdnem netrvala cel\u00fdch 632 let: v roce 1437 byla v\u00fdstavba zastavena kv\u016fli nedostatku pen\u011bz a techniky. Do t\u00e9 doby byly hotov\u00e9 zdi, ch\u00f3r, ji\u017en\u00ed v\u011b\u017e, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men lodi, ale st\u0159echa byla ud\u011bl\u00e1na jen tak, aby chr\u00e1nila vnit\u0159n\u00ed prostory chr\u00e1mu p\u0159ed nepohodou. K dokon\u010den\u00ed katedr\u00e1ly v 19. stolet\u00ed bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 let na obnovu ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n

Chcete se zeptat, kolik st\u00e1la v\u00fdstavba? V p\u0159epo\u010dtu na dne\u0161n\u00ed pen\u00edze celkem vydali v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 miliardu eur. V katedr\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00edln\u011b pracovalo v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 lid\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvaly se nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stavebn\u00ed technologie, jako je syst\u00e9m v\u00fdtahu na p\u00e1sov\u00fdch kolej\u00edch nebo parn\u00ed stroje.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt<\/b>: v katedr\u00e1le je um\u00edst\u011bno 11 zvon\u016f, z nich\u017e jeden (Decke Pitter<\/a><\/noindex>) je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed zvon na sv\u011bt\u011b. Byl odlity v roce 1923 a v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 24 tun.<\/p>\n

Mil\u00e1nsk\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la \u2013 579 let<\/h2>\n

\n\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kdo mohl sout\u011b\u017eit s N\u011bmci ve stavb\u011b vysok\u00fdch budov? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Italov\u00e9. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed katedr\u00e1la v Evrop\u011b podle rozlohy a p\u00e1t\u00e1 na sv\u011bt\u011b, katedr\u00e1la v Mil\u00e1n\u011b, byla zalo\u017eena ve stejn\u00e9m roce, kdy se narodil velk\u00fd socha\u0159 a mal\u00ed\u0159 renesance Donatello (1386), a dokon\u010dena, kdy\u017e The Beatles vydali \u201eRubber Soul\u201c (1965). Stavba trvala p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho i podle italsk\u00fdch standard\u016f \u2013 579 let. V jazyce se objevilo ust\u00e1len\u00e9 spojen\u00ed fabbrica del duomo (stavba katedr\u00e1ly). Tak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, kdy\u017e na n\u011bco, co je t\u0159eba ud\u011blat, bylo pot\u0159eba velmi hodn\u011b \u010dasu.<\/p>\n

Na stavb\u011b se pod\u00edlelo 78 architekt\u016f z Evropy. Budova m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u016fvodn\u011b postavena z terakotov\u00fdch cihel, ale pot\u00e9 byl pou\u017eit kondolsk\u00fd mramor z jezera Maggiore. Proto m\u00e1 fas\u00e1da r\u016fznorod\u00fd vzhled: jsou tu r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9, b\u00edl\u00e9 a sv\u011btle \u0161ed\u00e9 oblasti. Aby se mramor dostal na staveni\u0161t\u011b, byly ve m\u011bst\u011b speci\u00e1ln\u011b vyhloubeny kan\u00e1ly.
\n\u00a0
\nDokon\u010den\u00ed stavby katedr\u00e1ly pomohl nikdo jin\u00fd ne\u017e Napoleon Bonaparte. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 1800. let, pot\u00e9 co dobyl m\u011bsto, si p\u0159\u00e1l b\u00fdt korunov\u00e1n pr\u00e1v\u011b v Duomo, co\u017e znamenalo, \u017ee bylo nutn\u00e9 rychle dokon\u010dit stavbu. P\u0159ed korunovac\u00ed bylo podle jeho osobn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu nal\u00e9hav\u011b dokon\u010deno zdoben\u00ed fas\u00e1dy.
\n\u00a0
\nMimochodem, zhruba ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy Italov\u00e9 dokon\u010dili Duomo di Milano, si vy\u017e\u00e1daly opravy ty \u010d\u00e1sti budovy, kter\u00e9 byly postaveny jako prvn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt:<\/b> stavba neskon\u010dila ani po Napoleonov\u011b korunovaci. A\u017e do druh\u00e9 poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed se pokra\u010dovalo v prac\u00edch na zdoben\u00ed chr\u00e1mu: p\u0159id\u00e1valy se nov\u00e9 vitr\u00e1\u017ee, sochy a dal\u0161\u00ed dekorativn\u00ed prvky. A teprve v roce 1965 byla stavba definit\u00edvn\u011b dokon\u010dena.<\/p>\n

Katedr\u00e1la Notre-Dame \u2013 182 let<\/h2>\n

\n\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed k\u00e1men budovy byl polo\u017een v roce 1163. V\u011b\u017ee byly dokon\u010deny v roce 1245 a cel\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la v roce 1345. Stylov\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 (gotick\u00e9 a rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9) a v\u00fd\u0161kov\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee a z\u00e1padn\u00ed strana katedr\u00e1ly sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee se na stavb\u011b pod\u00edleli r\u016fzn\u00ed architekti.<\/p>\n

Notre-Dame de Paris se stala jednou z prvn\u00edch budov na sv\u011bt\u011b, p\u0159i jejich\u017e stavb\u011b byly pou\u017eity podp\u016frn\u00e9 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obloukov\u00e9 opory \u2013 ark\u00e1dov\u00e9 op\u011brn\u00e9 pil\u00ed\u0159e. Ty nebyly v p\u016fvodn\u00edm projektu. Ale tenk\u00e9 st\u011bny, postaven\u00e9 do ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky, za\u010daly praskat, a proto kolem cel\u00e9 katedr\u00e1ly vybudovali vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed opory.<\/p>\n

Katedr\u00e1la Notre-Dame se stala prvn\u00edm gotick\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem. Tento architektonick\u00fd styl tu\u017e\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00e9 usilov\u00e1n\u00ed k nebes\u016fm. Do t\u00e9 doby nikdo nep\u0159edstavoval, \u017ee c\u00edrkev m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt takov\u00e9 rozm\u011bry, a \u017ee zvonice mohou b\u00fdt tak vysok\u00e9 (69 m). K postaven\u00ed t\u00e9to monument\u00e1ln\u00ed stavby byla velk\u00e1 pozornost v\u011bnov\u00e1na zdokonalen\u00ed zdvihac\u00edch mechanism\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt:<\/b> Da\u0148ov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee z let 1296 a 1313 vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o existenci dvou kamen\u00edk\u016f-\u017een, dla\u017edi\u010de a \u0161tukat\u00e9\u0159e. Je tedy velmi mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee na stavb\u011b katedr\u00e1ly se pod\u00edlely \u017eeny-stavitelky.<\/p>\n

\"JakZdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

15. dubna 2019 sledoval cel\u00fd sv\u011bt, jak ho\u0159\u00ed Notre-Dame de Paris. Kv\u016fli siln\u00e9mu po\u017e\u00e1ru byly ztraceny v\u011b\u017e, st\u0159echa a hodinov\u00fd mechanismus. \u0160kody utrp\u011bla i stropn\u00ed konstrukce z 19. a 13. stolet\u00ed. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed obnovovac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, na kter\u00e9, podle expert\u016f, bude pot\u0159eba nejm\u00e9n\u011b 5 let.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/h2>\n

\nNa rozd\u00edl od minul\u00fdch epoch nyn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 zdroje regionu nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na rychlost v\u00fdstavby: stavebn\u00ed nedokon\u010denost m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout jak ve Vladivostoku, tak v Moskv\u011b. P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny jsou star\u00e9 jako sv\u011bt \u2013 zm\u011bna veden\u00ed, kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fdch kurz\u016f, nedbalost spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, ekologick\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky odhalen\u00e9 na m\u00edst\u011b stavby atd. Kdo je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za pozastaven\u00ed v\u00fdstavby, nen\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010dit, ale co s objektem d\u00e1l \u2013 to je \u010dasto zcela nejasn\u00e9. Ve skute\u010dnosti nen\u00ed tolik mo\u017enost\u00ed: nedokon\u010den\u00e9 projekty lze nechat \u201etak, jak jsou\u201c a p\u0159etvo\u0159it je na kreativn\u00ed klastery, vyhl\u00eddkov\u00e9 plo\u0161iny nebo objekty pro base jumping. M\u016f\u017eete se pokusit v\u0161echno dokon\u010dit. Anebo m\u016f\u017eete v\u0161e zbo\u0159it a na tomto m\u00edst\u011b za\u010d\u00edt novou v\u00fdstavbu. Sou\u010dasn\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 by m\u011bli \u010dast\u011bji analyzovat chyby sv\u00fdch p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016f, aby se jim ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci vyhnuli. A pokud se v\u00fdstavba p\u0159ece jen zpo\u017e\u010fuje, doufejme, \u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed n\u011bco v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9ho.
\n\u00a0
\nKter\u00e9 ze sou\u010dasn\u00fdch staveb pova\u017eujete za um\u011bleck\u00e1 d\u00edla? Jak dlouho se stav\u011bly?
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0418\u041d\u0421\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u041c\u0421\u00bb \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":41565,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41564","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Jak dlouho m\u016f\u017ee trvat nedokon\u010den\u00e1 stavba, kter\u00e9 je souzeno st\u00e1t se mistrovsk\u00fdm d\u00edlem | ProHoster","description":"Na\u0161e spole\u010dnost \u201eINSYSTEMS\u201c se pod\u00edl\u00ed na velk\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch stavb\u00e1ch.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043c | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0418\u041d\u0421\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u041c\u0421\u00bb \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-02-11T17:44:15+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-02-11T17:44:15+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"41564","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 00:14:29","updated":"2022-09-30 08:33:01","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41564"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41564\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41564"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}