{"id":42178,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/oshibka-vyzhivshego"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:00","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:00","slug":"oshibka-vyzhivshego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/oshibka-vyzhivshego","title":{"rendered":"Chyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eOchrana\u201c je dobr\u00fd \u0161t\u00edtek pro \u0161patn\u00e9 \u010diny.
\nMilton Friedman \u201eSvoboda volby\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

Tento text vznikl na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy n\u011bkter\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f k \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016fm. \u201eDefekty lajk\u016f\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> a \u201eEkonomie a lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

P\u0159i interpretaci \u00fadaj\u016f a \u010din\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed koment\u00e1to\u0159i ud\u011blali typickou \u201echybu p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c.<\/p>\n

Co je to \u201esystematick\u00e1 chyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c? To je br\u00e1t v \u00favahu zn\u00e1m\u00e9 a opom\u00edjet nezn\u00e1m\u00e9, ale existuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/b>.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem \u201en\u00e1klad\u016f\u201c chyby p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho a p\u0159\u00edkladem \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to chyby je pr\u00e1ce ma\u010farsk\u00e9ho matematika Abrahama Waldy, kter\u00fd pracoval pro americkou arm\u00e1du b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n

Velen\u00ed zadalo Waldovi \u00fakol analyzovat d\u00edry od kul\u00ed a st\u0159epin na americk\u00fdch letounech a navrhnout zp\u016fsob panc\u00e9\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby piloti a letadla nep\u0159ich\u00e1zeli o \u017eivot. <\/p>\n

Nep\u0159ich\u00e1zelo v \u00favahu pou\u017e\u00edt kompletn\u00ed panc\u00e9\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2014 letadlo by bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. Bylo t\u0159eba bu\u010f panc\u00e9\u0159ovat m\u00edsta, kde byla po\u0161kozen\u00ed, kam se dostaly kulky, nebo m\u00edsta, kde nebyla po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Waldovi oponenti navrhovali panc\u00e9\u0159ovat po\u0161kozen\u00e1 m\u00edsta (na obr\u00e1zku jsou ozna\u010dena \u010derven\u00fdmi te\u010dkami).<\/p>\n

\"Chyba
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nWald nesouhlasil. \u0158\u00edkal, \u017ee letadla s takov\u00fdmi po\u0161kozen\u00edmi se mohla vr\u00e1tit, zat\u00edmco letadla s po\u0161kozen\u00edm na jin\u00fdch m\u00edstech se vr\u00e1tit nemohla. Waldova argumentace zv\u00edt\u011bzila. Letadla byla panc\u00e9\u0159ov\u00e1na tam, kde u vracej\u00edc\u00edch se stroj\u016f po\u0161kozen\u00ed nebylo. V\u00fdsledkem bylo, \u017ee po\u010det p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch letadel v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostl. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f Wald t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem zachr\u00e1nil \u017eivoty p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 % americk\u00fdch pilot\u016f. (\u010c\u00edslo se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it, ale efekt byl velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Wald zachr\u00e1nil stovky \u017eivot\u016f).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed \u201echyby p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Cicera o slovech Diagora Melosk\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd na argument ve prosp\u011bch p\u0159\u00edsahy boh\u016fm, proto\u017ee existuje mno\u017estv\u00ed \u201eobraz\u016f z\u00e1chrany lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se dostali do bou\u0159e a sl\u00edbili boh\u016fm splnit n\u011bjak\u00fd slib\u201c, odpov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee \u201ev\u0161ak neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 obrazy t\u011bch, kdo zahynuli na mo\u0159i v d\u016fsledku n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed katastrofy.\u201c<\/p>\n

A prvn\u00ed \u201echyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch k \u010dl\u00e1nku. \u201eDefekty lajk\u016f\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> sest\u00e1v\u00e1 z toho, \u017ee nev\u00edme, kolik dobr\u00fdch, u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch, geni\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1pad\u016f, v\u00fdtvor\u016f, vyn\u00e1lez\u016f, v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed bylo poh\u0159beno r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \"nepalci\", \"ignoranty\" a \"blokacemi\".<\/p>\n

Cituji formulaci pana @S-e-n<\/a><\/noindex>: \"Nikdo nev\u00ed, kolik dobr\u00fdch n\u00e1pad\u016f bylo zlikvidov\u00e1no, nepublikov\u00e1no, nevyvinuto ze strachu z blokace. Kolik bylo pokus\u016f, ti\u0161e skon\u010den\u00fdch blokac\u00ed autora \u2013 tak\u00e9. To, co vid\u00edme nyn\u00ed \u2013 kolik \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch n\u00e1pad\u016f bylo uzn\u00e1no okam\u017eit\u011b nebo se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm, kolik ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch nebylo uzn\u00e1no. Pokud se op\u00edr\u00e1me pouze o to, co je vid\u011bt - pak ano, v\u0161echno je v po\u0159\u00e1dku.\"<\/b><\/p>\n

To plat\u00ed pro jak\u00fdkoli hodnot\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na preferenc\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161iny. A\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o v\u011bdu, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, vyhled\u00e1va\u010de, primitivn\u00ed kmeny, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 skupiny nebo jin\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u017edy \"blokace\" a \"nepalec\" vznikaj\u00ed ze \"zl\u00e9ho \u00famyslu\". Reakce \"rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed\" na n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho a neobvykl\u00e9ho je rutinn\u00ed fyziologick\u00e1 a psychologick\u00e1 reakce, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 modern\u00edm slovem \"kognitivn\u00ed disonance\" \u2013 je to prost\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost cel\u00e9ho druhu Homo Sapiens, nikoli vlastnost n\u011bjak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed skupiny. A podn\u011bty pro ka\u017edou skupinu mohou b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e9. A \u010d\u00edm \"nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\" a \"neobvyklej\u0161\u00ed\", t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed disonance. A je pot\u0159eba velmi dob\u0159e ovl\u00e1dat svou psychiku, abyste se nenavrhli na \"vyru\u0161itele klidu\". Co\u017e v\u0161ak nijak neomlouv\u00e1 agresora. \"Vyru\u0161itel\" pouze \"vyru\u0161uje\", zat\u00edmco \u010diny agresora jsou zam\u011b\u0159eny na zni\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Chyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho se objevuje i v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch k \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201eEkonomie a lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. A t\u00fdk\u00e1 se certifikace l\u00e9\u010div.<\/p>\n

N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edm velk\u00fd cit\u00e1t z knihy \u201eSvoboda volby\u201c nositele Nobelovy ceny za ekonomii Miltona Friedmana, ale zat\u00edm jen poznamen\u00e1m, \u017ee obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed klinick\u00fdch studi\u00ed, certifik\u00e1t\u016f a podobn\u011b z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010duje v\u0161echny lidi, aby se nechali o\u010dkovat, brali p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 antibiotika a hormony. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee licencov\u00e1n\u00ed a certifikace v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201enefunguj\u00ed\u201c. P\u0159itom je pom\u011brn\u011b mnoho lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dopl\u0148ky stravy nebo homeopatii, kter\u00e9 nepodl\u00e9haj\u00ed (m\u00edrn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno) tak p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 kontrole jako l\u00e9ky. Existuje mnoho lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost kontaktu s l\u00e9\u010diteli a lidov\u00fdmi healery m\u00edsto toho, aby \u0161li k l\u00e9ka\u0159i a brali \u201echemii\u201c, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 licence, certifik\u00e1ty a kter\u00e1 pro\u0161la mnoha kontrolami a zkou\u0161kami.<\/p>\n

Cena takov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ohromn\u011b vysok\u00e1 \u2014 od zdravotn\u00edho posti\u017een\u00ed a\u017e po smrt. Rychlou smrt. \u010cas, kter\u00fd pacient str\u00e1v\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dbou dopl\u0148ky stravy, a opom\u00edjen\u00edm chemie a n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy l\u00e9ka\u0159e, se prom\u011b\u0148uje v promarn\u011bnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost vyl\u00e9\u010dit nemoc v jej\u00ed ran\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, v tzv. \u201esv\u011btl\u00e9m obdob\u00ed\u201c. <\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee ne\u017e je l\u00e9k odesl\u00e1n na \u201ecertifikaci\u201c, farmaceutick\u00e1 firma prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159adu vlastn\u00edch zkou\u0161ek a kontrol, v\u010detn\u011b test\u016f na lidech. <\/p>\n

Certifikace pouze duplikuje tento proces. Nav\u00edc se v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi v\u0161e opakuje, co\u017e nakonec zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1klady na l\u00e9k pro spot\u0159ebitele. <\/p>\n

\"Chyba
\n
\nTo bylo mal\u00e9 odbo\u010den\u00ed od t\u00e9matu. Nyn\u00ed, s velk\u00fdm zjednodu\u0161en\u00edm, cituji Miltona Friedmana. <\/p>\n

\u00abK organizaci vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce lid\u00ed nen\u00ed zapot\u0159eb\u00ed z\u00e1sahu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sil, p\u0159inucen\u00ed nebo omezov\u00e1n\u00ed svobody\u2026<\/b> V sou\u010dasnosti existuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee regula\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnost \u00da\u0159adu (FDA) m\u00e1 negativn\u00ed dopady, \u017ee p\u0159inesla v\u00edce \u0161kody, zpomaluj\u00edc pokrok ve v\u00fdrob\u011b a distribuci u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f, ne\u017e prosp\u011bchu t\u00edm, \u017ee chr\u00e1n\u00ed trh p\u0159ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi a ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi l\u00e9ky.
\nVliv \u00da\u0159adu pro kontrolu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div (FDA) na tempo zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f je velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fd... v sou\u010dasnosti trv\u00e1 mnohem d\u00e9le, ne\u017e se nov\u00fd l\u00e9k schv\u00e1l\u00ed, a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b d\u00edky tomu se n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily... pro uveden\u00ed nov\u00e9ho produktu na trh je pot\u0159eba vynalo\u017eit 54 milion\u016f dolar\u016f a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8 let, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 desetin\u00e1sobn\u00fd r\u016fst n\u00e1klad\u016f a \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobn\u00e9 prodlou\u017een\u00ed \u010dasu ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s celkov\u00fdm dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem cen. V d\u016fsledku toho americk\u00e9 farmaceutick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ji\u017e nejsou schopny vyv\u00edjet nov\u00e9 l\u00e9ky pro pacienty s vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi. Nav\u00edc nem\u016f\u017eeme pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt zahrani\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy, proto\u017ee \u00da\u0159ad neakceptuje d\u016fkazy z ciziny jako prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokud prozkoum\u00e1te terapeutick\u00fd v\u00fdznam l\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech neobjevily, ale jsou dostupn\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad v Anglii, naraz\u00edte na \u0159adu p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy pacienti trp\u00ed nedostatkem l\u00e9k\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad existuj\u00ed l\u00e9ky zvan\u00e9 beta-blok\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 mohou zabr\u00e1nit \u00famrt\u00ed na infarkt \u2014 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed prevence \u00famrt\u00ed na infarkt myokardu, \u2014 kdyby tyto l\u00e9ky byly ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech dostupn\u00e9, mohly by zachr\u00e1nit p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b deset tis\u00edc \u017eivot\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b<\/b>\u2026<\/p>\n

Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem pro pacienty je, \u017ee terapeutick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla d\u0159\u00edve v kompetenci l\u00e9ka\u0159e a pacienta, jsou st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni odborn\u00fdmi v\u00fdbory. Pro \u00da\u0159ad pro kontrolu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritou vyhnout se riziku, a proto m\u00e1me l\u00e9ky, kter\u00e9 jsou bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale neefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/b>. <\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee \u00da\u0159ad pro kontrolu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div, navzdory nejlep\u0161\u00edm \u00famysl\u016fm, sv\u00fdmi kroky odrazuje od v\u00fdvoje a uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed na trh nov\u00fdch a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee jste \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edkem \u00da\u0159adu, kter\u00fd schvaluje nebo zam\u00edt\u00e1 nov\u00fd l\u00e9k. M\u016f\u017eete ud\u011blat dv\u011b chyby:<\/p>\n

1. Schv\u00e1lit l\u00e9k<\/b>, co\u017e by m\u011blo ne\u010dekan\u00fd vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek, kter\u00fd by vedl k \u00famrt\u00ed nebo v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9mu zhor\u0161en\u00ed zdrav\u00ed velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n

2. Odm\u00edtnout schv\u00e1len\u00ed l\u00e9ku<\/b>, kter\u00fd by mohl zachr\u00e1nit \u017eivoty mnoha lid\u00ed nebo zm\u00edrnit obrovsk\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed a nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p>\n

Pokud ud\u011bl\u00e1te prvn\u00ed chybu a schv\u00e1l\u00edte, va\u0161e jm\u00e9no se objev\u00ed na prvn\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch v\u0161ech novin. Dostanete se do tvrd\u00e9ho opovr\u017een\u00ed. Pokud ud\u011bl\u00e1te druhou chybu, kdo se o tom dozv\u00ed? Farmaceutick\u00e1 firma, kter\u00e1 propaguje nov\u00fd l\u00e9k, kterou lze ignorovat jako vzorek chamtiv\u00fdch obchodn\u00edk\u016f s kamenn\u00fdmi srdci? N\u011bkolik rozzu\u0159en\u00fdch chemik\u016f a l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00fdvojem a testov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00e9ho l\u00e9ku?<\/p>\n

Pacienti, jejich\u017e \u017eivoty by mohly b\u00fdt zachr\u00e1neny, ji\u017e nebudou m\u00edt mo\u017enost vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sv\u016fj nesouhlas. Jejich rodiny se ani nedozv\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee jejich bl\u00edzc\u00ed ztratili \u017eivot kv\u016fli 'opatrnosti' nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka z \u00da\u0159adu pro kontrolu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e m\u00e1te ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u00famysly na sv\u011bt\u011b, nev\u011bdomky byste zakazovali mnoho dobr\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f nebo odkl\u00e1dali jejich schv\u00e1len\u00ed, abyste se vyhnuli i jen vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 mo\u017enosti nechat na trh proniknout l\u00e9k, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek v podob\u011b novinov\u00e9ho skand\u00e1lu...
\n\u0160koda zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 \u010dinnost\u00ed \u00da\u0159adu pro kontrolu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div nen\u00ed v\u00fdsledkem nedostatk\u016f lid\u00ed v odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch postech. Mnoz\u00ed z nich jsou schopn\u00ed a oddan\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edci. P\u0159esto spole\u010densk\u00fd, politick\u00fd a ekonomick\u00fd tlak ur\u010duje chov\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch za \u010dinnost vl\u00e1dn\u00ed agentury daleko v\u00edce, ne\u017e oni sami ur\u010duj\u00ed jej\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nepochybn\u011b existuj\u00ed v\u00fdjimky, ale ty jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 jako \u0161t\u011bkaj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u010dky.\" Konec citace.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee \"chyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\" p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed efektivity \u010dinnosti regula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu \"stoj\u00ed\" lidstvo 10 000 \u017eivot\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b pouze na jedn\u00e9m l\u00e9ku v jedn\u00e9 zemi. Velikost cel\u00e9 neviditeln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti tohoto \"ledovce\" je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 odhadnout. A pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u011bsiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u201ePacienti, jejich\u017e \u017eivoty by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zachr\u00e1nit, ji\u017e nebudou schopni vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sv\u016fj protest. Jejich rodiny se ani nedozv\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee jejich milovan\u00ed ztratili \u017eivot kv\u016fli \u201eopatrnosti\u201c nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka.\u201c<\/b>Ani jeden nezodpov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdrobce nezp\u016fsobil sv\u00fdm spoluob\u010dan\u016fm takovou \u0161kodu.<\/p>\n

\"Chyba
\n
\nKrom\u011b toho slu\u017eba certifikace v\u00edc ne\u017e dost stoj\u00ed da\u0148ov\u00e9 poplatn\u00edky. Tedy v\u0161echny obyvatele. Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f Miltona Friedmana tvo\u0159\u00ed pod\u00edl \u201eprojedan\u00e9ho\u201c \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed reguluj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed programy v USA, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovinu v\u0161ech dan\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch na r\u016fzn\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e1vky. Tato polovina jde na platy a dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f ze soci\u00e1ln\u011b rozd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed a reguluj\u00edc\u00ed soustavy. Jak\u00fdkoliv podnik by se s takov\u00fdmi neproduktivn\u00edmi re\u017eijn\u00edmi n\u00e1klady d\u00e1vno dostal do insolvence.<\/p>\n

Je to jako zaplatit \u010d\u00ed\u0161n\u00edkovy za \u0161patn\u00fd servis v restauraci spropitn\u00e9 ve v\u00fd\u0161i ceny ve\u010de\u0159e. Nebo zaplatit za zabalen\u00ed potravin v supermarketu za plnou jejich cenu jen za to, \u017ee v\u00e1m je zabal\u00ed do ta\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edtomnost \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka v \u0159et\u011bzci v\u00fdrobce-zbo\u017e\u00ed-spot\u0159ebitel nebo slu\u017eba-spot\u0159ebitel zdvojn\u00e1sobuje n\u00e1klady jak\u00e9hokoli zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb. Tedy za mzdu jak\u00e9hokoli \u010dlov\u011bka by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 koupit dvojn\u00e1sobek zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb, pokud by o kontrolu t\u011bchto zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb nebyl zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk.
\nJak \u0159ekl soudce Louis Brandeis: \u201eZku\u0161enost u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee svoboda zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pot\u0159ebuje ochranu, kdy\u017e se vl\u00e1da sna\u017e\u00ed o blahod\u00e1rn\u00e9 c\u00edle.\u201c<\/p>\n

Licencov\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako jin\u00e9 restriktivn\u00ed metody regulace (depresivn\u00ed) ekonomiky, nejsou v\u016fbec novinkou a jsou zn\u00e1my od st\u0159edov\u011bku. V\u0161echny druhy cech\u016f, kast, stav\u016f \u2013 to nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e licencov\u00e1n\u00ed a certifikace, pokud to p\u0159evedeme do modern\u00edho jazyka. A jejich c\u00edlem v\u017edy bylo jedno \u2013 omezit konkurenci, zv\u00fd\u0161it ceny, nav\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159\u00edjmy \u201esv\u00fdch\u201c a zabr\u00e1nit \u201eciz\u00edm\u201c. Tedy st\u00e1le ta sam\u00e1 diskriminace a ban\u00e1ln\u00ed kartelov\u00e1 dohoda, zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu a zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed ceny pro spot\u0159ebitele. <\/p>\n

Je na\u010dase se n\u011bjak dostat z prost\u0159ed\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku? V\u017edy\u0165 je 21. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nehody na silnic\u00edch zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed \u0159idi\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed \u0159idi\u010dsk\u00e9 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed a licence. Chyby l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f d\u011blaj\u00ed diplomovan\u00ed a licencovan\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i. \u0160patn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed psychick\u00fdch traumat \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed licencovan\u00ed a diplomovan\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9. P\u0159itom l\u00e9\u010ditel\u00e9, homeopat\u00e9, \u0161aman\u00e9 a \u0161arlat\u00e1ni se skv\u011ble obejdou bez licenc\u00ed a zkou\u0161ek a prosperuj\u00ed, v\u011bnuj\u00ed se sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci a uspokojuj\u00ed popt\u00e1vku obyvatelstva. <\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco z t\u011bchto licenc\u00ed a povolen\u00ed \u017eije spousta \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nevyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed ani slu\u017eby pro ob\u010dany, a p\u0159esto maj\u00ed z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu pr\u00e1vo rozhodovat za ob\u010dana, kde se m\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dit a u\u010dit za jeho vlastn\u00ed dan\u011b<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jen \u017easnout nad t\u00edm, \u017ee navzdory represivn\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edstupu \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f se farmaceutick\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem p\u0159esto poda\u0159ilo ve 20. stolet\u00ed registrovat mno\u017estv\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00e9 zachr\u00e1nily miliony \u017eivot\u016f.<\/p>\n

A z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jen hr\u016fzou konsternovat, kolik l\u00e9k\u016f nebylo vyvinuto, nebylo registrov\u00e1no a bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za ekonomicky neperspektivn\u00ed kv\u016fli vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1klad\u016fm a dlouh\u00e9mu schvalovac\u00edmu procesu. Hr\u016fza, kolik lid\u00ed st\u00e1lo \u017eivoty a zdrav\u00ed v\u00fdsledky represivn\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159itom existuj\u00edc\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed licencuj\u00edc\u00edch, kontroln\u00edch, dozor\u010d\u00edch a pokutuj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a instituc\u00ed nijak nezmen\u0161ilo po\u010det \u0161arlat\u00e1n\u016f, lidov\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div, r\u016fzn\u00fdch panace\u00ed a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch tablet. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich se vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed za biologicky aktivn\u00ed dopl\u0148ky, jin\u00e9 se prost\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed obchvatem l\u00e9k\u00e1ren, obchod\u016f a instituc\u00ed. <\/p>\n

M\u00e1 smysl trvat na chybn\u00e9m sm\u011bru licencov\u00e1n\u00ed a regulace?<\/b> Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee ne.<\/p>\n

Pokud mozek hrd\u00e9ho a v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek do\u010detl do konce, je\u0161t\u011b nepl\u00e1pol\u00e1 zu\u0159iv\u00fdm kognitivn\u00edm disonancem, pak bych cht\u011bl doporu\u010dit pro \"ochutn\u00e1vku\" \u010dty\u0159i knihy, napsan\u00e9 velmi jednoduch\u00fdm jazykem, kter\u00e9 bouraj\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 m\u00fdty t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se kapitalismu, chyby p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho, ekonomiky a st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontroly. Tady jsou tyto knihy: Milton Friedman<\/b> \"Svoboda volby\", Ayn Rand<\/b> \"Kapitalismus. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd ide\u00e1l\", Steven Levitt<\/b> \"Freakonomics\", Malcolm Gladwell<\/b> \"G\u00e9niov\u00e9 a outsideri\", Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat<\/b> \"Co je vid\u011bt a co nen\u00ed vid\u011bt\".
\nA tady<\/a><\/noindex> byla zve\u0159ejn\u011bna dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek o \u201echyb\u011b p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c.<\/p>\n

Ilustrace<\/b>: McGeddon<\/a><\/noindex>, Sergej Jelkin<\/a><\/noindex>, Akrolesa<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

P.S.<\/b> V\u00e1\u017een\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, pros\u00edm, pamatujte, \u017ee \u201eStyl polemiky je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e t\u00e9ma polemiky. T\u00e9mata se m\u011bn\u00ed, ale styl vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed civilizaci.\u201c (Grigorij Pomeranc). Pokud jsem neodpov\u011bd\u011bl na v\u00e1\u0161 koment\u00e1\u0159, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee n\u011bco nen\u00ed v po\u0159\u00e1dku se stylem va\u0161\u00ed polemiky.<\/p>\n

Dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace.<\/b>
\nAle pokud p\u0159esto chcete dostat odpov\u011b\u010f a prodiskutovat \u010dl\u00e1nek, m\u016f\u017eete mi napsat soukromou zpr\u00e1vu. Odpov\u00edd\u00e1m na n\u011b.
\nAle pokud si p\u0159ece jen p\u0159ejete z\u00edskat odpov\u011b\u010f a prodiskutovat \u010dl\u00e1nek, m\u016f\u017eete mi napsat soukromou zpr\u00e1vu. Na n\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Dopln\u011bn\u00ed 2.<\/b>
\n\u201eChyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c na p\u0159\u00edkladu tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\nK momentu naps\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto dopln\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 \u010dl\u00e1nek 33,9 tis\u00edc zobrazen\u00ed a 141 koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f.
\nP\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich je negativn\u00edch v\u016f\u010di \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\nTj. \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159e\u010detlo 33900 lid\u00ed. Kritizovalo 100. 339kr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b.
\nTj. pokud velmi hrub\u011b a s p\u0159edpoklady zaokroulujeme, autor nem\u00e1 data o n\u00e1zorech 33800 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f, ale m\u00e1 data pouze o n\u00e1zorech 100 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f (ve skute\u010dnosti je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, proto\u017ee \u010d\u00e1st \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bkolik koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f).
\nA co d\u011bl\u00e1 autor, tj. j\u00e1, kdy\u017e \u010dtu koment\u00e1\u0159e? D\u011bl\u00e1m typickou \u201echybu p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c. Analyzuji pouze sto \u201em\u00ednus\u016f\u201c, \u00fapln\u011b (psychologicky) ignoruji skute\u010dnost, \u017ee to je jen 0,3 % n\u00e1zor\u016f. A na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto 0,3 %, kter\u00e9 jsou v r\u00e1mci statistick\u00e9 odchylky, vyvozuji z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek se nel\u00edbil. Zklamu se, ani\u017e bych na to m\u011bl nejmen\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod, pokud uva\u017eujeme logicky, nikoli emocion\u00e1ln\u011b.
\nT\u00edm p\u00e1dem \u201echyba p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c le\u017e\u00ed nejen v oblasti matematiky, ale pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i v oblasti psychologie a neurofyziologie, co\u017e \u010din\u00ed jej\u00ed odhalen\u00ed a opravu dost \u201ebolestivou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed\u201c pro lidsk\u00fd mozek.<\/p>\n

Dopln\u011bn\u00ed 3.<\/b>
\nA\u010dkoli to p\u0159esahuje r\u00e1mec tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku, ale proto\u017ee se v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch vydatn\u011b diskutuje o ot\u00e1zce kontroly kvality l\u00e9k\u016f, odpov\u00edd\u00e1m hned v\u0161em.
\nAlternativou k st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontrole m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en\u00ed soukrom\u00fdch expert\u00edzn\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou kontrolovat kvalitu l\u00e9k\u016f a sout\u011b\u017eit mezi sebou. (A takov\u00e9 laborato\u0159e, spole\u010dnosti, asociace a instituce na sv\u011bt\u011b ji\u017e existuj\u00ed).
\nCo to p\u0159inese? Za prv\u00e9 odstran\u00ed korupci, proto\u017ee v\u017edy bude mo\u017en\u00e9 zkontrolovat a vyvr\u00e1tit \u00fadaje zkorumpovan\u00e9 expertizy. Za druh\u00e9, bude to rychlej\u0161\u00ed a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Prost\u011b proto, \u017ee soukrom\u00fd sektor je v\u017edy efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e st\u00e1tn\u00ed. Za t\u0159et\u00ed, expertn\u00ed laborato\u0159 bude prod\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bude odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za kvalitu, term\u00edny, ceny. To v\u0161e spole\u010dn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed cenu l\u00e9k\u016f v l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00e1ch. Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9, pokud na obalu nen\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed o prov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislou soukromou expertn\u00ed laborato\u0159\u00ed, nebo dokonce o dvou \u010di t\u0159ech, kupuj\u00edc\u00ed bude ch\u00e1pat, \u017ee l\u00e9k nebyl prov\u011b\u0159en. Nebo byl prov\u011b\u0159en mnohokr\u00e1t. A bude \u201ehlasovat pen\u011bzi\u201c pro ur\u010dit\u00e9ho farmaceutick\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce.<\/p>\n

Dodatek 4.<\/b>
\nMysl\u00edm, \u017ee je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zohlednit \u201echybu p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji AI, algoritm\u016f strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed atd.
\nTzn. zahrnout do vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho programu nejen zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady, ale i jak\u00e9si delta, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce teoretick\u00e9 modely \u201emo\u017en\u00e9ho nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho\u201c.
\nNa p\u0159\u00edkladu \u201emaluj\u00edc\u00edch\u201c AI by to mohlo b\u00fdt, podm\u00edn\u011bn\u011b \u201evan Gogh + delta\u201c, tak\u017ee p\u0159i velk\u00e9 velikosti delta, stroj vytvo\u0159\u00ed filtr na z\u00e1klad\u011b van Gogha, ale u\u017e na n\u011bj v\u016fbec nebude podobn\u00fd.
\nTakov\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed by mohlo b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 tam, kde je nedostatek dat: medic\u00edna, genetika, kvantov\u00e1 fyzika, astronomie atd.
\n(Omlouv\u00e1m se, pokud jsem to vysv\u011btlil \u201e\u0161patn\u011b\u201c).<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mka (douf\u00e1m, \u017ee posledn\u00ed)<\/b>
\nV\u0161em, kte\u0159\u00ed do\u010detli a\u017e do konce \u2014 \u201eD\u011bkuji\u201c. Je mi velmi p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 vid\u011bt va\u0161e \u201ez\u00e1lo\u017eky\u201c a \u201ezhl\u00e9dnut\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

\"Chyba<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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