{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Koncepty programov\u00e1n\u00ed v Scratch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Mnoz\u00ed znaj\u00ed Scratch \u2013 d\u011btsk\u00e9 programovac\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jeho\u017e u\u010den\u00ed obvykle spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed kreativn\u00edch projekt\u016f podle principu \u201eod jednoduch\u00e9ho k slo\u017eit\u00e9mu\u201c. P\u0159itom tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k u\u010den\u00ed programov\u00e1n\u00ed (prom\u011bnn\u00e9 \u2192 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 cykly \u2192 funkce \u2192 struktury \u2192 objekty \u2192 \u2026) je ve Scratch obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Zm\u011bna po\u0159ad\u00ed, v jak\u00e9m se u\u010d\u00ed koncepty (nazv\u011bme je koncepty) strukturovan\u00e9ho, objektov\u011b a ud\u00e1lostmi \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho programov\u00e1n\u00ed, a jejich skryt\u00ed za barevn\u00fdmi sprite a interaktivn\u00ed animac\u00ed, v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by na t\u011bchto konceptech nem\u011bl b\u00fdt kladen d\u016fraz. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pokud je c\u00edlem ne toliko rozvoj kreativn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed, ale skute\u010dn\u011b nau\u010dit programov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/a><\/noindex>Tuto my\u0161lenku jsem se pokusila vyj\u00e1d\u0159it ve sv\u00e9m kurzu<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm, s \u010d\u00edm se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed skratcher, jsou sprity. I kdy\u017e ve Scratch jako takov\u00e9m objektov\u011b orientovan\u00e9 programov\u00e1n\u00ed neexistuje, sprity lze pova\u017eovat za objekty. V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi se u\u010denec setk\u00e1v\u00e1 s t\u00edm, \u017ee v programu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mnoho objekt\u016f, jejich\u017e chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed skripty extern\u00ed k nim. Sprity p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazy nebo na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed informace o sv\u00e9m stavu, tak\u017ee programov\u00e1n\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed objekt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 na mlad\u00e9ho program\u00e1tora ve Scratch okam\u017eit\u011b \u201espadne\u201c, je pojem o v\u00edcerozm\u011brnosti. Ka\u017ed\u00fd sprite m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u011bkolik skript\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b. Tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik sprit\u016f m\u016f\u017ee vykon\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 programy sou\u010dasn\u011b jeden s druh\u00fdm. P\u0159itom je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizovat sekven\u010dn\u00ed vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

U\u017e na prvn\u00ed lekci se nem\u016f\u017eeme vyhnout sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s cykly. Jinak ko\u010dka moc daleko neute\u010de. V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi mus\u00ed b\u00fdt sezn\u00e1men\u00ed intuitivn\u00ed a povrchn\u00ed. Omezujeme ho na cykly \u201eopakovat po\u0159\u00e1d\u201c a \u201eopakovat \u2026 kr\u00e1t\u201c, kter\u00e9 jsou pro porozum\u011bn\u00ed snaz\u0161\u00ed. Cyklus s podm\u00ednkou se studuje v lekci, kter\u00e1 je speci\u00e1ln\u011b v\u011bnov\u00e1na cykl\u016fm. Tato lekce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 znalosti logick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f a prom\u011bnn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e je Scratch ud\u00e1lostn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je pohodln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se u\u010dit bloky podm\u00ednkov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f p\u0159ed prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi. Podm\u00ednkami mohou b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru je takov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9 lekci zav\u00e1d\u00edme minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det pojm\u016f. A to p\u0159itom ne abstraktn\u00edch, ale hned vid\u00edme jejich praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos.<\/p>\n

Pokud bychom v\u0161ak nejprve studovali prom\u011bnn\u00e9, bylo by t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 uk\u00e1zat jejich \u00fa\u010del a p\u0159\u00ednos, proto\u017ee by nebyl prozkoum\u00e1n podm\u00ednkov\u00fd oper\u00e1tor, vstup dat a generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel. <\/p>\n

Ve Scratchi, krom\u011b seznam\u016f, se program\u00e1tor setk\u00e1v\u00e1 se t\u0159emi typy dat: \u010d\u00edsly, \u0159et\u011bzci a logick\u00fdm typem. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e typ je v\u00e1z\u00e1n na hodnotu, nikoli na prom\u011bnnou. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt \u0159et\u011bzce na \u010d\u00edsla a naopak. \u0158et\u011bzce se ned\u00e1vaj\u00ed do uvozovek.<\/p>\n

Blok, kter\u00fd vrac\u00ed logickou hodnotu a m\u00e1 pro n\u011bj charakteristick\u00fd hranat\u00fd tvar, lze vlo\u017eit do zaoblen\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Naopak to neplat\u00ed: tam, kde se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 logick\u00fd v\u00fdraz, nelze vlo\u017eit oby\u010dejnou prom\u011bnnou.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Scratch je navr\u017een tak, aby b\u011bhem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nevznikaly kritick\u00e9 chyby. Patrn\u011b proto, kdy\u017e se pokus\u00edte pou\u017e\u00edt \u0159et\u011bzec v aritmetick\u00e9 operaci, je nahrazen nulou (viz prvn\u00ed screenshot).<\/p>\n

Program\u00e1tor by m\u011bl v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee mo\u017enosti programovac\u00edch jazyk\u016f jsou roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed knihoven. Prac\u00ed ve Scratchi m\u016f\u017ee \u017e\u00e1k p\u0159ipojit dopl\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 vedou k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f v prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Funkce ve Scratchi jsou realizov\u00e1ny v sekci \u201eDal\u0161\u00ed bloky\u201c, kde s jedn\u00e9 strany vytvo\u0159\u00edte sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed blok, kter\u00fd lze vlo\u017eit do jin\u00fdch skript\u016f. Z druh\u00e9 strany mus\u00edte sestavit funkcionalitu tohoto bloku, tedy to, co bude d\u011blat.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Neexistuje vracen\u00ed hodnoty z funkce Scratch.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee studium koncept\u016f programov\u00e1n\u00ed v ud\u00e1lostmi orientovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 odli\u0161nosti. V podstat\u011b se nejprve u\u010d\u00edme slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a abstraktn\u00ed pojmy a teprve b\u011bhem procesu p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00edme k prvk\u016fm struktur\u00e1ln\u00edho programov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je to plus nebo minus pro prvn\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed \u2013 to je sporn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Koncepce programov\u00e1n\u00ed ve Scratchi | ProHoster","description":"Mnoz\u00ed znaj\u00ed Scratch \u2013 d\u011btsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 Scratch | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-03-17T21:00:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-02-18T10:45:03+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"42216","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 07:40:19","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 21:16:36","updated":"2026-01-22 07:40:19","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42216"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42216\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42216"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}