{"id":52139,"date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/mirovoj-rekord-besprovodnoj-peredachi-dannyh-40-gbit-s-na-11-kilometrov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:48","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:48","slug":"mirovoj-rekord-besprovodnoj-peredachi-dannyh-40-gbit-s-na-11-kilometrov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/mirovoj-rekord-besprovodnoj-peredachi-dannyh-40-gbit-s-na-11-kilometrov","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V srpnu 2019 byl v Rusku poprv\u00e9 na sv\u011bt\u011b (ano, je to pravda) realizov\u00e1n komer\u010dn\u00ed projekt bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9ho z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed optick\u00e9ho kabelu o kapacit\u011b 40 Gb\/s. Oper\u00e1tor \u201eJedinstvo\u201c, dce\u0159in\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Norilsk\u00e9ho niklu, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tohoto kan\u00e1lu zrealizoval 11kilometrovou bezdr\u00e1tovou z\u00e1lohu p\u0159es Jenisej. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/954e0d901d0ab0651bb3b8860820669f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPravideln\u011b se v m\u00e9di\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b serveru Habr, objevuj\u00ed <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/news\/t\/394597\/\">pozn\u00e1mky o sv\u011btov\u00fdch rekordech v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 komunikaci<\/a><\/noindex>. Jsou zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 z pohledu technologick\u00e9ho pokroku, ale v\u017edy jde o v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 testy. A tady jde o skute\u010dn\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00ed projekt, a to ne za podm\u00ednek Silicon Valley nebo evropsk\u00e9 univerzity, ale p\u0159\u00edmo v tajze na Pol\u00e1rn\u00edm kruhu. Jak p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b obrovsk\u00e1 zem\u011b, slo\u017eit\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 a klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady pro projekty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u010d\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 laborato\u0159e.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Chronologie posledn\u00edch rekord\u016f v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 komunikaci:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Kv\u011bten 2013<\/b>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2013-05-gbits-ghz-world-wireless-transmission.html\">40 Gb\/s na 1 km<\/a><\/noindex> na experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed frekvenci 240 GHz jako spole\u010dn\u00fd experiment v\u011bdc\u016f z Technologick\u00e9ho institutu Karlsruhe, spole\u010dnosti Radiometer Physics GmbH a Fraunhoferova institutu pro aplikovanou fyziku pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Frekvence sign\u00e1lu nen\u00ed dostupn\u00e1 pro komer\u010dn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><b>Kv\u011bten 2016<\/b>: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/news\/t\/394597\/\">6 Gb\/s na 37 km<\/a><\/noindex> v p\u00e1smu 70\/80 GHz, stejn\u00fd t\u00fdm, ale jako nov\u00fd experiment na frekvenc\u00edch vyhrazen\u00fdch pro komer\u010dn\u00ed projekty,<\/li>\n<li><b>Listopad 2016<\/b>: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/\">20 Gb\/s na 13 km<\/a><\/noindex>, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 centrum Facebook Connectivity Lab,<\/li>\n<li><b>Leden 2019<\/b>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/press-releases\/2019\/1\/deutsche-telekom-and-ericsson-achieve-fiber-like-results-with-wireless-backhaul\">40 Gb\/s na 1,4 km<\/a><\/noindex>, polygon Deutsche Telekom na s\u00e9riov\u00e9m vybaven\u00ed Ericsson, v kv\u011btnu 2019 \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00fdch spojen\u00ed na stejn\u00e9m polygonu u\u017e na 8 v \u0159ad\u011b dalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 Gb\/s,<\/li>\n<li><b>Srpen 2019<\/b>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lenta.ru\/news\/2019\/08\/21\/wireless\/\">40 Gb\/s na 11 km<\/a><\/noindex>, Norilsk\u00fd oper\u00e1tor \u201eJedinstvo\u201c na s\u00e9riov\u00e9m vybaven\u00ed LLC \u201eDOK\u201c (Petrohrad).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\nVlastn\u011b by \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 komunikaci v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Pol\u00e1rn\u00edho kruhu ani nemusel existovat, kdyby nebylo odtoku ledu na Jeniseji. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh projektu je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: v roce 2017, pot\u00e9 co oper\u00e1to\u0159i \"velk\u00e9 trojky\" odm\u00edtli rozv\u00edjet komunikaci sm\u011brem k Tajmyru, spole\u010dnost PAO \"GMK Norilsk\u00fd nikl\" na vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1klady postavila obrovsky dlouhou (956 km) optickou trasu (VOLS) z Nov\u00e9ho Urengoe do Norilsku s kapacitou 40 Gb\/s. Je to skute\u010dn\u011b sloh\u00e1 trasa, kter\u00e1 proch\u00e1z\u00ed t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdm ter\u00e9nem, a jej\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 za tuto pr\u00e1ci obdr\u017eeli st\u00e1tn\u00ed ocen\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z probl\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i provozu bylo rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159ej\u00edt p\u0159es Jenisej se 40-gigabitov\u00fdm kabelem VOLS bez most\u016f tak, \u017ee byl polo\u017een na dno \u0159eky, a pro spolehlivost bylo ulo\u017eeno n\u011bkolik kabel\u016f. Ale odtok ledu snadno po\u0161kod\u00ed optiku. Nav\u00edc odtok ledu na Jeniseji trv\u00e1 daleko ne jeden den a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 opravy na vod\u011b nebyly po celou tuto dobu povoleny kv\u016fli vysok\u00e9mu nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro lidi. <\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch kabel\u016f na dn\u011b Jeniseje byla trasa rezervov\u00e1na bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fdm radiorel\u00e9ov\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem 1 Gb\/s z telekomunika\u010dn\u00edch v\u011b\u017e\u00ed na obou stran\u00e1ch \u0159eky, v Igarki a v obci Priluki (tento r\u00e1diov\u00fd kan\u00e1l je viditeln\u00fd na horn\u00ed fotografii \u2014 velk\u00e1 parabola). Ale co je to 1 Gb\/s pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9ho norilsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho regionu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00ed optiky \u2026 \u2014 slzy. Proto na podzim a zimu roku 2018-2019 za\u010dal norilsk\u00fd oper\u00e1tor \"Jedinstvo\", kter\u00fd je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed PAO \"GMK Norilsk\u00fd nikl\", projektov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na v\u00fdstavb\u011b bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu p\u0159es Jenisej s kapacitou, kter\u00e1 se vyrovn\u00e1 rozloze VOLS. <\/p>\n<p>K p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed specialist\u016f spole\u010dnosti \u201eJedinstvo\u201c nikdo z glob\u00e1ln\u00edch telekomunika\u010dn\u00edch zna\u010dek nep\u0159ijal nab\u00eddky na dod\u00e1vku vybaven\u00ed pro 40gigabitov\u00fd bezdr\u00e1tov\u00fd kan\u00e1l na vzd\u00e1lenost 11 km. D\u016fvodem je slo\u017eit\u00e9 spojen\u00ed vysok\u00e9 kapacity kan\u00e1lu a jeho vzd\u00e1lenosti. Modern\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed s kapacitou 10 Gbit\/s a v\u00edce pro frekven\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1smo 70\/80 GHz m\u00e1 vlastnost velmi omezen\u00e9ho dosahu. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, proto\u017ee u slo\u017eit\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed, jako je QAM128 nebo QAM256 \u2014 a jen ta mohou poskytnout propustnost 10 Gbit\/s a v\u00edce \u2014 je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zajistit jakoukoli v\u00fdznamnou s\u00edlu vys\u00edla\u010de. Trasy 3-5 km jsou snadn\u00e9, ale na 11 km se \u00fatlum sign\u00e1lu st\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00fdm a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed v standardu 10GE nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat. <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdzvy se ujal tuzemsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 ze Sankt-Pet\u011brburgu \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/dokltd.ru\/\">spole\u010dnost DOK<\/a><\/noindex>. Ta ji\u017e m\u011bla v\u00fdvoj r\u00e1diov\u00fdch m\u016fstk\u016f, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly pot\u0159ebnou vzd\u00e1lenost. A p\u0159ed t\u00edmto projektem testovali kan\u00e1l 40 Gbit\/s ve form\u011b 4 spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edch r\u00e1diov\u00fdch m\u016fstk\u016f po 10 Gbit\/s na sv\u00e9m 4 km \u2014 polygonu, a byli si jisti, \u017ee takovou kapacitu lze dos\u00e1hnout. Ale v praxi nikdo v telekomunika\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu nikdy nezkou\u0161el sestavit 4 paraleln\u011b pracuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 m\u016fstky po 10 Gbit\/s na vzd\u00e1lenosti 11 km. <\/p>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/10bbb57f000d215286e2172169977f33.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPo odm\u00edtnut\u00ed ze strany glob\u00e1ln\u00edch zna\u010dek nem\u011bl objednatel, jm\u00e9nem LLC \u201eJedinstvo\u201c, tak\u00e9 jistotu, \u017ee dom\u00e1c\u00ed vybaven\u00ed zvl\u00e1dne projekt. Proto bylo rozhodnuto nejprve nasadit jako pilotn\u00ed f\u00e1zi pouze jeden r\u00e1diov\u00fd m\u016fstek 10 Gbit\/s na 11 km. A pokud se osv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it \u00fakol na 4 paraleln\u011b pracuj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 m\u016fstky. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/8d572ba46bf36102132fc8eab4500803.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/66cf9992fddb577bfb58436196b372e9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/da5e4d133a67bca0b57b7c9acdb39438.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Z technick\u00e9ho hlediska nen\u00ed v\u016fbec nutn\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et 40 Gbit\/s v jednom kan\u00e1lu, a\u0165 u\u017e vzduchem \u010di optick\u00fdm kabelem. Mnohem snaz\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed dat po n\u011bkolika paraleln\u00edch \u201evl\u00e1knech\u201c 10 Gbit\/s. S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed standardu 10GE je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de standardu 40GE. Krom\u011b toho paraleln\u00ed \u201evl\u00e1kna\u201c poskytuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spolehlivost cel\u00e9mu kan\u00e1lu. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nExistoval v\u0161ak probl\u00e9m v tom, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od optick\u00e9ho kabelu, kde sign\u00e1l na paraleln\u00edch vl\u00e1knech navz\u00e1jem neovliv\u0148uje jeden druh\u00e9ho, u r\u00e1diov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm ru\u0161en\u00ed a\u017e k \u00fapln\u00e9mu v\u00fdpadku spojen\u00ed. S t\u00edm se bojuje pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch polarizac\u00ed sign\u00e1lu a rozd\u011blen\u00edm sign\u00e1l\u016f podle frekvence. Ale to se snadno \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, mnohem obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji se to realizuje \"v hardwaru\". Lid\u00e9 z Petrohradu vytvo\u0159ili sch\u00e9mata na velk\u00fdch mikrovlnn\u00fdch integrovan\u00fdch obvodech (MMIC, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) na b\u00e1zi arsenidu gallia a byli si jisti sv\u00fdm technick\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>\"Modern\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 mosty standardu 10GE po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b se d\u011blaj\u00ed na zakoupen\u00fdch mikrovlnn\u00fdch obvodech. V t\u00e9to oblasti nen\u00ed efektivn\u00ed v\u00e9st vertik\u00e1ln\u011b integrovan\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, kdy\u017e v\u0161echny technologick\u00e9 procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v jedn\u00e9 firm\u011b \u2014 od nan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed mikrovlnn\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f a\u017e po mont\u00e1\u017e komponent\u016f do hotov\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku. Je to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b tak, jak \u0159ada firem vyr\u00e1b\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 desky na b\u00e1zi \u010dip\u016f od Intelu a AMD. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, na rozd\u00edl od masov\u00fdch desek pro PC, pro nastaven\u00ed mikrovlnn\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f, n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed sign\u00e1lu a jeho dod\u00e1n\u00ed do ant\u00e9ny je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed odborn\u00edci, a to je vlastn\u011b p\u0159edm\u011bt Know-How firem,\" komentoval Valerij Salomatov, projektov\u00fd mana\u017eer spole\u010dnosti \"DOK\".<\/p>\n<p>Pilotn\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00fd most 10 Gbit\/s model PPC-10G-E-HP \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b fungoval na v\u011b\u017e\u00edch pod\u00e9l b\u0159eh\u016f Jeniseje n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f (kv\u011bten-\u010derven 2019). Letn\u00ed de\u0161t\u011b jsou nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed dobou pro r\u00e1diovou komunikaci v milimetrov\u00e9m p\u00e1smu, proto\u017ee kapky de\u0161t\u011b jsou srovnateln\u00e9 s d\u00e9lkou vlny (asi 4 mm), co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje sl\u00e1bnut\u00ed sign\u00e1lu. V zim\u011b se tento probl\u00e9m nevyskytuje, proto\u017ee sn\u011bhov\u00e9 vlo\u010dky, stejn\u011b jako mlha a kou\u0159 \u2014 jsou pro bezdr\u00e1tovou komunikaci v p\u00e1smu 70\/80 GHz radiopr\u016fhledn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9da8e10aab4d2e6c173fbc1b4986c0bc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sv\u011btov\u00fd rekord v bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat: 40 Gb\/s na 11 kilometr\u016f\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9cda146d363d534a1b93551a500a4fab.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nR\u00e1diov\u00fd most 10 Gbit\/s od spole\u010dnosti \"DOK\" se vypo\u0159\u00e1dal s pov\u011btrnostn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami a vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed, na z\u00e1klad\u011b statistiky dostupnosti linky oper\u00e1tor \"Jednotnost\" p\u0159ij\u00edmal rozhodnut\u00ed o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na 4 paraleln\u00ed bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly o kapacit\u011b 10GE ka\u017ed\u00fd. Mont\u00e1\u017e prov\u00e1d\u011bli odborn\u00edci spole\u010dnosti \"Jednotnost\", kte\u0159\u00ed si sami poradily s jemnostmi nastaven\u00ed podle instrukc\u00ed k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Na konci \u010dervence 2019 byl r\u00e1diov\u00fd most <br \/>\n40 Gbit\/s (4x 10 Gbit\/s) p\u0159es Jenisej byl p\u0159ijat do pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho provozu za \u00fa\u010dasti \u0161\u00e9f-mont\u00e1\u017en\u00edho t\u00fdmu od spole\u010dnosti \"DOK\".<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/467753\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 (\u0414\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430) \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 40 \u0413\u0431\u0438\u0442\/\u0441. \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u00ab\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb, \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 11-\u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430\u043f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0415\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 (\u0414\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430) \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e 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