{"id":52714,"date":"2019-11-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/trigeneratsiya-alternativa-tsentralizovannomu-energosnabzheniyu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:30","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:30","slug":"trigeneratsiya-alternativa-tsentralizovannomu-energosnabzheniyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/trigeneratsiya-alternativa-tsentralizovannomu-energosnabzheniyu","title":{"rendered":"Trigenerace: alternativa k centralizovan\u00e9mu energetick\u00e9mu z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s evropsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, kde dnes p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na objekty distribuovan\u00e9 v\u00fdroby t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 30 % ve\u0161ker\u00e9 produkce, v Rusku podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch odhad\u016f \u010din\u00ed pod\u00edl distribuovan\u00e9 energetiky maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 5-10 %. Poj\u010fme se pod\u00edvat na to, zda m\u00e1 rusk\u00e1 distribuovan\u00e1 energetika <\/a><\/noindex>\u0161anci dohnat sv\u011btov\u00e9 trendy a zda maj\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 motivaci sm\u011b\u0159ovat k nez\u00e1visl\u00e9mu energetick\u00e9mu z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:Zdroj<\/a><\/noindex>
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b \u010d\u00edsel. Najdi rozd\u00edly<\/h2>\n

\nRozd\u00edly mezi syst\u00e9mem distribuovan\u00e9 v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny v Rusku a Evrop\u011b dnes nejsou pouh\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly \u2014 v podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 modely jak z hlediska struktury, tak z ekonomick\u00e9ho pohledu. Rozvoj distribuovan\u00e9 v\u00fdroby v na\u0161\u00ed zemi m\u011bl motivy, kter\u00e9 se od t\u011bch, je\u017e se staly hlavn\u00ed hnac\u00ed silou tohoto procesu v Evrop\u011b, pon\u011bkud li\u0161ily. Evropa se sna\u017eila vyrovnat nedostatek tradi\u010dn\u00edch druh\u016f paliv zapojen\u00edm alternativn\u00edch zdroj\u016f energie (v\u010detn\u011b sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f) do energetick\u00e9 bilance. V Rusku v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zka sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f na n\u00e1kup energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f pro spot\u0159ebitele v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 ekonomiky a centralizovan\u00e9ho vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed tarif\u016f m\u011bla dlouhou dobu mnohem men\u0161\u00ed relevanci, a proto o sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b uva\u017eovali v\u011bt\u0161inou pouze v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy bylo podnik\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 velk\u00fdm odb\u011bratelem energie a vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti m\u011blo pot\u00ed\u017ee s p\u0159ipojen\u00edm k s\u00edt\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Podle m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek distribuovan\u00e9 energetiky m\u011bly objekty vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroby pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon \u2013 od 10 do 500 MW (a dokonce i v\u00edce) \u2013 v z\u00e1vislosti na pot\u0159eb\u00e1ch v\u00fdroby a s c\u00edlem zajistit bl\u00edzk\u00fdm obytn\u00fdm oblastem dod\u00e1vky elekt\u0159iny a tepla. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee p\u0159enos tepla na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti v\u017edy s sebou nese zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty, prob\u00edhala aktivn\u00ed v\u00fdstavba vodn\u00edch kotelen pro vlastn\u00ed pot\u0159eby podnik\u016f a m\u011bst. Krom\u011b toho byly vlastn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 zdroje \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e tepl\u00e1rny nebo kotelny \u2013 budov\u00e1ny na plynu, topn\u00e9m oleji nebo uhl\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e technologie OZE (obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje energie), s v\u00fdjimkou vodn\u00edch elektr\u00e1ren, a SRES (sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 zdroje) se pou\u017e\u00edvaly pouze ve v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Nyn\u00ed se situace m\u011bn\u00ed: postupn\u011b se objevuj\u00ed objekty mal\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a do energetick\u00e9ho bilance se, i kdy\u017e v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e, zapojuj\u00ed alternativn\u00ed zdroje energie.<\/p>\n

Na Z\u00e1pad\u011b se pro rozvoj mal\u00e9 v\u00fdroby d\u011bl\u00e1 mnoho a v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se \u0161iroce prosadila koncepce virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny (VES). To je syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd spojuje v\u011bt\u0161inu hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f na trhu elektrick\u00e9 v\u00fdroby \u2013 producenty (od mal\u00fdch gener\u00e1tor\u016f soukrom\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed po kogenera\u010dn\u00ed stanice) a spot\u0159ebitele (od obytn\u00fdch dom\u016f po velk\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 podniky). VES reguluje spot\u0159ebu energie, vyhlazuje vrcholy a p\u0159erozd\u011bluje zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase pomoc\u00ed v\u0161ech dostupn\u00fdch kapacit syst\u00e9mu. Ale takov\u00e1to evoluce nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 bez stimulace trhu s distribuovanou v\u00fdrobou ze strany st\u00e1tu a bez odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch zm\u011bn v legislativ\u011b.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V Rusku, v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch tvrd\u00e9 konkurence a monopoly centralizovan\u00e9ho dod\u00e1vek elekt\u0159iny, zrealizovat p\u0159ebytek vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny do vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 i kdy\u017e \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00fdm, ale daleko ne jednoduch\u00fdm \u00fakolem z pohledu organizace a n\u00e1klad\u016f. Proto maj\u00ed v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b objekty distribuovan\u00e9 energetiky velmi malou \u0161anci st\u00e1t se plnohodnotn\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky trhu mezi velk\u00fdch dodavatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, rozvoj vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroby energie je dnes bezesporu trendem. Hlavn\u00edm faktorem jej\u00edho r\u016fstu je spolehlivost dod\u00e1vek energie. Z\u00e1vislost na v\u00fdrobn\u00edch a distribu\u010dn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech zvy\u0161uje rizika v\u00fdrobc\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161ina velk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu energie v Rusku byla postavena je\u0161t\u011b za dob SSSR a jejich solidn\u00ed v\u011bk se oz\u00fdv\u00e1. Pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho spot\u0159ebitele je p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed dod\u00e1vek energie kv\u016fli hav\u00e1rii rizikem zastaven\u00ed v\u00fdroby a jasn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Pokud je snaha sn\u00ed\u017eit rizika doprov\u00e1zena ekonomick\u00fdmi motivy (ur\u010den\u00fdmi p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tarifn\u00ed politikou region\u00e1ln\u00edho dodavatele) a investi\u010dn\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi, pak se vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroba energie 100% vyplat\u00ed, a st\u00e1le v\u00edce pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch podnik\u016f je dnes p\u0159ipraveno (nebo zva\u017euje tuto mo\u017enost) j\u00edt touto cestou.<\/p>\n

Proto m\u00e1 distribuovan\u00e1 v\u00fdroba elekt\u0159iny \u201epro vlastn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu\u201c v Rusku pom\u011brn\u011b dobr\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddky.<\/p>\n

Vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroba energie. Kdo z toho m\u00e1 prosp\u011bch<\/h2>\n

\nEkonomika ka\u017ed\u00e9ho projektu je striktn\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a ur\u010duje ji mnoho faktor\u016f. Pokud se pokus\u00edme co nejv\u00edce zgeneralizovat, pak ve regionech s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edch kapacit a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch podnik\u016f, s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi tarify na elekt\u0159inu a teplo, je vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroba elekt\u0159iny objektivn\u00ed \u0161anc\u00ed podstatn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady na n\u00e1kup energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n

Sem je t\u0159eba zahrnout t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 a m\u00e1lo obydlen\u00e9 oblasti se slab\u011b rozvinutou nebo zcela absentuj\u00edc\u00ed infrastrukturou elektrick\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed, kde jsou bezesporu nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tarify za elekt\u0159inu.<\/p>\n

V regionech, kde je m\u00e9n\u011b spot\u0159ebitel\u016f a dodavatel\u016f elekt\u0159iny, a tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny tvo\u0159\u00ed vodn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny, jsou tarify v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a ekonomika takov\u00fdch projekt\u016f v pr\u016fmyslu nen\u00ed v\u017edy v\u00fdhodn\u00e1. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pro podniky ur\u010dit\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed mo\u017enost vyu\u017e\u00edvat alternativn\u00ed paliva, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdrobn\u00ed odpad, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroba v\u00fdborn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm. Jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee \u2013 tepl\u00e1rna na odpadn\u00edch produktech d\u0159evozpracuj\u00edc\u00edho podniku.<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:
\nPokud hovo\u0159\u00edme o generaci pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pot\u0159eby, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 budovy a objekty komer\u010dn\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktury, do ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 doby byla ekonomika t\u011bchto projekt\u016f do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ur\u010dov\u00e1na \u00farovn\u00ed rozvoje energetick\u00e9 infrastruktury regionu a nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou cenou technologick\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie. S rozvojem trigenera\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed tato omezen\u00ed vlastn\u011b p\u0159estala b\u00fdt rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed a vedlej\u0161\u00ed nebo vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 teplo v letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed se stalo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt pro pot\u0159eby klimatizace, co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo efektivitu energetick\u00fdch center.<\/p>\n

Trigenerace: elekt\u0159ina, teplo a chlad pro objekt<\/h2>\n

\nTrigenerace je pom\u011brn\u011b samostatn\u00fd sm\u011br rozvoje mal\u00e9 energetiky. Vynik\u00e1 individualismem, proto\u017ee c\u00edl\u00ed na uspokojen\u00ed pot\u0159eb konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho objektu v energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed projekt s konceptem trigenerace byl vyvinut v roce 1998 spole\u010dn\u00fdmi silami Ministerstva energetiky USA, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159e ORNL a v\u00fdrobce ABCHM (absorp\u010dn\u011b bromid-lithium chladic\u00ed stroj) BROAD a realizov\u00e1n v USA v roce 2001. Trigenerace se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na pou\u017eit\u00ed absorp\u010dn\u00edch chladic\u00edch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 jako hlavn\u00ed zdroj energie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed teplo a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bt chlad a teplo podle pot\u0159eb objektu. P\u0159i tom pou\u017eit\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch kotl\u016f, jak tomu je v kogeneraci, v t\u00e9to sch\u00e9matu nen\u00ed povinnou podm\u00ednkou.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edho tepla a elekt\u0159iny trigenerace zaji\u0161\u0165uje v\u00fdrobu chladu v ABCHM (ve form\u011b vychlazen\u00e9 vody) pro technologick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby nebo pro klimatizaci prostor. Proces v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny se tak \u010di onak d\u011bje s velk\u00fdmi ztr\u00e1tami tepeln\u00e9 energie (nap\u0159\u00edklad s v\u00fdfukov\u00fdmi plyny gener\u00e1torov\u00fdch stroj\u016f).<\/p>\n

Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed tohoto tepla do procesu v\u00fdroby chladu jednak minimalizuje ztr\u00e1ty a zvy\u0161uje celkovou \u00fa\u010dinnost cyklu, a jednak umo\u017e\u0148uje sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu elektrick\u00e9 energie objektu v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi technologiemi v\u00fdroby chladu s pou\u017eit\u00edm parokompresn\u00edch chladic\u00edch stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enost pracovat s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zdroji tepla (hork\u00e1 voda, vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra, spalinov\u00e9 plyny z gener\u00e1tor\u016f, kotl\u016f a pec\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako paliva (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed plyn, nafta atd.) umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edvat ABHM na zcela r\u016fzn\u00fdch objektech a vyu\u017e\u00edvat pr\u00e1v\u011b ten zdroj, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 podnik k dispozici.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v pr\u016fmyslu lze vyu\u017e\u00edt odpadn\u00ed teplo:<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:
\nA na objektech m\u011bstsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, v komer\u010dn\u00edch a ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 kombinace zdroj\u016f tepla:<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:
\n\"Trigenerace:
\n\"Trigenerace:
\nTrigenera\u010dn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 centrum lze navrhnout a postavit s ohledem na pot\u0159ebu elekt\u0159iny, ale tak\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159it na spot\u0159ebu chladu objektu. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed to na tom, co z uveden\u00e9ho je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm krit\u00e9riem pro spot\u0159ebitele. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyu\u017eit\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00edho tepla v ABHM ne\u00fapln\u00e9, zat\u00edmco ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt omezeno mno\u017estv\u00ed vlastn\u00ed generovan\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny (dopln\u011bn\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u00e1kupem elekt\u0159iny z extern\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b).<\/p>\n

Kde je trigenerace v\u00fdhodn\u00e1<\/h2>\n

\nRozsah aplikace technologie je velmi \u0161irok\u00fd: trigenerace se m\u016f\u017ee stejn\u011b dob\u0159e integrovat do konceptu n\u011bjak\u00e9ho ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prostoru (nap\u0159\u00edklad velk\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho centra nebo budovy leti\u0161t\u011b) i v energetick\u00e9 infrastruktu\u0159e pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho podniku. Vhodnost zaveden\u00ed takov\u00fdch projekt\u016f a jejich v\u00fdkonnost siln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na m\u00edstn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch jak ekonomick\u00fdch, tak klimatick\u00fdch, a pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 podniky tak\u00e9 na n\u00e1kladech na vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 produkty.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm krit\u00e9riem je pot\u0159eba chladu. Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00edm v sou\u010dasnosti je klimatizace ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov. Mohou to b\u00fdt jak obchodn\u00ed centra, tak administrativn\u00ed budovy, nemocni\u010dn\u00ed a hotelov\u00e9 komplexy, sportovn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, obchodn\u011b-z\u00e1bavn\u00ed centra a aquaparky, muzea a v\u00fdstavn\u00ed pavilony, budovy leti\u0161\u0165 \u2013 zkr\u00e1tka v\u0161echny objekty, kde se sou\u010dasn\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed mnoho lid\u00ed, kde k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed komfortn\u00ed mikroklimatu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed syst\u00e9m centr\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatizace.<\/p>\n

Nejv\u00edce se osv\u011bd\u010duje aplikace trigenerace pro podobn\u00e9 objekty o rozloze od 20-30 tis\u00edc m\u00b2 (st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed centrum) a kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e u ob\u0159\u00edch objekt\u016f o n\u011bkolika stovk\u00e1ch tis\u00edc m\u00b2 a v\u00edce (obchodn\u011b-z\u00e1bavn\u00ed komplexy a leti\u0161t\u011b).<\/p>\n

Na takov\u00fdch objektech mus\u00ed b\u00fdt popt\u00e1vka nejen po chladu a elektrick\u00e9 energii, ale i po teplovodn\u00edm vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e teplovodn\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed jen topen\u00ed prostor v zim\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 celoro\u010dn\u00ed dod\u00e1vka tepl\u00e9 vody pro pot\u0159eby oh\u0159evu vody (GVS). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mo\u017enosti trigenera\u010dn\u00edho energetick\u00e9ho centra, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je jeho efektivita.<\/p>\n

Na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b existuje mnoho p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f pou\u017eit\u00ed trigenerace v hotelnictv\u00ed, v\u00fdstavb\u011b a modernizaci leti\u0161\u0165, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch instituc\u00edch, obchodn\u00edch a administrativn\u00edch kompleksech, datov\u00fdch centrech, a mnoho p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f i v pr\u016fmyslu \u2014 textiln\u00edm, metalurgick\u00e9m, potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m, chemick\u00e9m, celul\u00f3zno-pap\u00edrensk\u00e9m, stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Jako p\u0159\u00edklad uvedu jeden z objekt\u016f, pro kter\u00fd ve spole\u010dnosti «Prvn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr<\/a><\/noindex>» vyv\u00edjeli koncept trigenera\u010dn\u00edho energetick\u00e9ho centra.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i pot\u0159eb\u011b elektrick\u00e9 energie na pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m podniku okolo 4 MW (vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 dv\u011bma plynov\u00fdmi p\u00edstov\u00fdmi jednotkami (GPU)) je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed chlazen\u00ed na \u00farovni 2,1 MW.<\/p>\n

Chlad se generuje jedn\u00edm absorp\u010dn\u00edm chladic\u00edm strojem na b\u00e1zi bromidu lithia, kter\u00fd pracuje na v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynech GPU. P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jedna GPU zcela pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 100% pot\u0159eby trigenera\u010dn\u00edho energetick\u00e9ho centra v teple. Tak\u017ee i p\u0159i provozu jedn\u00e9 GPU m\u00e1 z\u00e1vod v\u017edy pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed chladu. Krom\u011b toho, i kdy\u017e jsou ob\u011b plynov\u00e9 p\u00edstov\u00e9 jednotky mimo provoz, trigenera\u010dn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 centrum si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 schopnost generovat teplo a chlad, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed zdroj tepla \u2014 zemn\u00ed plyn.<\/p>\n

Trigenera\u010dn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 centrum<\/h2>\n

\nV z\u00e1vislosti na pot\u0159eb\u00e1ch spot\u0159ebitele, jeho kategorii a po\u017eadavc\u00edch na rezervaci m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sch\u00e9ma trigenerace (p\u0159edstaven\u00e9 na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee) velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 a m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat energetick\u00e9 a vodn\u00ed kotle, odpadn\u00ed kotle, parn\u00ed nebo plynov\u00e9 turb\u00edny, plnohodnotn\u00e9 \u00fapravy vody atd.<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPro relativn\u011b mal\u00e9 objekty obvykle slou\u017e\u00ed plynov\u00e1 turb\u00edna nebo p\u00edstov\u00fd agreg\u00e1t (na plyn nebo na naftu) s relativn\u011b mal\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem (1-6 MW) jako hlavn\u00ed generuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Produkuj\u00ed elektrickou energii a vedlej\u0161\u00ed teplo z v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a tepl\u00e9 vody, kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v A BCHM. To je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed a dostate\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed soubor hlavn\u00edho vybaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Trigenerace:
\nAno, bez pomocn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f se zde neobejdeme: chladic\u00ed v\u011b\u017e, \u010derpadla, stanice reagenti pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u011bhov\u00e9 vody pro jej\u00ed stabilizaci, automatiza\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a elektroinstalace, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed generovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 energie pro vlastn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f je trigenera\u010dn\u00ed centrum samostatnou budovou, bu\u010f kontejnery, nebo kombinac\u00ed t\u011bchto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee po\u017eadavky na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho a tepl\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed se m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Elektrick\u00e9 generuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je relativn\u011b standardizovan\u00e9, na rozd\u00edl od A BCHM, i kdy\u017e technicky slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Doba jeho v\u00fdroby m\u016f\u017ee \u010dinit od 6 do 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a v\u00edce.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 doba v\u00fdroby A BCHM \u010din\u00ed 3-6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f (v z\u00e1vislosti na chladic\u00edm v\u00fdkonu, po\u010dtu a typech zdroj\u016f tepla).<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b v\u00fdroba pomocn\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed nep\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed stejn\u00e9 term\u00edny, tak\u017ee celkov\u00e1 doba realizace projektu v\u00fdstavby trigenera\u010dn\u00ed energetick\u00e9ho centra v pr\u016fm\u011bru \u010din\u00ed 1,5 roku.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledek<\/h2>\n

\nZa prv\u00e9, trigenera\u010dn\u00ed centrum umo\u017en\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det dodavatel\u016f energie na jednoho \u2013 dodavatele plynu. Vylou\u010den\u00edm n\u00e1kupu elektrick\u00e9 energie a tepla je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u011b vylou\u010dit jak\u00e1koliv rizika spojen\u00e1 s p\u0159eru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm dod\u00e1vek energie.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce na teple s vyu\u017eit\u00edm relativn\u011b levn\u00e9 'p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 energie' sni\u017euje n\u00e1klady na vyprodukovanou elektrickou energii a teplo ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jejich n\u00e1kupem. A celoro\u010dn\u00ed vyt\u00ed\u017een\u00ed generuj\u00edc\u00edch kapacit na teplo (v zim\u011b pro vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, v l\u00e9t\u011b pro klimatizaci a technologick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby) zaji\u0161\u0165uje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, jako u jin\u00fdch projekt\u016f, je hlavn\u00edm po\u017eadavkem vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 koncepce a jej\u00ed technicko-ekonomick\u00e9 od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody pat\u0159\u00ed — ekologi\u010dnost. Vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f k v\u00fdrob\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 energie sni\u017eujeme emise do atmosf\u00e9ry. Krom\u011b toho, na rozd\u00edl od tradi\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed v\u00fdroby chladu, kde se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed chlad\u00edc\u00ed prost\u0159edky jako amoniak a freony, A-BCHM pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako chladivo vodu, co\u017e tak\u00e9 minimalizuje ekologickou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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