{"id":53039,"date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/lokalizatsiya-zvukov-kak-mozg-raspoznaet-istochniki-zvukov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:53","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:53","slug":"lokalizatsiya-zvukov-kak-mozg-raspoznaet-istochniki-zvukov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/lokalizatsiya-zvukov-kak-mozg-raspoznaet-istochniki-zvukov","title":{"rendered":"Lokalizace zvuk\u016f: jak mozek rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1 zdroje zvuku","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Lokalizace
\n
\nSv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s je pln\u00fd rozmanit\u00fdch informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0161 mozek neust\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1. Tyto informace z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm smyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za sv\u016fj pod\u00edl sign\u00e1l\u016f: o\u010di (zrak), jazyk (chu\u0165), nos (\u010dich), k\u016f\u017ee (hmat), vestibul\u00e1rn\u00ed apar\u00e1t (rovnov\u00e1ha, poloha v prostoru a pocit v\u00e1hy) a u\u0161i (zvuk). Sestaven\u00edm sign\u00e1l\u016f ze v\u0161ech t\u011bchto org\u00e1n\u016f m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 mozek vytvo\u0159it p\u0159esn\u00fd obraz okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ale daleko od v\u0161ech aspekt\u016f zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1mo. Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto tajemstv\u00ed je mechanismus lokalizace zdroj\u016f zvuk\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci z laborato\u0159e neuroin\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a sluchu (technologick\u00fd institut New Jersey) navrhli nov\u00fd model neuronov\u00e9ho procesu lokalizace zvuku. Jak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v mozku b\u011bhem vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed zvuku, jak n\u00e1\u0161 mozek ch\u00e1pe polohu zdroje zvuku a jak tato studie m\u016f\u017ee pomoci v boji proti poruch\u00e1m sluchu. O tom se dozv\u00edme z zpr\u00e1vy v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. Poj\u010fme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nInformace, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0161 mozek z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 ze smyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, se li\u0161\u00ed jak z hlediska zdroje, tak z hlediska jej\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly se okam\u017eit\u011b objevuj\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm mozkem jako p\u0159esn\u00e9 informace, jin\u00e9 v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduj\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed procesy. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, dotyk c\u00edt\u00edme okam\u017eit\u011b, zat\u00edmco p\u0159i sly\u0161en\u00ed zvuku mus\u00edme je\u0161t\u011b zjistit, odkud p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem lokalizace zvuk\u016f v horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed rovin\u011b je interaur\u00e1ln\u00ed*<\/i> rozd\u00edl v \u010dase (ITD od interaural time difference<\/i>) zvuk\u016f, kter\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed u\u0161\u00ed poslucha\u010de.<\/p>\n

Interaur\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kladna*<\/b> je vzd\u00e1lenost mezi u\u0161ima.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V mozku existuje ur\u010dit\u00e1 oblast (medi\u00e1ln\u00ed horn\u00ed oliva nebo MVO), kter\u00e1 za tento proces odpov\u00edd\u00e1. V okam\u017eiku, kdy je p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, doch\u00e1z\u00ed v MVO k transformaci interaur\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f v \u010dase na rychlost reakce neuron\u016f. Tvar k\u0159ivky rychlosti v\u00fdstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu MVO jako funkce ITD p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 tvar vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 korela\u010dn\u00ed funkce vstupn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 ucho.<\/p>\n

Zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm je informace v MVO zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na a interpretov\u00e1na, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ne zcela jasn\u00fd, co\u017e vedlo k n\u011bkolika pom\u011brn\u011b kontroverzn\u00edm teori\u00edm. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v podstat\u011b klasick\u00e1 teorie lokalizace zvuku je model Jeffresse (Lloyd A. Jeffress<\/i>). Zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 se na zna\u010dkovan\u00e9 linii*<\/i> neuron\u016f-detektor\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou citliv\u00e9 na binaur\u00e1ln\u00ed synchronizaci neuronov\u00fdch vstupn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ucha, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd neuron je nejcitliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hodnotu ITD (1A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Princip zna\u010dkovan\u00e9 linie*<\/b> je hypot\u00e9za, kter\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje, jak r\u016fzn\u00e9 nervy, v\u0161echny vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed stejn\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 principy p\u0159i p\u0159enosu impuls\u016f pod\u00e9l sv\u00fdch axon\u016f, mohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et r\u016fzn\u00e9 vjemy. Strukturovan\u011b podobn\u00e9 nervy mohou generovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 senzorick\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud jsou spojeny s jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi neurony v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm nervov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny dek\u00f3dovat podobn\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\"Lokalizace
\n Obr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1<\/i><\/p>\n

Tento model m\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed podobu s neuronov\u00fdm k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je zalo\u017eeno na neomezen\u00fdch vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch korelac\u00edch zvuk\u016f, kter\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed obou u\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Existuje tak\u00e9 model, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee lokalizace zvuku m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt modelov\u00e1na na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozd\u00edl\u016f ve rychlosti reakce ur\u010dit\u00fdch populac\u00ed neuron\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hemisf\u00e9r mozku, tj. model interhemisf\u00e9rick\u00e9 asymetrie (1A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Dosud bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 jednozna\u010dn\u011b tvrdit, kter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto dvou teori\u00ed (model\u016f) je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti lokalizace zvuku na intenzit\u011b zvuku. <\/p>\n

V dne\u0161n\u00edm zkouman\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu se v\u011bdci rozhodli slou\u010dit oba modely, aby pochopili, zda je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed zvuk\u016f zalo\u017eeno na neuronov\u00e9m k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo na rozd\u00edlu v reakci jednotliv\u00fdch populac\u00ed neuron\u016f. Bylo provedeno n\u011bkolik experiment\u016f, kter\u00fdch se \u00fa\u010dastnili lid\u00e9 ve v\u011bku od 18 do 27 let (5 \u017een a 7 mu\u017e\u016f). Audiometrie (m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sluchov\u00e9 ostrosti) \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f byla 25 dB nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i frekvenci od 250 do 8000 Hz. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci pokus\u016f byli um\u00edst\u011bni do zvukot\u011bsn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti, kde bylo um\u00edst\u011bno speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vybaven\u00ed, kalibrovan\u00e9 s vysokou p\u0159esnost\u00ed. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci m\u011bli, kdy\u017e zaslechli zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, indikovat sm\u011br, odkud vych\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nPro hodnocen\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti laterality*<\/i> mozkov\u00e9 aktivity na intenzitu zvuku byly pou\u017eity \u00fadaje o rychlosti reakce neuron\u016f v laminar\u011b j\u00e1dru mozku s\u00fd\u010dka.<\/p>\n

Later\u00e1lnost*<\/b> \u2014 asymetrie lev\u00e9 a prav\u00e9 poloviny t\u011bla.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Pro hodnocen\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti laterality mozkov\u00e9 aktivity na rychlosti reakce ur\u010dit\u00fdch populac\u00ed neuron\u016f byly pou\u017eity \u00fadaje o aktivit\u011b doln\u00edho \u010detverhranu mozku makaka rhesuse, po \u010dem\u017e byly d\u00e1le spo\u010dteny rozd\u00edly v rychlosti neuron\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hemisf\u00e9r.<\/p>\n

Model ozna\u010den\u00e9 linie neuron\u016f-detektor\u016f p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity zvuku se later\u00e1lnost vn\u00edman\u00e9ho zdroje bude bl\u00ed\u017eit k pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 jsou podobn\u00e9 pro vztah tich\u00fdch a hlasit\u00fdch zvuk\u016f (1B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Model hemisf\u00e9rick\u00e9 asymetrie pak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity zvuku na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 prahov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b se vn\u00edman\u00e1 later\u00e1lnost posune k st\u0159edn\u00ed linii (1C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed celkov\u00e9 intenzit\u011b zvuku se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee lateralizace bude invariantn\u00ed podle intenzity (vlo\u017eky na 1B<\/b> a 1C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Proto anal\u00fdza toho, jak intenzita zvuku ovliv\u0148uje vn\u00edman\u00fd sm\u011br zvuku, umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit povahu proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku \u2014 neurony z jedn\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti nebo neurony z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hemisf\u00e9r.<\/p>\n

Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee schopnost \u010dlov\u011bka rozli\u0161ovat ITD m\u016f\u017ee kol\u00edsat v z\u00e1vislosti na intenzit\u011b zvuku. V\u011bdci v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee je dost obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 interpretovat p\u0159edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se citlivosti na ITD a posouzen\u00ed sm\u011bru zdroje zvuku poslucha\u010dem jako funkce intenzity zvuku. N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e intenzita zvuku dos\u00e1hne kritick\u00e9ho prahu, vn\u00edman\u00e1 later\u00e1lnost zdroje kles\u00e1. Jin\u00e9 studie tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed intenzity v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv nem\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, v\u011bdci \u201ejemn\u011b\u201c nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee v literatu\u0159e je pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo informac\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se vztahu ITD, intenzity zvuku a ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru jeho zdroje. Existuj\u00ed teorie, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed jako jak\u00e9si axiom, obecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fd v\u011bdeckou komunitou. Proto bylo rozhodnuto podrobn\u011b prov\u011b\u0159it v\u0161echny teorie, modely a mo\u017en\u00e9 mechanismy vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sluchu v praxi.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed experiment byl proveden na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed psychofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed paradigmy, co\u017e umo\u017enilo studovat lateralizaci na z\u00e1klad\u011b ITD jako funkci intenzity zvuku ve skupin\u011b deseti norm\u00e1ln\u011b sly\u0161\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f experimentu.<\/p>\n

\"Lokalizace
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n

Zdroje zvuku byly speci\u00e1ln\u011b nastaveny tak, aby pokr\u00fdvaly v\u011bt\u0161inu frekven\u010dn\u00edho spektra, v r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho lid\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou rozpoznat ITD, tj. od 300 do 1200 Hz (2A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

V ka\u017ed\u00e9m z pokus\u016f m\u011bl poslucha\u010d uv\u00e9st p\u0159edpokl\u00e1danou lateralitu, m\u011b\u0159enou jako funkci \u00farovn\u011b pocit\u016f, v rozmez\u00ed hodnot ITD od 375 do 375 ms. K ur\u010den\u00ed vlivu intenzity zvuku se pou\u017e\u00edval neline\u00e1rn\u00ed model sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho efektu (NMLE), kter\u00fd zahrnoval jak fixn\u00ed, tak n\u00e1hodnou intenzitu zvuku.<\/p>\n

Graf 2V<\/b> ukazuje odhadovanou lateralizaci se spektr\u00e1ln\u011b ploch\u00fdm \u0161umem p\u0159i dvou intenzit\u00e1ch zvuku pro reprezentativn\u00edho poslucha\u010de. A graf 2C<\/b> ukazuje neupraven\u00e1 data (kruhy) a data p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e1 modelu NMLE (\u010d\u00e1ry) v\u0161ech poslucha\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Lokalizace
\nTabulka \u010d. 1<\/i><\/p>\n

Tabulka v\u00fd\u0161e ukazuje v\u0161echny parametry NLME. Je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee vn\u00edman\u00e1 lateralita vzr\u016fstala se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se ITD, jak o\u010dek\u00e1vali v\u011bdci. Se sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm intenzity zvuku se vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce posouvalo sm\u011brem k st\u0159edn\u00ed linii (vlo\u017een\u00ed v grafu 2C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Tyto trendy byly potvrzeny modelem NLME, kter\u00fd uk\u00e1zal v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv ITD a intenzity zvuku na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 lateriality, potvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed model mezihemisferick\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho m\u011bl zanedbateln\u00fd vliv na vn\u00edmanou lateralitu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd audiometrick\u00fd pr\u00e1h \u010dist\u00fdch t\u00f3n\u016f. Intenzita zvuku pak v\u00fdrazn\u011b neovlivnila v\u00fdsledky psychometrick\u00fdch funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem druh\u00e9ho experimentu bylo zjistit, jak se v\u00fdsledky z p\u0159edchoz\u00edho experimentu zm\u011bn\u00ed s ohledem na spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti podn\u011bt\u016f (zvuk\u016f). Nezbytnost ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed spektr\u00e1ln\u011b ploch\u00e9ho \u0161umu p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzit\u011b zvuku spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1sti spektra nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt sly\u0161iteln\u00e9, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee ovlivnit ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru zvuku. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem se jako v\u00fdsledky prvn\u00edho experimentu m\u016f\u017ee omylem pova\u017eovat fakt, \u017ee \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti spektra se m\u016f\u017ee zmen\u0161ovat s klesaj\u00edc\u00ed intenzitou zvuku. <\/p>\n

Proto bylo rozhodnuto prov\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b jeden pokus, ale ji\u017e s pou\u017eit\u00edm zp\u011btn\u011b A-v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdch*<\/i> hluk\u016f.<\/p>\n

A-v\u00e1\u017een\u00edm*<\/b> se rozum\u00ed aplikace na \u00farovn\u011b zvuku, aby se zohlednila relativn\u00ed hlasitost vn\u00edman\u00e1 lidsk\u00fdm uchem, jeliko\u017e ucho je m\u00e9n\u011b citliv\u00e9 na n\u00edzk\u00e9 zvukov\u00e9 frekvence. A-v\u00e1\u017een\u00ed se realizuje aritmetick\u00fdm p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm hodnot uveden\u00fdch v okt\u00e1vov\u00fdch p\u00e1smech k nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm \u00farovn\u00edm zvukov\u00e9ho tlaku v dB.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Na grafu 2D<\/b> jsou zobrazeny nezpracovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje (kruhy) a modelu NMLE p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u00fadaje (\u010d\u00e1ry) v\u0161ech \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f experimentu. <\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza dat uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee kdy\u017e jsou v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1sti zvuku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 (jak v prvn\u00edm, tak ve druh\u00e9m experimentu), vn\u00edman\u00e1 lateralita a sklon na grafu, kter\u00fd vysv\u011btluje zm\u011bnu laterality s ITD, se s poklesem intenzity zvuku sni\u017euj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee v\u00fdsledky druh\u00e9ho experimentu potvrdily v\u00fdsledky prvn\u00edho. Tedy v praxi bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee model navr\u017een\u00fd Jeffressem ji\u017e v roce 1948 nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee lokalizace zvuk\u016f se zhor\u0161uje p\u0159i sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se intenzit\u011b zvuku, zat\u00edmco Jeffress pova\u017eoval, \u017ee zvuky jsou vn\u00edm\u00e1ny a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny \u010dlov\u011bkem stejn\u011b bez ohledu na jejich intenzitu. <\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed se s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nTeoretick\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady a potvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed praktick\u00e9 pokusy uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee neurony v mozku savc\u016f se aktivuj\u00ed r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na sm\u011bru zvukov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. N\u00e1sledn\u011b mozek porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 tyto rychlosti mezi v\u0161emi neurony zapojen\u00fdmi do procesu, aby dynamicky vytvo\u0159il mapu zvukov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Model Jeffressona nen\u00ed zcela chybn\u00e1, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee perfektn\u011b popsat lokalizaci zdroje zvuku u s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f. Ano, pro s\u00fd\u010dky intenzita zvuku nehraje roli, i tak ur\u010d\u00ed polohu jeho zdroje. Tato model v\u0161ak neplat\u00ed pro makaky rhesus, jak uk\u00e1zaly d\u0159\u00edve proveden\u00e9 pokusy. Proto model Jeffressona nem\u016f\u017ee popsat lokalizaci zvuk\u016f pro v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti. <\/p>\n

Experimenty s \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee lokalizace zvuk\u016f prob\u00edh\u00e1 u r\u016fzn\u00fdch organism\u016f r\u016fzn\u011b. Mnoho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f nebylo schopno spr\u00e1vn\u011b ur\u010dit polohu zdroje zvukov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f kv\u016fli n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzit\u011b zvuk\u016f. <\/p>\n

V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee jejich pr\u00e1ce ukazuje ur\u010ditou podobnost mezi t\u00edm, jak vid\u00edme a jak sly\u0161\u00edme. Oba procesy souvisej\u00ed se rychlost\u00ed neuron\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech mozku, stejn\u011b jako s hodnocen\u00edm tohoto rozd\u00edlu za \u00fa\u010delem ur\u010den\u00ed polohy jak viditeln\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f v prostoru, tak zdroje sly\u0161en\u00e9ho zvuku.<\/p>\n

V budoucnu pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci prov\u00e9st \u0159adu experiment\u016f, aby podrobn\u011bji prozkoumali spojen\u00ed mezi sluchem a zrakem \u010dlov\u011bka, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed l\u00e9pe pochopit, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem n\u00e1\u0161 mozek dynamicky vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mapu okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fst\u00e1vejte zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em dobr\u00fd pracovn\u00ed t\u00fdden, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, cloudov\u00e9 VPS pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e od 4,99 $<\/a><\/noindex>, 30 % sleva pro u\u017eivatele Habra na jedine\u010dn\u00fd analog entry-level server\u016f, kter\u00fd jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pravda o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovinu ceny?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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