{"id":53183,"date":"2019-11-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov"},"modified":"2026-02-15T19:54:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-15T17:54:48","slug":"ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ot-blokchejna-k-dag-izbavlyaemsya-ot-posrednikov","title":{"rendered":"Od blockchainu k DAG: zbavujeme se zprost\u0159edkovatel\u016f","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00e1m pov\u00edm o DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph, orientovan\u00fd acyklick\u00fd graf) a jeho aplikaci v distribuovan\u00fdch registrech a porovn\u00e1me ho s blockchainem.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nDAG nen\u00ed nic nov\u00e9ho ve sv\u011bt\u011b kryptom\u011bn. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jste o n\u011bm sly\u0161eli jako o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f s \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost\u00ed blockchain\u016f. Dnes v\u0161ak nebudeme mluvit o \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnosti, ale o tom, co d\u011bl\u00e1 kryptom\u011bny odli\u0161n\u00fdmi od v\u0161eho ostatn\u00edho: decentralizace, absence zprost\u0159edkovatel\u016f a odolnost v\u016f\u010di cenzu\u0159e.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Od
\n
\nTak\u00e9 v\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017eu, \u017ee DAG je ve skute\u010dnosti v\u00edce odoln\u00fd v\u016f\u010di cenzu\u0159e a postr\u00e1d\u00e1 zprost\u0159edkovatele pro p\u0159\u00edstup k registru.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nV b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch blockchainech nemaj\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k samotn\u00e9mu registru. Kdy\u017e chcete p\u0159idat transakci do registru, mus\u00edte \"po\u017e\u00e1dat\" v\u00fdrobce blok\u016f (block producer, tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako \"miner\"). Pr\u00e1v\u011b min\u0159i rozhoduj\u00ed, kterou transakci p\u0159idat do dal\u0161\u00edho bloku a kterou nikoli. Pr\u00e1v\u011b min\u0159i maj\u00ed exkluzivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k blok\u016fm a pr\u00e1vo rozhodnout, \u010d\u00ed transakci p\u0159ijmou pro p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed do registru.<\/p>\n

Min\u0159i jsou zprost\u0159edkovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed stoj\u00ed mezi v\u00e1mi a distribuovan\u00fdm registrem.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nV praxi obvykle mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pool\u016f miner\u016f kolektivn\u011b kontroluje v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch kapacit s\u00edt\u011b. Pro Bitcoin jsou to \u010dty\u0159i pooly, pro Ethereum dva. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jejich spiknut\u00ed mohou zablokovat jak\u00e9koli transakce, jak\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nV posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech bylo navr\u017eeno mnoho variant blockchain\u016f li\u0161\u00edc\u00edch se v principech v\u00fdb\u011bru v\u00fdrobc\u016f blok\u016f. Ale v\u00fdrobci blok\u016f nikam neodch\u00e1zej\u00ed, st\u00e1le \"stoj\u00ed na z\u00e1vor\u00e1ch\": ka\u017ed\u00e1 transakce mus\u00ed proj\u00edt p\u0159es v\u00fdrobce blok\u016f, a pokud ji nep\u0159ijme, transakce vlastn\u011b neexistuje.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nTo je nevyhnuteln\u00fd probl\u00e9m u blockchainu. A pokud chceme tento probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it, mus\u00edme radik\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bnit design a zcela se zbavit blok\u016f a v\u00fdrobc\u016f blok\u016f. M\u00edsto toho, abychom budovali \u0159et\u011bzec blok\u016f, budeme propojen\u00ed transakc\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e do ka\u017ed\u00e9 transakce zahrneme hash n\u011bkolika p\u0159edchoz\u00edch. V d\u016fsledku toho z\u00edsk\u00e1me strukturu zn\u00e1mou v matematice jako orientovan\u00fd acyklick\u00fd graf \u2013 DAG.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup do registru, bez prost\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f. Kdy\u017e chcete p\u0159idat transakci do registru \u2013 jednodu\u0161e ji p\u0159id\u00e1te. Vyberete n\u011bkolik nad\u0159azen\u00fdch transakc\u00ed, p\u0159id\u00e1te sv\u00e9 \u00fadaje, podep\u00ed\u0161ete a ode\u0161lete svou transakci p\u0159\u00edmo do s\u00edt\u011b. Hotovo. Nikdo v\u00e1m nem\u016f\u017ee br\u00e1nit to ud\u011blat, tak\u017ee va\u0161e transakce je ji\u017e v registru.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o nejv\u00edce decentralizovan\u00fd, nejneot\u0159esiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak p\u0159id\u00e1vat transakce do registru bez prost\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f. Proto\u017ee kdokoliv chce, m\u016f\u017ee jednodu\u0161e p\u0159idat sv\u00e9 transakce do registru, ani\u017e by se ptal na povolen\u00ed kohokoliv.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nDAG lze pova\u017eovat za t\u0159et\u00ed f\u00e1zi evoluce registr\u016f. Nejprve existovaly centralizovan\u00e9 registry, kde jedna strana kontrolovala p\u0159\u00edstup k nim. Pot\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161ly blockchainy, kde ji\u017e bylo n\u011bkolik kontrolor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zapisovali transakce do registru. A nakonec, v DAG neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed kontrolory, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 transakce p\u0159\u00edmo.<\/p>\n

\"Od
\n
\nNyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e m\u00e1me takovou svobodu, by to nem\u011blo v\u00e9st k chaosu. Mus\u00edme m\u00edt shodu o stavu registru. A tato shoda, nebo konsensus, obvykle znamen\u00e1 shodu o dvou v\u011bcech:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Co se stalo?\n<\/li>\n
  2. V jak\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed k tomu do\u0161lo?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nNa prvn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku m\u016f\u017eeme snadno odpov\u011bd\u011bt: jakmile byla spr\u00e1vn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 transakce p\u0159id\u00e1na do registru, stala se. A te\u010dka. Informace o tom mohou dosp\u011bt ke v\u0161em \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm v r\u016fzn\u00e9 dob\u011b, ale nakonec v\u0161echny uzly obdr\u017e\u00ed tuto transakci a dozv\u011bd\u00ed se, \u017ee k tomu do\u0161lo.<\/p>\n

    Kdyby to byl blockchain, t\u011b\u017ea\u0159i by rozhodovali, co se d\u011bje. V\u0161echno, co se t\u011b\u017ea\u0159 rozhodne zahrnout do bloku \u2013 to se d\u011bje. V\u0161echno, co nezahrne do bloku \u2013 to se ned\u011bje.<\/p>\n

    V blockchainu t\u011b\u017ea\u0159i tak\u00e9 rozhoduj\u00ed o druh\u00e9m probl\u00e9mu konsensu: po\u0159ad\u00ed. Maj\u00ed povoleno uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vat transakce uvnit\u0159 bloku jakkoli cht\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Jak tedy ur\u010dit po\u0159ad\u00ed transakc\u00ed v DAG?<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nJeliko\u017e m\u00e1me orientovan\u00fd graf, ji\u017e m\u00e1me ur\u010dit\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 transakce odkazuje na jednu nebo v\u00edce p\u0159edchoz\u00edch, rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch transakc\u00ed. Rodi\u010de zase odkazuj\u00ed na sv\u00e9 rodi\u010de a tak d\u00e1le. Rodi\u010de se zjevn\u011b objevuj\u00ed p\u0159ed dce\u0159in\u00fdmi transakcemi. Pokud jakoukoli transakci lze dos\u00e1hnout pomoc\u00ed odkaz\u016f \u201erodi\u010d-d\u00edt\u011b\u201c, p\u0159esn\u011b v\u00edme po\u0159ad\u00ed mezi transakcemi v tomto \u0159et\u011bzci transakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nAle po\u0159ad\u00ed mezi transakcemi nelze v\u017edy ur\u010dit pouze z tvaru grafu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e le\u017e\u00ed dv\u011b transakce na paraleln\u00edch v\u011btv\u00edch grafu.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nAbychom vy\u0159e\u0161ili nejednozna\u010dnost v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na tzv. poskytovatele po\u0159ad\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 je naz\u00fdv\u00e1me \u201esv\u011bdky\u201c. To jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem je neust\u00e1le odes\u00edlat transakce do s\u00edt\u011b v souladu s po\u0159ad\u00edm, t.j. tak, aby ka\u017ed\u00e1 jejich p\u0159edchoz\u00ed transakce mohla b\u00fdt dosa\u017eena pomoc\u00ed odkaz\u016f \u201erodi\u010d-d\u00edt\u011b\u201c. Poskytovatel\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed \u2013     d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9<\/a>, a cel\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 se spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na to, \u017ee neporu\u0161\u00ed toto pravidlo. Abychom rozumn\u011b<\/b> jim d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovali, po\u017eadujeme, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd poskytovatel po\u0159ad\u00ed byl zn\u00e1mou (neanonymn\u00ed) osobou nebo organizac\u00ed a m\u011bl n\u011bco, co m\u016f\u017ee ztratit v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee poru\u0161\u00ed pravidla, nap\u0159\u00edklad reputaci nebo podnik zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nPoskytovatel\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed jsou vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni u\u017eivateli a ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel zahrnuje seznam sv\u00fdch d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f do ka\u017ed\u00e9 transakce, kterou odes\u00edl\u00e1 do s\u00edt\u011b. Tento seznam se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 12 poskytovatel\u016f. To je pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, aby si \u010dlov\u011bk mohl ov\u011b\u0159it identity a reputaci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich, a dostate\u010dn\u00e9 k tomu, aby s\u00ed\u0165 mohla pokra\u010dovat v provozu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nevyhnuteln\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f s men\u0161inou poskytovatel\u016f po\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Tento seznam poskytovatel\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed od u\u017eivatele k u\u017eivateli, ale seznamy sousedn\u00edch transakc\u00ed se mohou li\u0161it maxim\u00e1ln\u011b o jednoho poskytovatele.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nNyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e m\u00e1me poskytovatele po\u0159ad\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme vy\u010dlenit jejich transakce v DAG a uspo\u0159\u00e1dat v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed transakce kolem po\u0159ad\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili. Mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159it takov\u00fd algoritmus existuje (viz     Obyte White Paper<\/a><\/noindex> pro technick\u00e9 detaily).<\/p>\n

    Ale \u0159\u00e1d v cel\u00e9 s\u00edti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit okam\u017eit\u011b, pot\u0159ebujeme \u010das, aby poskytovatel\u00e9 po\u0159\u00e1dku poslali dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u00fdch transakc\u00ed a ujistili se o kone\u010dn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed minul\u00fdch transakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    A proto\u017ee po\u0159ad\u00ed je ur\u010dov\u00e1no pouze pozicemi transakc\u00ed poskytovatel\u016f v DAG, v\u0161echny uzly s\u00edt\u011b d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji obdr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161echny transakce a dosp\u011bj\u00ed k jednomu z\u00e1v\u011bru ohledn\u011b po\u0159ad\u00ed transakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nTak\u017ee m\u00e1me shodu na tom, co pova\u017eujeme za ud\u00e1lost: jak\u00e1koli transakce, kter\u00e1 se dostala do DAG, se stala. Tak\u00e9 m\u00e1me shodu o po\u0159ad\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed: to bu\u010f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch vazeb transakc\u00ed, nebo se odvozuje z po\u0159ad\u00ed transakc\u00ed zaslan\u00fdch poskytovateli po\u0159\u00e1dku. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1me konsensus.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nTento typ konsensu m\u00e1me v Obyte. I kdy\u017e je p\u0159\u00edstup do registru Obyte zcela decentralizovan\u00fd, konsensus ohledn\u011b po\u0159ad\u00ed transakc\u00ed je st\u00e1le centralizovan\u00fd, proto\u017ee 10 z 12 poskytovatel\u016f je kontrolov\u00e1no zakladatelem (Anton \u010curjumov) a pouze dva z nich jsou nez\u00e1visl\u00ed. Hled\u00e1me kandid\u00e1ty, kte\u0159\u00ed by se cht\u011bli st\u00e1t jedn\u00edm z nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f po\u0159\u00e1dku, abychom n\u00e1m pomohli decentralizovat ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed v registru.<\/p>\n

    Ned\u00e1vno se objevil t\u0159et\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fd kandid\u00e1t, kter\u00fd chce z\u0159\u00eddit a udr\u017eovat uzel poskytovatele po\u0159\u00e1dku \u2013 Univerzita v Nik\u00f3sii.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nJak ovl\u00e1d\u00e1me dvojit\u00e9 utr\u00e1cen\u00ed (double-spends)?<\/p>\n

    Podle pravidel, p\u0159i zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dvou transakc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 utr\u00e1cej\u00ed stejnou minci, vyhr\u00e1v\u00e1 ta transakce, kter\u00e1 byla d\u0159\u00edve v kone\u010dn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed v\u0161ech transakc\u00ed. Druh\u00e1 je zneplatn\u011bna konsenzu\u00e1ln\u00edm algoritmem.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \nPokud je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit po\u0159ad\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma transakcemi, kter\u00e9 utr\u00e1cej\u00ed jednu minci (podle vazeb rodi\u010d-d\u00edt\u011b), v\u0161echny uzly okam\u017eit\u011b odm\u00edtnou takov\u00fd pokus o dvojit\u00e9 utr\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nPokud v\u0161ak po\u0159ad\u00ed nen\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u00e9 z rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch vazeb mezi dv\u011bma takov\u00fdmi transakcemi, ob\u011b jsou p\u0159ijaty do registru a budeme muset po\u010dkat na konsensus a ur\u010den\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed mezi nimi prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm poskytovatel\u016f po\u0159\u00e1dku. Pot\u00e9 vyhraje d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed transakce a druh\u00e1 se stane neplatnou.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nI kdy\u017e se druh\u00e1 transakce st\u00e1v\u00e1 neplatnou, st\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v registru, proto\u017ee m\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed transakce, kter\u00e9 se na ni odvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed a kter\u00e9 nic nenaru\u0161ily a nev\u011bd\u011bly, \u017ee se v budoucnu tato transakce stane neplatnou. Jinak bychom museli odstranit rodi\u010de od dobr\u00fdch n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch transakc\u00ed, co\u017e by poru\u0161ovalo hlavn\u00ed princip s\u00edt\u011b \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 transakce je p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na do registru.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nTo je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pravidlo, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje cel\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu b\u00fdt odoln\u00fdm v\u016f\u010di pokus\u016fm o cenzuru.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee v\u0161ichni poskytovatel\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed se spol\u010d\u00ed, aby se pokusili \u201ecenzurovat\u201c jednu konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed transakci. Mohou ji ignorovat a nikdy ji nezvolit \u201erodi\u010dem\u201c sv\u00fdch transakc\u00ed, ale to nesta\u010d\u00ed, tato transakce st\u00e1le m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zahrnuta nep\u0159\u00edmo jako rodi\u010d n\u011bjak\u00e9 jin\u00e9 transakce vydan\u00e9 kter\u00fdmkoli u\u017eivatelem s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00fd se na spiknut\u00ed nepod\u00edl\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu takov\u00e1 transakce z\u00edsk\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u00edce a v\u00edce d\u011bt\u00ed, vnuk\u016f a pravnuk\u016f od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f, rozr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed se jako sn\u011bhov\u00e1 koule, a v\u0161ichni dohodnut\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed budou muset ignorovat tak\u00e9 tyto transakce. Nakonec budou muset cenzurovat celou s\u00ed\u0165, co\u017e je ekvivalentn\u00ed sabot\u00e1\u017ei.<\/p>\n

    \"Od
    \n
    \nT\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 DAG odoln\u00fd v\u016f\u010di cenzu\u0159e, i kdy\u017e dojde ke spiknut\u00ed poskytovatel\u016f po\u0159ad\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 blockchain v odolnosti v\u016f\u010di cenzu\u0159e, kde nem\u016f\u017eeme nic d\u011blat, pokud se t\u011b\u017ea\u0159i rozhodnou nezahrnout n\u011bkterou z transakc\u00ed. A to vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z hlavn\u00ed vlastnosti DAG: \u00fa\u010dast v registru je zcela nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 a bez prost\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, a transakce jsou neodvolateln\u00e9.
    \n
    Zdroj:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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