{"id":53536,"date":"2019-12-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:26","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:26","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","title":{"rendered":"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nyn\u00ed je \u010das promluvit si o za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch ur\u010den\u00fdch k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed brzd. Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201ekohouty\u201c, i kdy\u017e dlouh\u00e1 evoluce je odvedla dost daleko od kohout\u016f v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m slova smyslu a p\u0159etvo\u0159ila je na pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pneumatick\u00e9 automatiky.<\/p>\n<p><i>Star\u00fd dobr\u00fd blokov\u00fd kohout 394 se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na kolejov\u00fdch vozidlech<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ad5b912bd075a3a1c82548c55e6bb454.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>1. Kohouty strojvedouc\u00edho \u2013 stru\u010dn\u00e9 \u00favodn\u00ed informace<\/h1>\n<p>\nPodle definice<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vlakov\u00fd kohout strojvedouc\u00edho je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (nebo soubor za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed), ur\u010den\u00e9 k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed velikosti a tempa zm\u011bny tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 trati vlaku<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vlakov\u00e9 kohouty strojvedouc\u00edho lze rozd\u011blit na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a kohouty s d\u00e1lkov\u00fdm ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je klasikou \u017e\u00e1nru, instalovan\u00e1 na p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b lokomotiv, motorov\u00fdch voz\u016f, stejn\u011b jako na speci\u00e1ln\u00edch vozidlech (r\u016fzn\u00e9 silni\u010dn\u00ed stroje, motor\u00e1ky a dal\u0161\u00ed) jsou kohouty strojvedouc\u00edho \u010d. 394 a \u010d. 395. Prvn\u00ed z nich, zobrazen\u00fd na KDPV, se instaluje na n\u00e1kladn\u00ed lokomotivy, druh\u00fd \u2013 na osobn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z hlediska pneumatick\u00e9ho principu se tyto kohouty od sebe v\u016fbec neli\u0161\u00ed. Jsou tedy naprosto identick\u00e9. Kohout 395 m\u00e1 na horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti odlit\u00fd v\u00fdstup s dv\u011bma z\u00e1vitov\u00fdmi otvory, do kter\u00fdch se instaluje \u201en\u00e1doba\u201c kontrol\u00e9ru ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9 brzdy.<\/p>\n<p><i>Kohout strojvedouc\u00edho \u010d. 395 ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3b76d90c05153279d6891344d9dd2f8d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji lakov\u00e1na v jasn\u011b \u010derven\u00e9 barv\u011b, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o jejich v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eitosti a o zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornosti, kter\u00e9 by jim m\u011bla v\u011bnovat jak lokomotivn\u00ed pos\u00e1dka, tak technologick\u00fd person\u00e1l obsluhuj\u00edc\u00ed lokomotivu. Je to dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednka toho, \u017ee brzdy na vlaku to je v\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>K t\u011bmto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm jsou p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ipojeny potrub\u00ed pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed (PM) a brzdy (TM) a prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm oto\u010den\u00ed p\u00e1ky se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed toku vzduchu.<\/p>\n<p>Na je\u0159\u00e1bech s d\u00e1lkov\u00fdm ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm je nainstalov\u00e1n ne samotn\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1b, ale takzvan\u00fd \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed kontrol\u00e9r, kter\u00fd p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazy na samostatnou elektro-pneumatickou panel, je\u017e je um\u00edst\u011bna v strojovn\u011b lokomotivu. Na dom\u00e1c\u00edch kolejov\u00fdch vozidlech se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 trp\u011bliv\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1b strojvedouc\u00edho \u010d. 130, kter\u00fd si dlouho razil cestu na kolejov\u00e9 vozidlo.<\/p>\n<p><i>Kontrol\u00e9r je\u0159\u00e1bu \u010d. 130 na ovl\u00e1dac\u00edm panelu elektrick\u00e9ho vlaku EP20 (vpravo, vedle panelu manometr\u016f)<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6544d1fc3a8f30ead30d64e939365736.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>Pneumatick\u00fd panel ve strojovn\u011b elektrick\u00e9ho vlaku EP20<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bdfcc74c7be30ec2fe2e36cee79a4dcc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPro\u010d je to provedeno pr\u00e1v\u011b tak? Aby krom\u011b ru\u010dn\u00edho ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed brzd byla tak\u00e9 standardn\u00ed mo\u017enost automatizovan\u00e9ho ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad od syst\u00e9mu automatizace \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vlaku. Na lokomotiv\u00e1ch vybaven\u00fdch je\u0159\u00e1bem 394\/395 bylo pro to nutn\u00e9 nainstalovat na je\u0159\u00e1b speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00ed. Podle pl\u00e1n\u016f se 130. je\u0159\u00e1b integruje do syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vlaku prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sb\u011brnice CAN, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na dom\u00e1c\u00edch kolejov\u00fdch vozidlech.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d jsem tento p\u0159\u00edstroj nazval trp\u011bliv\u00fdm? Proto\u017ee jsem byl p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm sv\u011bdkem jeho prvn\u00edho v\u00fdskytu na kolejov\u00e9m vozidle. Takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje se instalovaly na prvn\u00ed exempl\u00e1\u0159e nov\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch lokomotiv: 2\u042d\u04215\u041a-001 \u201e\u0415\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043a\u201c, 2\u042d\u04214\u041a-001 \u201e\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u201c a \u042d\u041f2\u041a-001.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 2007 jsem se z\u00fa\u010dastnil certifika\u010dn\u00edch zkou\u0161ek elektrick\u00e9ho vlaku 2\u042d\u04214\u041a-001. Na tomto stroji byl instalov\u00e1n pr\u00e1v\u011b 130. je\u0159\u00e1b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e tehdy se za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it \u0159e\u010di o jeho n\u00edzk\u00e9 spolehlivosti, nav\u00edc tento technick\u00fd z\u00e1zrak mohl samovoln\u011b uvolnit brzdy. Proto od n\u011bj velmi brzy ustoupili a \u201e\u0415\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0438\u201c a \u042d\u041f2\u041a \u0161ly do s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby s je\u0159\u00e1by 394 a 395. Pokrok byl odlo\u017een do dokon\u010den\u00ed nov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Na novocherkassk\u00fdch lokomotiv\u00e1ch se tento je\u0159\u00e1b vr\u00e1til a\u017e se zah\u00e1jen\u00edm v\u00fdroby elektrick\u00e9ho vlaku EP20 v roce 2011. A \u201e\u0415\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0438\u201c a \u042d\u041f2\u041a novou verzi tohoto je\u0159\u00e1bu tak nikdy nedostali. EP2\u041a-001, mimochodem se 130. je\u0159\u00e1bem, nyn\u00ed hnije na sklad\u011b, jak jsem se ned\u00e1vno dozv\u011bd\u011bl z videa jednoho nad\u0161ence \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1b\u011br\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b \u017eelezni\u010d\u00e1\u0159i nemaj\u00ed \u00faplnou d\u016fv\u011bru v takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, tak\u017ee v\u0161echny lokomotivy vybaven\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1bem 130 jsou tak\u00e9 vybaveny je\u0159\u00e1by z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edho ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed, v zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9m re\u017eimu, p\u0159\u00edmo \u0159\u00eddit tlak v brzdov\u00e9 trubce.<\/p>\n<p><i>Kran rezervn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed brzd v kabin\u011b EP20<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/eb39844a4ff0de907f1cb7735bb6c94f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa lokomotiv\u00e1ch je rovn\u011b\u017e instalov\u00e1no druh\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u2014 <i>kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy<\/i> (KV\u0422), ur\u010den\u00fd k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed brzd lokomotivu nez\u00e1visle na brzd\u00e1ch soupravy. Ten je nalevo od vlakov\u00e9ho kranu<\/p>\n<p><i>Kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy \u010d. 254<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/040e445c315fd5467d2fe7adb0719bcc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa fotografii je klasick\u00fd kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy, \u010d. 254. Ten se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na mnoha m\u00edstech jak na osobn\u00edch, tak na n\u00e1kladn\u00edch lokomotiv\u00e1ch. Na rozd\u00edl od brzd vozu, na lokomotiv\u011b se brzdov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce <b>nikdy<\/b> nepln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. A\u010dkoli jak z\u00e1sobn\u00edk, tak rozd\u011blovac\u00ed ventil na lokomotiv\u011b jsou nainstalov\u00e1ny. Celkov\u011b je sch\u00e9ma brzd lokomotivu slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee na lokomotiv\u011b je v\u00edce brzdov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u016f. Celkov\u00fd objem je v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 8 litr\u016f, tak\u017ee je nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 naplnit ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edku na tlak 0,4 MPa \u2014 je t\u0159eba zvy\u0161ovat objem z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, co\u017e prodlou\u017e\u00ed dobu jeho nab\u00edjen\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s brzdami vagonu.<\/p>\n<p>Na lokomotiv\u011b T\u010c se pln\u00ed z hlavn\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, a to bu\u010f p\u0159es kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy, nebo p\u0159es sp\u00edna\u010d tlaku, na kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed rozd\u011blovac\u00ed ventil, aktivovan\u00fd vlakov\u00fdm kranem strojvedouc\u00edho.<\/p>\n<p>Kran 254 m\u00e1 tu zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee s\u00e1m fungovat jako sp\u00edna\u010d tlaku, povoluj\u00edc\u00ed (stup\u0148ovit\u00e9!) uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd lokomotivu p\u0159i zastaven\u00e9 souprav\u011b. Tento syst\u00e9m se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 zapojen\u00ed KV\u0422 jako opakova\u010de a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se na n\u00e1kladn\u00edch lokomotiv\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i manipula\u010dn\u00edch pohybech lokomotivu a tak\u00e9 pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vlaku po zastaven\u00ed a b\u011bhem st\u00e1n\u00ed. Hned po zastaven\u00ed vlaku se tento kran nastav\u00ed do posledn\u00ed brzdn\u00e9 polohy, a brzdy ve vlaku se uvoln\u00ed. Brzdy lokomotivu dok\u00e1\u017eou udr\u017eet lokomotiv i soupravu na dost zna\u010dn\u00e9m svahu.<\/p>\n<p>Na modern\u00edch elektrick\u00fdch lokomotiv\u00e1ch, jako je EP20, se instaluj\u00ed jin\u00e9 KV\u0422, nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010d. 224<\/p>\n<p><i>Kran pomocn\u00e9 brzdy \u010d. 224 (vpravo na samostatn\u00e9m panelu)<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/461dc85c6b944b75ddeb81f2d57a9e18.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h1>2. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a princip \u010dinnosti kranu strojvedouc\u00edho \u010d. 394\/395<\/h1>\n<p>\nTak\u017ee, n\u00e1\u0161 hrdina je star\u00fd, l\u00e9ty prov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd a miliony kilometr\u016f cesty m\u00e1 za sebou je\u0159\u00e1b 394 (a 395, ale ten je analogick\u00fd, proto budu mluvit o jednom z p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e m\u00e1m na mysli i druh\u00fd). Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b on, a ne modern\u00ed 130? Za prv\u00e9, je\u0159\u00e1b 394 je v sou\u010dasnosti v\u00edce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd. A za druh\u00e9, 130. je\u0159\u00e1b, l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno jeho pneumatick\u00e1 deska, je principe spojena se star\u00fdm 394.<\/p>\n<p><i>Je\u0159\u00e1b strojn\u00edka \u010d. 394: 1 \u2014 dno v\u00fdvodn\u00edho ventilu; 2 \u2014 t\u011blo doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti; 3 \u2014 ut\u011bs\u0148ovac\u00ed man\u017eeta; 4 \u2014 pru\u017eina; 5 \u2014 v\u00fdvodn\u00ed ventil; 6 \u2014 pouzdro se sedlem v\u00fdvodn\u00edho ventilu; 7 \u2014 vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u00edst; 8 \u2014 gumov\u00e1 ut\u011bs\u0148ovac\u00ed man\u017eeta; 9 \u2014 mosazn\u00fd ut\u011bs\u0148ovac\u00ed krou\u017eek; 10 \u2014 t\u011blo st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti; 11 \u2014 t\u011blo horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti; 12 \u2014 klapka; 13 \u2014 ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed rukoje\u0165; 14 \u2014 zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed prvek rukojeti; 15 \u2014 matice; 16 \u2014 p\u0159\u00edtla\u010dn\u00fd \u0161roub; 17 \u2014 ty\u010d; 18 \u2014 pru\u017eina klapky; 19 \u2014 p\u0159\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 podlo\u017eka; 20 \u2014 mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed \u0161rouby; 21 \u2014 zaji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed kol\u00edk; 22 \u2014 filtr; 23 \u2014 pru\u017eina nap\u00e1jec\u00edho ventilu; 24 \u2014 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed ventil; 25 \u2014 pouzdro se sedlem nap\u00e1jec\u00edho ventilu; 26 \u2014 membr\u00e1na reduktoru; 30 \u2014 nastavovac\u00ed pru\u017eina reduktoru; 31 \u2014 nastavovac\u00ed poh\u00e1r reduktoru<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dc26ce34b70accb4c1de8f9fce3fa721.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCo \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te? Seri\u00f3zn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj. Tento p\u0159\u00edstroj se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z horn\u00ed (klapkov\u00e9) \u010d\u00e1sti, st\u0159edn\u00ed (mezi\u010dasti), doln\u00ed (vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed) \u010d\u00e1sti, stabiliz\u00e1toru a reduktoru. Reduktor je zobrazen vpravo dole na obr\u00e1zku, stabiliz\u00e1tor uk\u00e1\u017eu zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165<\/p>\n<p><i>Stabiliz\u00e1tor je\u0159\u00e1bu strojn\u00edka \u010d. 394: 1 \u2014 z\u00e1tka; 2 \u2014 pru\u017eina regula\u010dn\u00edho ventilu; 3 \u2014 regula\u010dn\u00ed ventil; 4 \u2014 sedlo regula\u010dn\u00edho ventilu; 5 \u2014 kalibrovan\u00fd otvor o pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,45 mm; 6 \u2014 membr\u00e1na; 7 \u2014 t\u011blo stabiliz\u00e1toru; 8 \u2014 opora; 10 \u2014 nastavovac\u00ed pru\u017eina; 11 \u2014 nastavovac\u00ed poh\u00e1r.<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d8e580d0afd1ce4166cb5b491e4f7aaf.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Re\u017eim provozu je\u0159\u00e1bu je nastaven oto\u010den\u00edm rukojeti, kter\u00e1 ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed klapkou, pevn\u011b p\u0159itisknutou (a pe\u010dliv\u011b namazanou!) k zrcadlu ve st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti je\u0159\u00e1bu. Existuje sedm poloh, kter\u00e9 se obvykle ozna\u010duj\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I \u2014 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed a nab\u00edjen\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>II \u2014 provozn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>III \u2014 uz\u00e1v\u011br bez nap\u00e1jen\u00ed \u00fanik\u016f v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b<\/li>\n<li>IV \u2014 uz\u00e1v\u011br s nap\u00e1jen\u00edm \u00fanik\u016f z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy<\/li>\n<li>Va \u2014 zpomalen\u00e9 brzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>V \u2014 slu\u017eebn\u00ed brzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>VI \u2014 nouzov\u00e9 brzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u0159i provozu v tahu, na v\u00fdjezdu a na st\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 aktivovat brzdy vlaku, nastavuje se p\u00e1ka kohoutu do druh\u00e9 <i>vlakov\u00e9<\/i> polohy.<\/p>\n<p>Skluz a zrcadlo skluzu obsahuj\u00ed kan\u00e1ly a kalibrovan\u00e9 otvory, p\u0159es kter\u00e9, v z\u00e1vislosti na poloze p\u00e1ky, vzduch p\u0159et\u00e9k\u00e1 z jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159\u00edstroje do druh\u00e9. Takto vypad\u00e1 skluz a jeho zrcadlo<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/80b077574b3ae284cbcb410e6cb5c61e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bdbc705daee6e652714a43d766e99af1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKrom\u011b toho je k hydrantov\u00e9 klice 394 p\u0159ipojen takzvan\u00fd <i>vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk<\/i> (VZ) o objemu 20 litr\u016f. Tento z\u00e1sobn\u00edk je zdrojem tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b (BS). Tlak, kter\u00fd je nastaven v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, bude udr\u017eov\u00e1n vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hydrantov\u00e9 klice a v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b (krom\u011b pozic I, III a VI p\u00e1ky).<\/p>\n<p>Tlaky v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku a brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b se zobrazuj\u00ed na kontroln\u00edch manometrech um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 desce, obvykle vedle hydrantov\u00e9 klice. \u010casto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dvoust\u0159elkov\u00fd manometr, nap\u0159\u00edklad tento<\/p>\n<p><i>\u010cerven\u00e1 st\u0159ela ukazuje tlak v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b, \u010dern\u00e1 \u2014 v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/84e942b0988c8010de2f36904821529a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTak\u017ee, kdy\u017e kruh stoj\u00ed v vlakov\u00e9 poloze, v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku se nastavuje a udr\u017euje takzvan\u00e9 <i>nab\u00edjec\u00ed tlak<\/i>. Pro motorov\u00e9 vozidlov\u00e9 soupravy a osobn\u00ed vlaky s lokomotivn\u00ed tahem je jeho hodnota obvykle 0,48 \u2014 0,50 MPa, pro n\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlaky 0,50 \u2014 0,52 MPa. Nej\u010dast\u011bji je to v\u0161ak 0,50 MPa, stejn\u00e9 tlak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na \u201eSapsanu\u201c a \u201eLasto\u010dke\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Za za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 podporuj\u00ed tlak v UR, pat\u0159\u00ed reduktor a stabiliz\u00e1tor ventilu, kter\u00e9 pracuj\u00ed zcela nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b. Co d\u011bl\u00e1 stabiliz\u00e1tor? Nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b vypou\u0161t\u00ed vzduch z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee skrze kalibrovan\u00fd otvor o pr\u016fm\u011bru 0,45 mm, kter\u00fd je um\u00edst\u011bn v jeho t\u011ble. Tato \u010dinnost prob\u00edh\u00e1 neust\u00e1le, bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed na okam\u017eik. Vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu skrze stabiliz\u00e1tor prob\u00edh\u00e1 striktn\u011b st\u00e1l\u00fdm tempem, kter\u00e9 je udr\u017eov\u00e1no \u0161krtic\u00edm ventilem uvnit\u0159 stabiliz\u00e1toru \u2014 \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed bude tlak v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei, t\u00edm v\u00edce se \u0161krtic\u00ed ventil otev\u0159e. Toto tempo je mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tempo slu\u017eebn\u00edho brzd\u011bn\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt regulov\u00e1no ot\u00e1\u010den\u00edm regula\u010dn\u00edho v\u00e1lce na t\u011ble stabiliz\u00e1toru. To se prov\u00e1d\u00ed k odstran\u011bn\u00ed <i>p\u0159etlakov\u00e9ho<\/i> (tj. p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho nab\u00edjec\u00ed) tlaku.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud vzduch z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee neust\u00e1le unik\u00e1 skrze stabiliz\u00e1tor, nakonec nez\u016fstane \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vzduch? Odl\u00e9tal by, ale tomu br\u00e1n\u00ed reduktor. P\u0159i poklesu tlaku v UR pod nab\u00edjec\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 se v reduktoru otev\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fd ventil, kter\u00fd spojuje vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e s p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00edmi potrub\u00edmi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e dopl\u0148uje z\u00e1sobu vzduchu. Tak je v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei, p\u0159i II. poloze ventilu, neust\u00e1le udr\u017eov\u00e1n tlak 0,5 MPa.<\/p>\n<p>Nejl\u00e9pe je tento proces ilustrov\u00e1n n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u00e9matem<\/p>\n<p><i>Pohyb ventilu strojvedouc\u00edho v II. (vlakov\u00e9) poloze: GR \u2014 hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e; TM \u2014 brzdov\u00e1 trubka; UR \u2014 vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e; At \u2014 atmosf\u00e9ra<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 3 \u2013 \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/187fcf9006ffd75dd67ba34c6895c5d5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA jak to je s brzdovou trubkou? Tlak v n\u00ed je udr\u017eov\u00e1n na \u00farovni tlaku v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei pomoc\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ventilu, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edho p\u00edstu (ve st\u0159edu sch\u00e9matu), v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00e9ho a vypou\u0161t\u011bc\u00edho ventilu, ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdch p\u00edstem. Prostor nad p\u00edstem je spojen s vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (\u017elut\u00e1 oblast) a pod p\u00edstem \u2014 s brzdovou trubkou (\u010derven\u00e1 oblast). P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku v UR p\u00edst kles\u00e1 dol\u016f, spojuj\u00edc\u00ed brzdovou trubku s p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku v n\u00ed, dokud tlak v TM a tlak v UR nebudou stejn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i poklesu tlaku v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei se p\u00edst pohybuje nahoru a otv\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed ventil, p\u0159es kter\u00fd vzduch z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy unik\u00e1 do atmosf\u00e9ry, dokud se op\u011bt nevyrovnaj\u00ed tlaky nad a pod p\u00edstem.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je v j\u00edzdn\u00edm re\u017eimu tlak v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b udr\u017eov\u00e1n na \u00farovni nab\u00edjec\u00edho. To zahrnuje tak\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a \u00faniky, proto\u017ee, jak st\u00e1le zd\u016fraz\u0148uji, jsou v n\u011bm jednozna\u010dn\u011b a v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 net\u011bsnosti. Stejn\u00fd tlak se udr\u017euje i v rezervn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch vag\u00f3n\u016f a lokomotivy, rovn\u011b\u017e s ohledem na \u00faniky.<\/p>\n<p>Aby byly brzdy uvedeny do \u010dinnosti, strojvedouc\u00ed nastav\u00ed p\u00e1ku ventilu do polohy V \u2013 brzd\u011bn\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00edm tempem. P\u0159i tom dojde k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159es kalibrovan\u00fd otvor, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje tempo poklesu tlaku 0,01 \u2013 0,04 MPa za sekundu. Proces kontroluje strojvedouc\u00ed podle manometru na vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei. Dokud je p\u00e1ka ventilu v poloze V, vzduch vych\u00e1z\u00ed z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. D\u00e1 se do pohybu vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u00edst, kter\u00fd se zved\u00e1 a otv\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed ventil, a sni\u017euje tlak v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b. <\/p>\n<p>Aby se zastavil proces uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchu z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, strojvedouc\u00ed nastav\u00ed p\u00e1ku ventilu do polohy uzav\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 III nebo IV. Proces uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchu z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, a t\u00edm i z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy, se p\u0159eru\u0161\u00ed. Tak se prov\u00e1d\u00ed f\u00e1ze slu\u017eebn\u00edho brzd\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti brzd se provede dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze, k tomu se p\u00e1ka ventilu strojvedouc\u00edho op\u011bt p\u0159epne do polohy V.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i standardn\u00edm, <i>slu\u017eebn\u00edm<\/i> P\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubka podtlaku brzdov\u00e9 soustavy nesm\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dit 0,15 MPa. Pro\u010d? Za prv\u00e9, nen\u00ed smyslupln\u00e9 zvy\u0161ovat podtlak \u2013 kv\u016fli pom\u011bru objem\u016f z\u00e1sobn\u00edku a brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce (BV) v vag\u00f3nech se v BV nez\u00edsk\u00e1 tlak vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,4 MPa. A \u00farove\u0148 podtlaku 0,15 MPa pr\u00e1v\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 tlaku 0,4 MPa v brzdov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch. Za druh\u00e9, \u010derpat hloub\u011bji je prost\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013 p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b se prodlu\u017euje doba nab\u00edjen\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159i uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd, nebo\u0165 se nab\u00edjej\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee takov\u00e9 kroky mohou vy\u00fastit v vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed brzd.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00eddav\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 se zept\u00e1 \u2013 \u010d\u00edm se li\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ekryvy v poloh\u00e1ch III a IV? <\/p>\n<p>Ve IV poloze ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed ventil zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u0161echny otvory ve zrcadle. Reduktor ne\u010derpal z vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku a tlak v n\u011bm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b stabiln\u00ed, proto\u017ee \u00faniky z VZ jsou minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. Vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u00edst p\u0159itom st\u00e1le pracuje, dopl\u0148uje \u00faniky z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy a udr\u017euje v n\u00ed ten tlak, kter\u00fd se ust\u00e1lil v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku po posledn\u00edm brzd\u011bn\u00ed. Proto se tato poloha naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ep\u0159ekryv s dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fanik\u016f z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>V poloze III ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed ventil spojuje prostory nad a pod vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm p\u00edstem, co\u017e blokuje \u010dinnost vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edho org\u00e1nu \u2013 tlak v obou prostorech kles\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u011b rychlost\u00ed \u00faniku. Dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to \u00fanikov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm org\u00e1nem se neprov\u00e1d\u00ed. Proto se poloha III ventilu naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ep\u0159ekryv bez dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fanik\u016f z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d existuj\u00ed takov\u00e9 dv\u011b polohy a jak\u00fd p\u0159ekryv pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 strojv\u016fdce? Oboj\u00ed, v z\u00e1vislosti na situaci a druhu slu\u017eby lokomotivy.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed osobn\u00edch brzd, podle pokyn\u016f, je strojv\u016fdce povinen nastavit ventil do polohy III (p\u0159ekryv bez dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed) v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u0159i j\u00edzd\u011b pod zakazuj\u00edc\u00edm sign\u00e1lem<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EPB po prvn\u00edm stupni regula\u010dn\u00edho brzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159i j\u00edzd\u011b po strm\u00e9m sjezdu nebo do slep\u00e9 uli\u010dky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVe v\u0161ech t\u011bchto situac\u00edch je nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd bez varov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jak k tomu m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt? Velmi jednodu\u0161e \u2013 cestovn\u00ed vzduchov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed funguje na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozd\u00edlu dvou tlak\u016f \u2013 v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei. P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b dojde k \u00fapln\u00e9mu uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd. <\/p>\n<p>A te\u010f si p\u0159edstavme, \u017ee jsme zastavili a p\u0159epnuli na pozici IV, kdy ventil dod\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00faniky z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy. A v tu chv\u00edli n\u011bjak\u00fd idiot v p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed lehce otev\u0159e a pak zav\u0159e nouzov\u00fd ventil \u2013 \u0161k\u00e1dl\u00ed n\u00e1s. Ventil strojvedouc\u00edho odstra\u0148uje tento \u00fanik, co\u017e vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b, a citliv\u00e9 cestovn\u00ed vzduchov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed poskytuje \u00fapln\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na n\u00e1kladn\u00edch vozidlech se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pozice IV \u2013 n\u00e1kladov\u00e9 vzduchov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nen\u00ed tak citliv\u00e9 na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b a m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed uvoln\u011bn\u00ed. Na pozici III se p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1 pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b podez\u0159en\u00ed na nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u00faniky v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>A jak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd? Pro \u00fapln\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed se p\u00e1ka ventilu strojvedouc\u00edho nastav\u00ed na pozici I \u2013 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed a nab\u00edjen\u00ed. P\u0159i tom jsou jak kompenza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e, tak brzdov\u00e1 soustava p\u0159\u00edmo spojeny s nap\u00e1jec\u00ed soustavou. Napln\u011bn\u00ed kompenza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159es kalibrovan\u00fd otvor, rychl\u00fdm, ale dostate\u010dn\u011b um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00fdm tempem, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje kontrolovat tlak na manometru. Napln\u011bn\u00ed brzdov\u00e9 soustavy prob\u00edh\u00e1 \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm kan\u00e1lem, tak\u017ee tlak tam okam\u017eit\u011b stoup\u00e1 na 0,7 \u2013 0,9 MPa (v z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce vlaku) a dr\u017e\u00ed se do t\u00e9 doby, ne\u017e se p\u00e1ka ventilu p\u0159epne na druh\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed. Pro\u010d je tomu tak?<\/p>\n<p>Toto se d\u011bl\u00e1, aby se do brzdov\u00e9 soustavy vh\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vzduchu, co\u017e rychle zvy\u0161uje tlak, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby uvol\u0148ovac\u00ed vlna zaru\u010den\u011b dos\u00e1hla posledn\u00edho vozu. Tento efekt se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <i>impulsivn\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9 nab\u00edjen\u00ed<\/i>. Umo\u017e\u0148uje to zrychlen\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako rychlej\u0161\u00ed nab\u00edjen\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed po cel\u00e9m vlaku.<\/p>\n<p>Napln\u011bn\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee zadan\u00fdm tempem umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0159\u00eddit proces uvoln\u011bn\u00ed. Jakmile se dos\u00e1hne tlaku v n\u00e1dr\u017ei na nab\u00edjec\u00edm (u osobn\u00edch vlak\u016f) nebo s ur\u010dit\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm v z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce vlakov\u00e9ho soupravy (u n\u00e1kladn\u00edch vlak\u016f), um\u00edst\u00ed se rukoje\u0165 kohoutu strojvedouc\u00edho do II vlakov\u00e9 polohy. Stabiliz\u00e1tor eliminuje p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u00edst pom\u011brn\u011b rychle srovn\u00e1 tlak v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b s tlakem v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ei. Takto vypad\u00e1 proces \u00fapln\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd do nab\u00edjec\u00edho tlaku z pohledu strojvedouc\u00edho.<\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"BpbZbyqQA1g\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/BpbZbyqQA1g\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\nKrokov\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed se v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EP a na n\u00e1kladn\u00edch vlac\u00edch p\u0159i horsk\u00e9m re\u017eimu pr\u00e1ce vzduchov\u00e9ho rozd\u011blovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu prov\u00e1d\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm rukojeti kohoutu do II vlakov\u00e9 polohy s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm p\u0159epnut\u00edm do p\u0159ekryt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed elektropneumatick\u00e9 brzdy? EPB se ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho kohoutu strojvedouc\u00edho, pouze 395., kter\u00fd je vybaven \u0159\u00eddic\u00edm syst\u00e9mem EPB. V t\u00e9to \u201en\u00e1dob\u011b\u201c, kter\u00e1 se nasazuje na h\u0159\u00eddel rukojeti, se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed kontakty, kter\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159\u00eddic\u00edho bloku ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed dod\u00e1vku kladn\u00e9ho nebo z\u00e1porn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu ve v\u016f\u010di kolejnic\u00edm do vodi\u010de EPB a tak\u00e9 tento potenci\u00e1l odstra\u0148uj\u00ed pro uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i zapnut\u00e9m EP se brzd\u011bn\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm kohoutu strojvedouc\u00edho do polohy Va \u2013 brzd\u011bn\u00ed zpomalen\u00fdm tempem. P\u0159i tom doch\u00e1z\u00ed k pln\u011bn\u00ed brzdov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u016f p\u0159\u00edmo z elektrick\u00e9ho vzduchov\u00e9ho rozd\u011blovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu tempem 0,1 MPa za sekundu. Kontrola procesu se prov\u00e1d\u00ed podle manometru tlaku v brzdov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vyprazd\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, ale pom\u011brn\u011b pomalu. <\/p>\n<p>Uvoln\u011bn\u00ed EPB m\u016f\u017ee prob\u00edhat jak krokov\u011b, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm kohoutu do polohy II, tak i zcela, p\u0159epnut\u00edm do I polohy a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm tlaku v VNB o 0,02 MPa nad \u00farove\u0148 nab\u00edjec\u00edho tlaku. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b tak to v\u0161e vypad\u00e1 z pohledu strojvedouc\u00edho.<\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"ojEEzL-kU90\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/ojEEzL-kU90\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\nJak se prov\u00e1d\u00ed nouzov\u00e9 brzd\u011bn\u00ed? Kdy\u017e je p\u00e1ka \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edho kohoutu nastavena na VI polohu, ventil kohoutu \u0161irok\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem otev\u00edr\u00e1 brzdovou \u0161\u0148\u016fru do atmosf\u00e9ry. Tlak kles\u00e1 z nabit\u00e9ho na nulu b\u011bhem 3-4 sekund. Tlak v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku sice tak\u00e9 kles\u00e1, ale pomaleji. Vznikaj\u00ed zrychlova\u010de nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00fd ventil otev\u00edr\u00e1 brzdovou \u0161\u0148\u016fru do atmosf\u00e9ry. Pod koly l\u00e9taj\u00ed jiskry, kola se smekaj\u00ed, navzdory tomu, \u017ee pod n\u011b bylo nasyp\u00e1no p\u00edsku...<\/p>\n<p>Za ka\u017ed\u00e9 takov\u00e9 \u201ehodit do \u0161est\u00e9ho\u201c je strojvedouc\u00ed podroben vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v depu \u2013 zda byly jeho \u010diny v souladu s na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi P\u0159edpisu pro ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed brzd a Pravidly technick\u00e9 obsluhy dr\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vozidel, a tak\u00e9 s \u0159adou m\u00edstn\u00edch pokyn\u016f. Nemluv\u011b o stresu, kter\u00fd p\u0159i \u201ehodu do \u0161est\u00e9ho\u201c za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Proto, pokud vstoup\u00edte na koleje, projedete pod zav\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00e1vorou na p\u0159ejezdu autem, pamatujte, \u017ee za va\u0161i chybu, hloupost, rozmar a bravado nese odpov\u011bdnost \u017eiv\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, strojvedouc\u00ed vlaku. A ti lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pak budou muset sb\u00edrat st\u0159eva z os kolov\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f, odstra\u0148ovat useknut\u00e9 hlavy z trak\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159evodn\u00edk\u016f... <\/p>\n<p>Nehodl\u00e1m nikoho stra\u0161it, ale je to pravda \u2013 pravda napsan\u00e1 krv\u00ed a obrovsk\u00fdm majetkov\u00fdm po\u0161kozen\u00edm. Proto brzdov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my vlak\u016f nejsou tak jednoduch\u00e9, jak by se mohlo zd\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<h1>V\u00fdsledek<\/h1>\n<p>\nPr\u00e1ci pomocn\u00e9ho brzdov\u00e9ho kohoutu v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku nebudu rozeb\u00edrat. Z dvou d\u016fvod\u016f. Zaprv\u00e9, tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je p\u0159epln\u011bn terminologi\u00ed a suchou in\u017een\u00fdrskou technikou a sotva se vejde do r\u00e1mce popul\u00e1rn\u011b-v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku. Zadruh\u00e9, rozebr\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1ce KVT vy\u017eaduje zapojen\u00ed popisu nuanc\u00ed pneumatick\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu brzd lokomotivy, a to je t\u00e9ma na samostatn\u00fd rozhovor.<\/p>\n<p>Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsem touto \u010dl\u00e1nkem vzbudil v \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u00edch pov\u011br\u010div\u00fd d\u011bs\u2026 ne, ne, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b si d\u011bl\u00e1m legraci. Bez vtip\u016f si v\u0161ak mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee brzdov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my vlak\u016f jsou komplexem vz\u00e1jemn\u011b prov\u00e1zan\u00fdch a mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jejich\u017e konstrukce je zam\u011b\u0159ena na operativn\u00ed a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed dr\u00e1\u017en\u00edch vozidel. Krom\u011b toho velmi douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsem odradil od zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed lokomotivn\u00edho t\u00fdmu hrou s nouzov\u00fdm brzd\u011bn\u00edm. Aspo\u0148 u n\u011bkoho...<\/p>\n<p>V koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch m\u011b \u017e\u00e1daj\u00ed, abych se pod\u011blil o \"Sapsan\". Bude \"Sapsan\", a bude to samostatn\u00fd, kvalitn\u00ed a obs\u00e1hl\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek s velmi podrobn\u00fdmi informacemi. Tento elektrick\u00fd vlak mi dal kr\u00e1tk\u00e9, ale velmi kreativn\u00ed obdob\u00ed v \u017eivot\u011b, tak\u017ee o n\u011bm chci opravdu vypr\u00e1v\u011bt a ur\u010dit\u011b spln\u00edm sv\u016fj slib.<\/p>\n<p>Chci vyj\u00e1d\u0159it svou vd\u011b\u010dnost t\u011bmto lidem a organizac\u00edm:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Romanu Birjukovovi (Romych R\u017dDUZ) za fotomateri\u00e1l o kabin\u011b EP20<\/li>\n<li>Webu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pomogala.ru\">www.pomogala.ru<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 za sch\u00e9mata, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159evzata z jejich zdroj\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Je\u0161t\u011b jednou Romanu Birjukovovi a Sergeji Avdoninovi za konzultace k jemn\u00fdm detail\u016fm fungov\u00e1n\u00ed brzd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nT\u011b\u0161\u00edm se na dal\u0161\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed, mil\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9!<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/478382\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0438\u0445 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\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 1. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e 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