{"id":53575,"date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-04T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:29","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:29","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","title":{"rendered":"Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 4 \u2014 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed brzd\u011bn\u00ed pro osobn\u00ed typ","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b, kdy\u017e se ocitnete na n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, v\u011bnujte minutu sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu a zam\u011b\u0159te ji na n\u00e1pis p\u0159esn\u011b uprost\u0159ed na spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vag\u00f3nu vlaku, kter\u00fdm se vyd\u00e1te na dal\u0161\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1vanou dovolenou. Tento n\u00e1pis nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fd, informuje n\u00e1s o onom tajemn\u00e9m, podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle brzdov\u00e9ho vzduchov\u00e9ho rozd\u011blovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je nainstalov\u00e1no na tento vag\u00f3n.
\nN\u00e1pis je viditeln\u00fd i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee vlak stoj\u00ed u vysok\u00e9 platformy, tak\u017ee si ho nenechte uj\u00edt.<\/p>\n

\"Pravda
\nNa tomto vag\u00f3nu \u2014 \u201eAmmeendorf\u201c, kter\u00fd pro\u0161el kapit\u00e1ln\u00ed opravou (KO) na Tversk\u00e9m vag\u00f3nov\u00e9m z\u00e1vod\u011b, je nainstalov\u00e1no vzduchov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (VR) s podm\u00ednkov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem 242 pas\u00e1\u017eersk\u00e9ho typu. To je nyn\u00ed instalov\u00e1no na v\u0161echny nov\u00e9 a \u201epo KO\u201c vag\u00f3ny, jako n\u00e1hrada za star\u0161\u00ed VR \u010d. 292. O t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed do rodiny brzdov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, si dnes pov\u00edme.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. N\u00e1vratci Westinghouse<\/h1>\n

\nVzduchov\u00e1 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pas\u00e1\u017eersk\u00e9ho typu, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na \u017eeleznic\u00edch s rozchodem 1520 mm, jsou jak\u00fdmsi kompromisem mezi jednoduchost\u00ed konstrukce, kterou zd\u011bdily po trojit\u00e9m ventilu Westinghouse, a po\u017eadavky na bezpe\u010dnost provozu. Nepro\u0161ly tak dlouhou a dramatickou cestou v\u00fdvoje jako jejich n\u00e1kladn\u00ed prot\u011bj\u0161ky. <\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dva modely: vzduchov\u00e9 rozd\u011blovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s podm\u00ednkov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem 292 a rychle nastupuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1hrada (alespo\u0148 ve vozov\u00e9m parku R\u017dD) s podm\u00ednkov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem 242.<\/p>\n

Tyto p\u0159\u00edstroje se li\u0161\u00ed konstrukc\u00ed, ale ve sv\u00fdch provozn\u00edch vlastnostech jsou prakticky shodn\u00e9. Oba p\u0159\u00edstroje pracuj\u00ed na rozd\u00edlu dvou tlak\u016f \u2014 v brzdov\u00e9 magistr\u00e1le (BM) a v rezervn\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (RZ). Oba zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed brzdov\u00e9 magistr\u00e1ly p\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed: 292 vypr\u00e1zd\u0148uje BM do speci\u00e1ln\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00e9 komory (komory pro dal\u0161\u00ed vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed) o objemu 1 litr, zat\u00edmco 242 p\u0159\u00edmo do atmosf\u00e9ry. Oba p\u0159\u00edstroje jsou vybaveny urychlova\u010dem nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed. Oba p\u0159\u00edstroje nemaj\u00ed stup\u0148ovit\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed \u2014 uvol\u0148uj\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed tlaku v BM nad tlak v RZ, kter\u00fd se ustavil tam po posledn\u00edm brzd\u011bn\u00ed, jak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u2014 maj\u00ed \u201em\u011bkk\u00e9\u201c uvoln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nedostatek stup\u0148ov\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed je kompenzov\u00e1n t\u00edm, \u017ee oba p\u0159\u00edstroje nepracuj\u00ed na voze osamocen\u011b (i kdy\u017e mohou), ale ve spolupr\u00e1ci s elektro-pneumatick\u00fdm rozvad\u011b\u010dem \u010d. 305, kter\u00fd p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed brzd a pracovn\u00ed komoru s pneumatick\u00fdm rel\u00e9, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed mo\u017enost stup\u0148ov\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jako p\u0159\u00edklad uva\u017eujeme VR 242, kter\u00fd je modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 EVR 305.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd VR 242 na pneumatick\u00e9 desce v strojovn\u011b elektrick\u00e9ho vlaku EP20.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nTen je nainstalov\u00e1n na osobn\u00edm voze.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nNyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme na konstrukci a princip \u010dinnosti tohoto p\u0159\u00edstroje.<\/p>\n

Sch\u00e9ma objas\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed konstrukci VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 \u2014 kalibrovan\u00e9 otvory; 2, 4 \u2014 filtry; 5 \u2014 p\u00edst omezova\u010de dal\u0161\u00edho vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed TM;
\n7, 10, 13, 21, 22 \u2014 pru\u017einy; 8 \u2014 v\u00fdfukov\u00fd ventil; 9 \u2014 dut\u00fd h\u0159\u00eddel; 11 \u2014 hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst; 12 \u2014 ventil dal\u0161\u00edho vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed; 14 \u2014 zar\u00e1\u017eka p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de pracovn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f; 15 \u2014 p\u00edst p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de pracovn\u00edch re\u017eim\u016f; 17. 28 \u2014 ty\u010de; 18 \u2014 brzdov\u00fd ventil; 19 \u2014 odleh\u010dovac\u00ed ventil; 20 \u2014 zar\u00e1\u017eka p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed; 23, 26 \u2014 ventily; 24 \u2014 otvor; 25 \u2014 p\u00edst urychlova\u010de nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed; 27 \u2014 ventil omezova\u010de dal\u0161\u00edho vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed; UK \u2014 urychlovac\u00ed komora; ZK \u2014 komora s ventily; MK \u2014 potrubn\u00ed komora; TM \u2014 brzdov\u00e1 trubka, ZR \u2014 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk; TC \u2014 brzdov\u00fd v\u00e1lec.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nJak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u010dinnost rozvad\u011b\u010de? Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nab\u00edjen\u00edm, tedy napln\u011bn\u00edm komor samotn\u00e9ho rozvad\u011b\u010de a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku stla\u010den\u00fdm vzduchem z brzdov\u00e9 trubky. Tyto procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00ed p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lokomotivy v depu, kdy\u017e stoj\u00ed bez vzduchu, a tak\u00e9 u v\u0161ech voz\u016f, kdy\u017e jsou p\u0159ipojeny k lokomotiv\u011b a otev\u0159e se koncov\u00fd ventil \u2014 berou soupravu \"na vzduch\". Pod\u00edvejme se na tento proces podrobn\u011bji.<\/p>\n

\u010cinnost VR 242 p\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nVzduch z brzdov\u00e9 soustavy pod tlakem 0,5 MPa proud\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edstroje, vypl\u0148uje prostor U4 pod urychlovac\u00edm p\u00edstem, d\u00e1le stoup\u00e1 kan\u00e1lem (zobrazeno \u010derven\u011b), p\u0159es filtr 4, po kan\u00e1lu A do hlavn\u00ed komory (MK), podkl\u00e1d\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst 11 zespodu, ten se zved\u00e1 nahoru a sv\u00fdm dut\u00fdm p\u00edstem 9 otev\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed ventil 8, kter\u00fd spojuje prostor brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce s atmosf\u00e9rou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vzduch z filtru, po osov\u00e9m kan\u00e1lu p\u00edstu 28, p\u0159es m\u011brn\u00e9 otvor 3 proud\u00ed do rezervn\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (zobrazeno \u017elutou barvou) a odtud kan\u00e1lem do ventilu komory (ZK) nad hlavn\u00edm p\u00edstem 11.<\/p>\n

Tento proces pokra\u010duje, dokud se tlak v rezervn\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, hlavn\u00ed a ventilu komo\u0159e nevyrovn\u00e1 nab\u00edjec\u00edmu tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b. Hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst se vr\u00e1t\u00ed do neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed polohy a zav\u0159e v\u00fdstupn\u00ed ventil. Distribu\u00e1tor vzduchu je p\u0159ipraven k akci.<\/p>\n

P\u00ed\u0161u to je\u0161t\u011b jednou \u2014 tlak v Tm je nestabiln\u00ed, v n\u011bm jsou \u00faniky, mal\u00e9 \u00faniky, ale ty v\u017edy existuj\u00ed. Tedy tlak v Tm m\u016f\u017ee klesat. Pokud kles\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku prob\u00edh\u00e1 tempem m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e slu\u017eebn\u00ed tempo, vzduch z ventilu kamery se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do hlavn\u00ed komory p\u0159es \u0161krtic\u00ed ventil 3, hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na m\u00edst\u011b a brzd\u011bn\u00ed se ned\u011bje.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i poklesu tlaku v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b tempem slu\u017eebn\u00edho brzd\u011bn\u00ed tlak v MK kles\u00e1 dost rychle, aby se hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst stihl posunout dol\u016f, pod p\u016fsoben\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho tlaku ve ventilu komo\u0159e. P\u0159i pohybu dol\u016f otev\u00edr\u00e1 ventil pro dodate\u010dn\u00e9 vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed 12.<\/p>\n

F\u00e1ze dodate\u010dn\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed Tm b\u011bhem brzd\u011bn\u00ed V\u0420 242.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nVzduch z hlavn\u00ed komory, p\u0159es ventil 12 po kan\u00e1lu K, po osov\u00e9m kan\u00e1lu p\u00edstu 28 vystupuje do atmosf\u00e9ry. Tlak v brzdov\u00e9 soustav\u011b a hlavn\u00ed komo\u0159e kles\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b rychleji a p\u00edst 11 pokra\u010duje v pohybu dol\u016f.<\/p>\n

F\u00e1ze po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho napln\u011bn\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce b\u011bhem brzd\u011bn\u00ed V\u0420 242.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nHollow rod of the main piston 9 moves away from the seal at the exhaust valve, thus opening the path for air from the backup reservoir, which flows through channel B into the valve chamber, the axial channel of the rod 9, channel G, and the mode switch, entering the brake cylinder through channel L. Simultaneously, the same air flows through channel D into chamber U2, pushing on piston 6, which cuts off the additional discharge channel from the atmosphere. The additional discharge stops. At the same time, the rod 28 of piston 6 moves down, the radial channels in it are blocked by rubber seals, leading to the separation of the main and valve chambers. This increases the sensitivity of the air distributor to braking \u2014 now a decrease in pressure in the brake line at any rate will cause the main piston to drop and fill the brake cylinder.<\/p>\n

Action of VR 242 during braking: switching the filling rate of the brake cylinder.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nAt the beginning, the brake cylinder fills quickly, through a wide channel, via the open brake valve 18. As the brake cylinder fills, chamber U1 of the mode switch is also filled through the calibrated hole 16. When the pressure becomes sufficient to compress the spring under piston 15, the brake valve closes, and the brake cylinder fills through the calibrated hole in the brake valve at a slower rate. This occurs if the mode switch handle 14 is turned to position \"D\" (long set). This mode is used if the number of wagons in the train exceeds 15. This is done to slow down the filling of the brake cylinder on the wagons, ensuring greater uniformity in brake activation across the train.<\/p>\n

In short trains, the handle 14 is set to position \"K\" (short set). In this case, it mechanically opens the brake valve 18, and the filling of the brake cylinder occurs at a fast rate continuously.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e strojvedouc\u00ed nastav\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1b do polohy uz\u00e1v\u011bru, pokles tlaku v brzdov\u00e9m potrub\u00ed se zastav\u00ed. Napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce bude prob\u00edhat, dokud vlivem pr\u016ftoku vzduchu do napln\u011bn\u00ed nevzroste tlak v z\u00e1sobn\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, a tud\u00ed\u017e i ve ventilu, porovn\u00e1n\u00edm tlaku v hlavn\u00ed komo\u0159e a tedy i v brzdov\u00e9m potrub\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed p\u00edst se vr\u00e1t\u00ed do neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed polohy. Napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce se zastavuje, nast\u00e1v\u00e1 uz\u00e1v\u011br.<\/p>\n

Pro uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd strojvedouc\u00ed nastav\u00ed p\u00e1ku je\u0159\u00e1bu do polohy I. Vzduch z hlavn\u00edch z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f se \u017eenou do brzdov\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje tlak v n\u011bm (a\u017e 0,7 \u2014 0,9 MPa, v z\u00e1vislosti na d\u00e9lce vlaku). Tlak v hlavn\u00ed komo\u0159e tak\u00e9 vzr\u016fst\u00e1, co\u017e vede k pohybu hlavn\u00edho p\u00edstu nahoru a k otev\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho ventilu 8, skrze kter\u00fd vzduch z brzdov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u016f a tak\u00e9 z komory U2 odch\u00e1z\u00ed do atmosf\u00e9ry. Pokles tlaku v komo\u0159e U2 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 vzestup p\u00edstu 6 a ty\u010de 28, brzdov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed a z\u00e1sobn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk se op\u011bt spojuj\u00ed p\u0159es dmychadlo 3 \u2014 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k nab\u00edjen\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. <\/p>\n

P\u0159i dosa\u017een\u00ed nab\u00edjec\u00edho tlaku v vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (UR), rovn\u00e9ho nab\u00edjec\u00edmu, strojvedouc\u00ed nastav\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1b do II polohy (vlakov\u00e9). Tlak v TM se rychle obnovuje na \u00farove\u0148 tlaku v UR. P\u0159itom d\u00edky dmychadlu 3 tlak v z\u00e1sobn\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku je\u0161t\u011b nestihne dos\u00e1hnout nab\u00edjec\u00edho, nab\u00edjen\u00ed ZR pokra\u010duje, ale ji\u017e men\u0161\u00edm tempem. Postupn\u011b se tlak v z\u00e1sobn\u00edm z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, brzdov\u00e9m a ventilu ustaluje na \u00farovni nab\u00edjec\u00edho. Tehdy je vzduchodistributor znovu p\u0159ipraven k nov\u00e9mu brzd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z pohledu strojvedouc\u00edho vypadaj\u00ed popsan\u00e9 procesy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nJedn\u00edm z prvk\u016f V\u0158 242 je urychlova\u010d nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00fd je na sch\u00e9matu um\u00edst\u011bn na lev\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159\u00edstroje. P\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed spolu s napln\u011bn\u00edm hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vzduchov\u00e9ho distributoru se nab\u00edj\u00ed i urychlova\u010d \u2013 vzduch napl\u0148uje prostor pod p\u00edstem 25 a prostor nad p\u00edstem, p\u0159es urychlovac\u00ed komoru (UK). Brzdov\u00e1 trubka a urychlovac\u00ed komora jsou spojeny p\u0159es \u0161krt\u00edc\u00ed otvor 1, jeho\u017e pr\u016fm\u011br je nastaven tak, \u017ee p\u0159i provozn\u00ed brzd\u011bn\u00ed se tlak v urychlovac\u00ed komo\u0159e stihne vyrovnat s tlakem v brzdov\u00e9 trubce a urychlova\u010d se nespust\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Funkce urychlova\u010de nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nP\u0159esto, p\u0159i poklesu tlaku rychlost\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho brzd\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 vzduch unik\u00e1 z brzdov\u00e9 trubky za 3 \u2013 4 sekundy, tlak se nestihne vyrovnat, vzduch z urychlovac\u00ed komory tla\u010d\u00ed na p\u00edst 25, kter\u00fd otev\u0159e uvol\u0148ovac\u00ed ventil 19, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytvo\u0159\u00ed \u0161irok\u00fd otvor v brzdov\u00e9 trubce, skrze kter\u00fd vzduch unik\u00e1 do atmosf\u00e9ry a zhor\u0161uje proces. Tak\u017ee p\u0159i nouzov\u00e9m brzd\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e pracuje urychlova\u010d, se v ka\u017ed\u00e9m voze otev\u00edr\u00e1 okno v brzdov\u00e9 trubce.<\/p>\n

Pro vypnut\u00ed urychlova\u010de (nap\u0159. p\u0159i jeho poru\u0161e) se speci\u00e1ln\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dem ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed podlo\u017eka 20, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje urychlovac\u00ed p\u00edst v horn\u00ed poloze.<\/p>\n

I p\u0159es mnoho napsan\u00fdch slov a p\u00edsmen m\u00e1 tento p\u0159\u00edstroj ve skute\u010dnosti pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduchou a spolehlivou konstrukci. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00fdm p\u0159edch\u016fdcem, V\u0158 292, tento neobsahuje ventily, kter\u00e9 jsou v provozu pon\u011bkud choulostiv\u00e9 a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed k zrcadlu a maz\u00e1n\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k opot\u0159eben\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vzduchov\u00fd distributor 242 je autonomn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj, m\u016f\u017ee pracovat i bez pomocn\u00edk\u016f. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u0161ak na osobn\u00edch vozech a lokomotiv\u00e1ch funguje spole\u010dn\u011b s jin\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstrojem, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdv\u00e1<\/p>\n

2. Elektrovzduchov\u00fd distributor (EVR) slu\u017e. \u010d\u00edslo 305<\/h1>\n

\nTento p\u0159\u00edstroj je ur\u010den k pr\u00e1ci v syst\u00e9mu elektricko-pneumatick\u00e9 brzdy na osobn\u00edm motorov\u00e9m vozidle. Je instalov\u00e1n na vozy a lokomotivy spole\u010dn\u011b s V\u0158 242 nebo V\u0158 292. Takto vypad\u00e1 blok brzdov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed na osobn\u00edm voze.<\/p>\n

Na p\u0159edn\u00edm pl\u00e1nu je brzdov\u00fd v\u00e1lec. Trochu d\u00e1l je k zadn\u00ed st\u011bn\u011b T\u010c p\u0159ipevn\u011bna pracovn\u00ed komora EVR 305. Na lev\u00e9 stran\u011b je k n\u00ed p\u0159ipojena elektrick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st EVR spolu s rel\u00e9 tlaku, a na prav\u00e9 stran\u011b je vzduchov\u00fd rozd\u011blovac\u00ed ventil 292. K n\u011bmu je p\u0159es rozpojovac\u00ed ventil p\u0159ipojen odvod z brzdov\u00e9 magistr\u00e1ly (vymalov\u00e1no \u010dervenou barvou).<\/i>
\n\"Pravda<\/p>\n

Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 \u2014 vzduchov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly; 4 \u2014 ventil uvoln\u011bn\u00ed; 5 \u2014 brzdov\u00fd ventil; 7 \u2014 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd ventil; 8 \u2014 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed ventil; 11 \u2014 membr\u00e1na; 13, 17 \u2014 dutiny p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edho ventilu; 15 \u2014 p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00ed ventil; 16 \u2014 t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edho ventilu; T\u010c \u2014 brzdov\u00fd v\u00e1lec; RK \u2014 pracovn\u00ed komora; OV \u2014 ventil uvoln\u011bn\u00ed; TV \u2014 brzdov\u00fd ventil; ZR \u2014 rezervn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e; VR \u2014 vzduchov\u00fd rozd\u011blovac\u00ed ventil.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\nEVR 305 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: pracovn\u00ed komory (RK), p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edho ventilu (PK) a rel\u00e9 tlaku (RD). V t\u011blese rel\u00e9 tlaku jsou um\u00edst\u011bny ventil uvoln\u011bn\u00ed 4 a brzdov\u00fd ventil 5, ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 elektromagnety.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed nen\u00ed na ventily dod\u00e1v\u00e1no nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, ventil uvoln\u011bn\u00ed spojuje dutinu pracovn\u00ed komory s atmosf\u00e9rou, brzdov\u00fd ventil je uzav\u0159en. Vzduch z brzdov\u00e9 magistr\u00e1ly proch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159es vzduchov\u00fd rozd\u011blovac\u00ed ventil do kan\u00e1l\u016f uvnit\u0159 EVR do rezervn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a nab\u00edj\u00ed ji, ale jinam u\u017e nejde, proto\u017ee cesta do dutiny nad membr\u00e1nou rel\u00e9 tlaku je zablokov\u00e1na uzav\u0159en\u00fdm brzdov\u00fdm ventilem.<\/p>\n

Akce EVR 305 p\u0159i nab\u00edjen\u00ed.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nP\u0159i nastavov\u00e1n\u00ed ventilu strojvedouc\u00edho do polohy Va je na vodi\u010d EPT dod\u00e1v\u00e1n kladn\u00fd (vzhledem k kolejnic\u00edm) potenci\u00e1l a oba ventily dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Ventil uvoln\u011bn\u00ed izoluje pracovn\u00ed komoru od atmosf\u00e9ry, brzdov\u00fd v\u0161ak otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu vzduchu do dutiny nad membr\u00e1nou RD a d\u00e1le do pracovn\u00ed komory.<\/p>\n

Akce EVR 305 p\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nTlak v pracovn\u00ed komo\u0159e a v dutin\u011b nad membr\u00e1nou roste, membr\u00e1na se oh\u00fdb\u00e1 dol\u016f a otev\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed ventil 8, p\u0159es kter\u00fd vzduch z rezervn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee nejprve pronik\u00e1 do prav\u00e9 dutiny p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edho ventilu. Z\u00e1tka ventilu se posune doleva, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se otev\u00edr\u00e1 vzduchu cesta do brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i nasazen\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bov\u00e9ho ventilu do p\u0159ekryt\u00ed se m\u011bn\u00ed polarita nap\u011bt\u00ed dod\u00e1van\u00e9ho na vodi\u010d EPT, dioda, p\u0159es kterou je nap\u00e1jen brzdov\u00fd ventil, se uzamkne, brzdov\u00fd ventil ztrat\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a brzdov\u00fd klapka se uzav\u0159e. N\u00e1r\u016fst tlaku v pracovn\u00edm prostoru se zastav\u00ed a napln\u011bn\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce se prov\u00e1d\u00ed, dokud se tlak v n\u011bm nevyrovn\u00e1 s tlakem v pracovn\u00edm prostoru. Pot\u00e9 se membr\u00e1na vr\u00e1t\u00ed do neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed polohy a plnic\u00ed ventil se uzav\u0159e. Nast\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ekryt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Akce EWR 305 p\u0159i p\u0159ekryt\u00ed<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nUvol\u0148ovac\u00ed ventil pokra\u010duje v p\u0159ijet\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, co\u017e udr\u017euje uvol\u0148ovac\u00ed klapku v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 poloze a nedovoluje \u00fanik vzduchu z pracovn\u00edho prostoru.<\/p>\n

Pro uvoln\u011bn\u00ed nastavuje strojvedouc\u00ed p\u00e1ku ventilu na pozici I pro \u00fapln\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed a na pozici II pro stup\u0148ovit\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech ventily ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, otev\u0159e se uvol\u0148ovac\u00ed klapka, kter\u00e1 vypou\u0161t\u00ed vzduch z pracovn\u00edho prostoru do atmosf\u00e9ry. Membr\u00e1na, podlo\u017een\u00e1 tlakem v brzdov\u00e9m v\u00e1lci, se posune nahoru a otev\u0159e v\u00fdfukovou klapku, kudy vzduch unik\u00e1 z brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n

Akce EWR 305 p\u0159i uvoln\u011bn\u00ed<\/i>
\n\"Pravda
\n
\nPokud b\u011bhem uvoln\u011bn\u00ed na druhou pozici znovu nastav\u00edte p\u00e1ku do p\u0159ekryt\u00ed, \u00fanik vzduchu z pracovn\u00edho prostoru se zastav\u00ed a vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed T\u010c prob\u00edh\u00e1, dokud se tlak v n\u011bm nevyrovn\u00e1 s tlakem zbyl\u00fdm v pracovn\u00edm prostoru. T\u00edm se dos\u00e1hne mo\u017enosti stup\u0148ovit\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 elektropneumatick\u00e1 brzda m\u00e1 \u0159adu zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9, p\u0159i p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed linky EPT dojde k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed brzd. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po proveden\u00ed \u0159ady povinn\u00fdch, instrukt\u00e1\u017en\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed strojvedouc\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00ed pneumatick\u00e9 brzdy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee EPT nen\u00ed automatick\u00e1 brzda. To je nev\u00fdhoda tohoto syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Za druh\u00e9, p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci EPT b\u011b\u017en\u00fd vzduchov\u00fd distributor z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 poloze, nep\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 od\u010derp\u00e1vat \u00faniky ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edho rezervo\u00e1ru. To je v\u00fdhoda, proto\u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uje nevy\u010derpatelnost elektropneumatick\u00e9 brzdy.<\/p>\n

Za t\u0159et\u00ed \u2014 tato konstrukce nijak nebr\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dinnosti b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho vzduchov\u00e9ho rozd\u011blovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pokud je EPT vypnut, VR, kdy\u017e napl\u0148uje brzdov\u00fd v\u00e1lec, nejprve napln\u00ed levou komoru p\u0159ep\u00ednac\u00edho ventilu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e posune z\u00e1tku v n\u011bm doprava a otev\u0159e cestu pro vzduch z rezervn\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku do brzdov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n

Takto vypad\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce popisovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f z kabiny strojv\u016fdce:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h1>\n

\nCht\u011bl jsem do tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku zahrnout i n\u00e1kladn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed brzd\u011bn\u00ed, ale ne, toto t\u00e9ma vy\u017eaduje samostatn\u00fd rozhovor, proto\u017ee n\u00e1kladn\u00ed VR jsou mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mnohem propracovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technick\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a triky, dan\u00e9 specifikou provozu n\u00e1kladn\u00edho vozov\u00e9ho parku.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o osobn\u00ed brzdu, jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuznost s brzdou Westinghouse je kompenzov\u00e1na dal\u0161\u00edmi technick\u00fdmi \u0159e\u0161en\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 na tuzemsk\u00e9m vozidlov\u00e9m parku poskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ijatelnou provozn\u00ed efektivitu, \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti a technologi\u010dnost \u00fadr\u017eby a opravy. Bude zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 porovnat s t\u00edm, jak to maj\u00ed oni, v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Porovn\u00e1me, ale o n\u011bco pozd\u011bji. D\u011bkuji za pozornost!<\/p>\n

P.S.: M\u00e9 pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed Romanu Biryukovovi za fotografie a tak\u00e9 webu www.pomogala.ru<\/a><\/noindex>, ze kter\u00e9ho byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n ilustra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 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\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Pravda o \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch brzd\u00e1ch: \u010d\u00e1st 4 \u2014 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed brzd\u011bn\u00ed osobn\u00edho typu | ProHoster","description":"P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b, kdy\u017e se ocitnete na n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, v\u011bnujte minutu sv\u00e9 pozornosti a zam\u011b\u0159te ji na n\u00e1pis, p\u0159esn\u011b uprost\u0159ed na dn\u011b vag\u00f3nu vlaku, kter\u00fdm se 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