{"id":53879,"date":"2019-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-11T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:49","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:49","slug":"problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory","title":{"rendered":"Probl\u00e9m s ochranou \u00fadaj\u016f v Active Directory","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nZab\u00fdval jsem se testov\u00e1n\u00edm penetra\u010dn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti pomoc\u00ed PowerView<\/a><\/noindex> a pou\u017eil jsem ho k extrakci informac\u00ed o u\u017eivatel\u00edch z Active Directory (d\u00e1le jen AD). V t\u00e9 dob\u011b jsem kladl d\u016fraz na shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o \u010dlenstv\u00ed v bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch skupin\u00e1ch a potom jsem tyto informace vyu\u017e\u00edval k pohybu v s\u00edti. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b AD obsahuje citliv\u00e9 \u00fadaje o zam\u011bstnanc\u00edch, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 by rozhodn\u011b nem\u011bly b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e9 v\u0161em v organizaci. V podstat\u011b v souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech Windows existuje ekvivalentn\u00ed probl\u00e9m \"Everyone\"<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd mohou vyu\u017e\u00edvat jak intern\u00ed, tak extern\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Ale ne\u017e se dostaneme k probl\u00e9m\u016fm s ochranou soukrom\u00ed a k tomu, jak je \u0159e\u0161it, pod\u00edvejme se na data ulo\u017een\u00e1 v AD.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Active Directory je korpor\u00e1tn\u00ed Facebook <\/h2>\n

\nAle v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b u\u017e m\u00e1te p\u0159\u00e1tele se v\u0161emi! Mo\u017en\u00e1 nezn\u00e1te obl\u00edben\u00e9 filmy, knihy a restaurace sv\u00fdch koleg\u016f, ale AD obsahuje citliv\u00e9 kontaktn\u00ed
\n\u00fadaje a dal\u0161\u00ed pole, kter\u00e9 mohou vyu\u017e\u00edt hacke\u0159i i insajd\u0159i bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch technick\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Syst\u00e9mov\u00ed administr\u00e1to\u0159i jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b obezn\u00e1meni se sn\u00edmkem obrazovky n\u00ed\u017ee. To je rozhran\u00ed Active Directory Users and Computers (ADUC), kde nastavuj\u00ed a edituj\u00ed informace o u\u017eivatel\u00edch a p\u0159i\u0159azuj\u00ed u\u017eivatele do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch skupin.<\/p>\n

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nAD obsahuje pole s jm\u00e9nem zam\u011bstnance, adresou a telefonn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem, tak\u017ee se podob\u00e1 telefonn\u00edmu seznamu. Ale je tam mnohem v\u00edc! Na dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1lo\u017ek\u00e1ch jsou tak\u00e9 e-mailov\u00e9 adresy a webov\u00e9 adresy, p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd a pozn\u00e1mky.<\/p>\n

Mus\u00ed v\u0161ichni v organizaci vid\u011bt tyto informace, zejm\u00e9na v dob\u011b OSINT<\/a><\/noindex>, kdy ka\u017ed\u00e1 nov\u00e1 informace usnad\u0148uje vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch detail\u016f?<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee ne! Probl\u00e9m se zhor\u0161uje, kdy\u017e jsou \u00fadaje vrcholov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti dostupn\u00e9 v\u0161em zam\u011bstnanc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

PowerView pro v\u0161echny<\/h2>\n

\nZde nastupuje PowerView. Poskytuje velmi u\u017eivatelsky p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed PowerShell pro slo\u017eit\u00e9 (a matouc\u00ed) funkce Win32, kter\u00e9 p\u0159istupuj\u00ed k AD. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno:
\nusnad\u0148uje z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00ed AD tak snadno, jako je zad\u00e1n\u00ed velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkazu.<\/p>\n

Poj\u010fme si vz\u00edt p\u0159\u00edklad shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o zam\u011bstnankyni Cruelle Deville, kter\u00e1 je jednou z vedouc\u00edch spole\u010dnosti. K tomu pou\u017eijeme PowerView cmdlet get-NetUser:<\/p>\n

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nInstalace PowerView nen\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u2013 ujist\u011bte se o tom sami na str\u00e1nce github<\/a><\/noindex>. A co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pro spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mnoha p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f PowerView, jako je get-NetUser, nepot\u0159ebujete zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem motivovan\u00fd, ale technicky m\u00e9n\u011b zdatn\u00fd zam\u011bstnanec m\u016f\u017ee za\u010d\u00edt zkoumat AD bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho screenshotu je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee insider m\u016f\u017ee rychle zjistit mnoho nov\u00e9ho o Cruelle. V\u0161imli jste si, \u017ee v poli \u201einfo\u201c se odkryj\u00ed informace o osobn\u00edch zvyc\u00edch a u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m hesle?<\/p>\n

To nen\u00ed teoretick\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost. Z diskuz\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi pentestery<\/a><\/noindex> jsem se dozv\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee skenuj\u00ed AD za \u00fa\u010delem hled\u00e1n\u00ed hesel v neza\u0161ifrovan\u00e9 podob\u011b, a \u010dasto jsou tyto pokusy, bohu\u017eel, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. V\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee spole\u010dnosti se k informac\u00edm v AD chovaj\u00ed nedbal\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a obvykle nev\u011bd\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9matu \u2013 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00edch v AD.<\/p>\n

V Active Directory jsou sv\u00e9 ACL<\/h2>\n

\nRozhran\u00ed AD Users and Computers umo\u017e\u0148uje nastavovat opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed pro objekty AD. V AD existuj\u00ed ACL a administr\u00e1to\u0159i mohou p\u0159id\u011blovat nebo zakazovat p\u0159\u00edstup prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm nich. Mus\u00edte kliknout na \u201eAdvanced\u201c v menu ADUC View a kdy\u017e otev\u0159ete u\u017eivatele, uvid\u00edte kartu \u201eSecurity\u201c, kde nastav\u00edte ACL. <\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9m sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i s Cruelle jsem necht\u011bl, aby v\u0161ichni ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 (Authenticated Users) mohli vid\u011bt jej\u00ed osobn\u00ed informace, a proto jsem jim zak\u00e1zal p\u0159\u00edstup pro \u010dten\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nA te\u010f b\u011b\u017en\u00fd u\u017eivatel to uvid\u00ed, pokud se pokus\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt Get-NetUser v PowerView:<\/p>\n

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nPoda\u0159ilo se mi skr\u00fdt evidentn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 informace p\u0159ed ciz\u00edmi pohledy. Abych zajistil p\u0159\u00edstup pro relevantn\u00ed u\u017eivatele, vytvo\u0159il jsem dal\u0161\u00ed ACL, abych umo\u017enil \u010dlen\u016fm VIP skupiny (Cruelle a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jej\u00ed vysoce postaven\u00ed kolegov\u00e9) m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup k t\u011bmto citliv\u00fdm \u00fadaj\u016fm. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, realizoval jsem opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed AD na z\u00e1klad\u011b modelu rol\u00ed, co\u017e u\u010dinilo citliv\u00e9 \u00fadaje nedostupn\u00fdmi pro v\u011bt\u0161inu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b insider\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b m\u016f\u017eete ud\u011blat \u010dlenstv\u00ed ve skupin\u011b neviditeln\u00fdm pro u\u017eivatele nastaven\u00edm odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edho ACL pro objekt skupiny v AD. To pom\u016f\u017ee z hlediska soukrom\u00ed a bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9 s\u00e9rie epick\u00fdch pen-test\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> Uk\u00e1zal jsem, jak se pohybovat v syst\u00e9mu pomoc\u00ed \u010dlenstv\u00ed ve skupin\u00e1ch s pomoc\u00ed PowerViews Get-NetGroupMember. V m\u00e9m sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i jsem omezil p\u0159\u00edstup k informac\u00edm o \u010dlenstv\u00ed ve specifick\u00e9 skupin\u011b. Vid\u00edte v\u00fdsledek vykon\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu p\u0159ed a po zm\u011bn\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

\"Probl\u00e9m
\n
\nDok\u00e1zal jsem skr\u00fdt \u010dlenstv\u00ed Cruelly a Monty Burnse ve skupin\u011b VIP, co\u017e zt\u00ed\u017eilo hacker\u016fm a insider\u016fm zmapovat infrastrukturu.<\/p>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek m\u011bl za c\u00edl motivovat v\u00e1s k podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00ed
\nAD a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed. AD je skv\u011bl\u00fd zdroj, ale p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte, jak byste
\ncht\u011bli sd\u00edlet citliv\u00e9 informace a osobn\u00ed \u00fadaje, zejm\u00e9na
\npokud jde o vrcholov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavitele va\u0161\u00ed organizace. \u00a0
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u042f \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c PowerView \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437 Active Directory (\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u2013 AD). \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, AD \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Probl\u00e9m s ochranou osobn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f v Active Directory | ProHoster","description":"Zab\u00fdval jsem se 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