{"id":54392,"date":"2019-12-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/strategiya-apple-privyazka-os-k-zhelezu-konkurentnoe-preimushhestvo-ili-nedostatok"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:24","slug":"strategiya-apple-privyazka-os-k-zhelezu-konkurentnoe-preimushhestvo-ili-nedostatok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/strategiya-apple-privyazka-os-k-zhelezu-konkurentnoe-preimushhestvo-ili-nedostatok","title":{"rendered":"Strategie Apple. Vazba OS na hardware \u2013 konkuren\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhoda nebo nev\u00fdhoda?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V roce 2013 Microsoft dominoval technologick\u00e9mu odv\u011btv\u00ed u\u017e t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed d\u00edky neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9mu \u00fasp\u011bchu sv\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Spole\u010dnost postupn\u011b ztr\u00e1cela vedouc\u00ed pozice, ale ne proto, \u017ee by model p\u0159estal fungovat, ale proto, \u017ee Android od Googlu n\u00e1sledoval z\u00e1sady Windows, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e byl naprosto zdarma. Zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee se pr\u00e1v\u011b on stane vedouc\u00edm opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem pro smartphony.<\/p>\n

K tomu o\u010dividn\u011b nedo\u0161lo: Apple nejen\u017ee vytvo\u0159il a udr\u017eoval dostate\u010dn\u011b velkou z\u00e1kladnu aplikac\u00ed pro podporu ekosyst\u00e9mu iOS, ale tak\u00e9 nad\u00e1le profitoval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 z cel\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu smartphon\u016f. Z d\u016fvodu r\u016fzn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit pod\u00edl, ale podle v\u011bt\u0161iny odborn\u00edk\u016f je to 70 % - 90 % za posledn\u00edch p\u011bt let.<\/p>\n

Jak je zn\u00e1mo, Apple je spole\u010dnost s p\u0159\u00edsnou integrac\u00ed produkt\u016f, alespo\u0148 pokud jde o opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a \u201ehardware\u201c. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee integrace nen\u00ed nedostatkem opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, ale jeho obrovskou v\u00fdhodou na trhu, kde lze s monopoln\u00edm postaven\u00edm MacOS prod\u00e1vat miliony za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou kl\u00e1vesnic\u00ed nebo jin\u00fdmi nedostatky po mnoho let.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

V\u00fdhody integrace<\/h3>\n

\nZa prv\u00e9, integrace zaji\u0161\u0165uje vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek. Na obchodn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch u\u010d\u00ed hodnotit pouze finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, ale p\u0159i anal\u00fdze vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed integrace to nelze takto d\u011blat. Existuj\u00ed i jin\u00e9, obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji kvantifikovateln\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Modularizace s sebou nese n\u00e1klady v podob\u011b hor\u0161\u00edho u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u017eitku, kter\u00e9 nelze ani p\u0159edch\u00e1zet, ani m\u011b\u0159it. Podnikatel\u00e9 a analytici je jednodu\u0161e ignoruj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 ne. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 oce\u0148uj\u00ed kvalitu, vzhled, pozornost k detail\u016fm a jsou ochotni za to platit \u010d\u00e1stky, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady na vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed integraci.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u0161ichni spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 oce\u0148uj\u00ed (nebo si mohou dovolit) to, co nab\u00edz\u00ed Apple. Ve skute\u010dnosti jich je naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina. Ale my\u0161lenka, \u017ee Apple za\u010dne ztr\u00e1cet z\u00e1kazn\u00edky pouze proto, \u017ee Android je \u201edostate\u010dn\u011b dobr\u00fd\u201c a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, odporuje chov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. V posledn\u00edch patn\u00e1cti letech se spole\u010dnost zam\u011b\u0159ila na vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed disruptivn\u00edch inovac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed hodnotov\u00e9 proportion na trhu. <\/p>\n

Apple diferencuje svou nab\u00eddku pomoc\u00ed designu, kter\u00fd nelze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it \u010d\u00edsly. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, bezpochyby se l\u00edb\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou jak z\u00e1kazn\u00edky, tak u\u017eivateli.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nZa druh\u00e9, integrace maximalizuje pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fasp\u011bchu nov\u00fdch produkt\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b iPhonu. P\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem iPhonu mobiln\u00ed oper\u00e1to\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161inou nab\u00edzeli stejn\u00e9 slu\u017eby: hlasov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, SMS a p\u0159enos dat. Tato zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 pru\u017enost substituce dala Apple mo\u017enost n\u00e1sledovat strategii \u201erozd\u011bl a panuj\u201c, a k tomu pot\u0159ebovali pouze jednoho oper\u00e1tora.<\/p>\n

Apple \u00fadajn\u011b zah\u00e1jila jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o iPhonu s Verizonem (velkou americkou telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed), ale uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee Verizon ji\u017e ustupoval p\u0159ed AT&T (tehdy zn\u00e1mou jako Cingular) d\u00edky agresivn\u00edm investic\u00edm posledn\u011b jmenovan\u00e9 a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. Zvy\u0161ovala po\u010det sv\u00fdch p\u0159edplatitel\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na \u00fakor AT&T. Verizon nevid\u011bl pot\u0159ebu m\u011bnit svou strategii, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala siln\u00e9 zna\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a plnou kontrolu nad telefony v jejich s\u00edti. AT&T, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, byla na opa\u010dn\u00e9 stran\u011b mince: prohr\u00e1vala, co\u017e m\u011blo v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na jejich BATNA \u2014 ochotn\u011bji ustupovali v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch zna\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u017eitku, a proto se vstup iPhonu na trh s AT&T uskute\u010dnil za podm\u00ednek Apple.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b tehdy v\u00fdhoda Apple v oblasti u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u017eitku a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed loajalita z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159inesly ovoce: poprv\u00e9 byli z\u00e1kazn\u00edci ochotni podstoupit pot\u00ed\u017ee a n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 se zm\u011bnou mobiln\u00edch oper\u00e1tor\u016f, jen aby m\u011bli p\u0159\u00edstup ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech za\u010dal Verizon ztr\u00e1cet z\u00e1kazn\u00edky ve prosp\u011bch AT&T, a\u010dkoli jejich \u00farove\u0148 slu\u017eeb byla mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed. \u010cty\u0159i roky po uveden\u00ed iPhonu se Verizon kone\u010dn\u011b za\u010dal podp\u00edrat absence zna\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed oper\u00e1tora a kontroly nad u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm rozhran\u00edm. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, Verizon nakonec souhlasil s tou samou dohodou, kterou odm\u00edtli v roce 2006, proto\u017ee loajalita z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f Apple jim nedala na v\u00fdb\u011br.<\/p>\n

Za t\u0159et\u00ed, integrace vede k monopolizaci: na iOS funguj\u00ed pouze za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od Apple. Mnoz\u00ed souhlas\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee Apple dot\u00e1hla v\u00fdrobn\u00ed model k dokonalosti. V\u011bt\u0161ina zam\u011bstnanc\u016f spole\u010dnosti pracuje v Kalifornii na n\u00e1vrhu a prodeji ikonick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou vyr\u00e1b\u011bna v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, postaven\u00fdch a funguj\u00edc\u00edch podle p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch standard\u016f Apple (v\u010detn\u011b velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f na m\u00edst\u011b), a pot\u00e9 jsou distribuov\u00e1na po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm tou\u017e\u00edc\u00edm po nejlep\u0161\u00edch ve sv\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b smartphonech, tabletech, po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch a chytr\u00fdch hodink\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Co d\u011bl\u00e1 tento model tak efektivn\u00edm a ziskov\u00fdm? To, \u017ee Apple diferencovala sv\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed softwaru. Software je zcela nov\u00fd typ produktu, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nekone\u010dn\u011b diferencovateln\u00fd a z\u00e1rove\u0148 dostupn\u00fd v neomezen\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee teoretick\u00e1 cena softwaru je 0 USD. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b kombinac\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed softwaru s hardwarem, jeho\u017e v\u00fdroba vy\u017eaduje skute\u010dn\u00e9 aktivy a zbo\u017e\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee Apple stanovovat vysok\u00e9 ceny za sv\u00e9 produkty.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nV\u00fdsledky mluv\u00ed samy za sebe: za uplynul\u00e9 \u201ene\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9\u201c \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed dos\u00e1hla Apple tr\u017eeb ve v\u00fd\u0161i 50,6 miliardy dolar\u016f. Spole\u010dnost vyk\u00e1zala zisk 10,5 miliardy dolar\u016f. Za posledn\u00edch dev\u011bt let p\u0159inesl pouze iPhone 600 miliard dolar\u016f p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 250 miliard dolar\u016f hrub\u00e9ho zisku. To je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed produkt (alespo\u0148 z obchodn\u00edho hlediska), jak\u00fd kdy byl vytvo\u0159en \u010dlov\u011bkem.<\/p>\n

Dnes se obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee integrace je nejlep\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Jen se pod\u00edvejte na \u00fasp\u011bch Apple! Opravu, kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na tuto spole\u010dnost, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 s t\u011bmito z\u00e1v\u011bry nesouhlasit, ale mus\u00edme poznamenat, \u017ee ned\u00e1vno bylo odhaleno n\u011bkolik potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch nev\u00fdhod integrace.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9mov\u00e1 kl\u00e1vesnice<\/h3>\n

\nNed\u00e1vno do\u0161lo k d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti u Apple: spole\u010dnost vydala notebook s novou kl\u00e1vesnic\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve mechanismus kl\u00e1ves snadno selh\u00e1val u\u017e kv\u016fli mal\u00e9 prachu a ne\u010distot\u00e1m. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee cel\u00e1 \u0159ada MacBook\u016f je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed vybavena novou kl\u00e1vesnic\u00ed, na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Apple st\u00e1le vis\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek, v n\u011bm\u017e se doporu\u010duje \u010distit kl\u00e1vesnice notebook\u016f stla\u010den\u00fdm vzduchem. Je zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkat, \u017ee to nen\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 stejn\u011b jako kl\u00e1vesy, kter\u00e9 selhaly na tis\u00edc\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let.<\/p>\n

\"Strategie
\n
\nPoprv\u00e9 Apple vydalo svou notoricky zn\u00e1mou kl\u00e1vesnici s mechanismem typu \u201emot\u00fdl\u201c v dubnu 2015, a a\u017e v roce 2019 ji nahradilo. P\u0159esto v t\u00e9to dob\u011b spole\u010dnost prodala \u201eMac\u201c za 99 miliard dolar\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla notebooky. V tom je opravdu z\u00e1sluha integrace!<\/p>\n

Nebo, abych to \u0159ekl jinak, s\u00edla (a slabost) monopolu. Ne, Apple nem\u00e1 monopol na po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, ale m\u00e1 monopol na MacOS. Jen ona prod\u00e1v\u00e1 hardware b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na MacOS, a proto miliony z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f i nad\u00e1le nakupovaly po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 (zejm\u00e9na v posledn\u00edch p\u00e1r letech) trp\u011bly \u0159adou z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Otev\u0159en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, Apple se dopustila \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee by kl\u00e1vesnice mot\u00fdl byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na po dobu \u010dty\u0159 a p\u016fl let, kdyby m\u011bla spole\u010dnost v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 konkurenty. Integrace m\u016f\u017ee zajistit vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti, ale jakmile integrovan\u00fd produkt ztr\u00e1c\u00ed konkurenty, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 se zhor\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n

NFC a inovace<\/h3>\n

\nDruh\u00fd probl\u00e9m souvis\u00ed s novinkami z N\u011bmecka. Publikace The Verge psala:<\/p>\n

V N\u011bmecku by mohli Apple p\u0159inutit otev\u0159\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup k iOS v\u0161em platebn\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 konkuruj\u00ed Apple Pay. Parlament zem\u011b hlasoval pro zaveden\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed ve \u010dtvrtek, informuje Zeit Online. N\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona byl p\u0159ijat formou dodatku k z\u00e1konu o boji proti pran\u00ed \u0161pinav\u00fdch pen\u011bz a mus\u00ed z\u00edskat schv\u00e1len\u00ed v horn\u00ed komo\u0159e parlamentu, ne\u017e vstoup\u00ed v platnost od p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku.<\/p>\n

Pokud bude tento z\u00e1kon schv\u00e1len, bude muset Apple v N\u011bmecku umo\u017enit jin\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem pou\u017e\u00edvat NFC \u010dipy iPhone. Doposud Apple p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b omezoval p\u0159\u00edstup k t\u011bmto \u010dip\u016fm. Zeit Online uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee zm\u011bna by mohla v\u00e9st k tomu, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 banky budou nab\u00edzet NFC platby prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, nikoli p\u0159es slu\u017ebu Apple. Je hl\u00e1\u0161eno, \u017ee Apple bude moci \u00fa\u010dtovat poplatek za p\u0159\u00edstup k NFC \u010dipu, ale nez\u00edsk\u00e1 0,15 %, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasnosti dost\u00e1v\u00e1 z ka\u017ed\u00e9 transakce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Apple Pay.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

D\u00edky sv\u00e9mu kontrolu nad iPhone obecn\u011b a zejm\u00e9na nad zabudovan\u00fdmi NFC \u010dipy m\u016f\u017ee Apple poskytnout Apple Pay zna\u010dnou v\u00fdhodu oproti konkuren\u010dn\u00edm platebn\u00edm aplikac\u00edm (kter\u00e9 jsou nuceny pou\u017e\u00edvat nepohodln\u00e9 QR k\u00f3dy). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee Apple m\u016f\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edt svou silnou pozici na trhu se smartphony k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u00edlu na trhu s platbami. Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit (zejm\u00e9na v kontextu tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku), \u017ee integrace m\u016f\u017ee br\u00e1nit inovac\u00edm.<\/p>\n

NFC je zkratka pro \u201ekomunikaci na kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost\u201c (Near-Field Communication). Tato technologie p\u0159edstavuje protokol pro komunikaci dvou elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se ve vzd\u00e1lenosti do 4 centimetr\u016f od sebe. Existuj\u00ed t\u0159i varianty pou\u017eit\u00ed NFC \u010dip\u016f na smartphonech:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Emulace chytr\u00e9 karty, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed NFC funguj\u00ed jako platebn\u00ed karty. Apple Pay je p\u0159\u00edkladem takov\u00e9 varianty pou\u017eit\u00ed spolu s tranzitn\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dty a chytr\u00fdmi kl\u00ed\u010di.<\/li>\n
  2. \u010cten\u00ed\/zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed dat. Aktivn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed NFC \u010dte nebo zapisuje data do pasivn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed NFC (nap\u0159\u00edklad do NFC samolepky, kter\u00e1 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 energii z magnetick\u00e9ho pole generovan\u00e9ho aktivn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm).<\/li>\n
  3. P\u0159enos dat v form\u00e1tu P2P mezi dv\u011bma za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi NFC.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nStru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, NFC umo\u017e\u0148uje dv\u011bma za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vym\u011b\u0148ovat si data bez jak\u00e9koliv p\u0159edchoz\u00ed konfigurace, co\u017e roz\u0161i\u0159uje mo\u017enosti pou\u017eit\u00ed mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad Bluetooth\u2026 a p\u0159esto je jedinou technologi\u00ed NFC, kterou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina z v\u00e1s pou\u017eila, zam\u011b\u0159ena na platby. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n

    Mo\u017en\u00e1 za to m\u016f\u017ee Apple. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Android byla vybavena NFC \u010dipy ji\u017e od roku 2010, zat\u00edmco iPhony je m\u011bly a\u017e od roku 2014, a to pouze pro Apple Pay. O dva roky pozd\u011bji Apple umo\u017enil \u010dten\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch NFC tag\u016f a pouze p\u0159ed dv\u011bma m\u011bs\u00edci povolil zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed NFC tag\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee NFC \u010dip v iPhonu je uzav\u0159en\u00fd: je integrov\u00e1n s iOS a Apple dr\u017e\u00ed pevn\u011b oprat\u011b v rukou. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee spole\u010dnost si \u00fa\u010dtuje 0,15 % z ka\u017ed\u00e9 transakce Apple Pay (a tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli p\u0159edchoz\u00edm pokus\u016fm o \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed poplatk\u016f t\u0159et\u00edm stran\u00e1m za integraci do sv\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu nebo za v\u00fdrobu p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00ed), je spravedliv\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee tak omezen\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed technologie je spojeno s finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1nkou v\u011bci. Rozvoj NFC byl zbrzd\u011bn d\u00edky \u00fapln\u00e9 kontrole Apple nad \u010dipy iPhonu.<\/p>\n

    Kontrola nad App Store<\/h3>\n

    \nT\u0159et\u00ed probl\u00e9m je pops\u00e1n v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku Washington Post:<\/p>\n

    V p\u00e1tek Apple odstranil v\u0161echny aplikace spojen\u00e9 s vapingem z App Store, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se p\u0159ipojil k odborn\u00edk\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed ozna\u010duj\u00ed vaping za \"zdravotn\u00ed krizi\" a \"epidemii mezi ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed\". N\u011bkter\u00e9 z 181 aplikac\u00ed pro vaping, kter\u00e9 Apple odstranil, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed u\u017eivateli \u0159\u00eddit teplotu nebo dal\u0161\u00ed nastaven\u00ed na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch pro vaping. Jin\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016fm p\u0159\u00edstup k soci\u00e1ln\u00edm s\u00edt\u00edm nebo hr\u00e1m. V App Store nikdy nebylo povoleno prod\u00e1vat vape cartridge prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \"Neust\u00e1le vyhodnocujeme aplikace a zaj\u00edm\u00e1me se o aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy, abychom posoudili rizika pro zdrav\u00ed a pohodu u\u017eivatel\u016f,\" uvedl z\u00e1stupce Apple Fred Sainz. Apple uvedl d\u016fkazy z Centra pro kontrolu a prevenci nemoc\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed z\u00e1jem o vaping a elektronick\u00e9 cigarety se smrteln\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edpady a po\u0161kozen\u00edm plic.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    \nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b, takov\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed je t\u0159eba podpo\u0159it \u2014 zejm\u00e9na vzhledem k probl\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se letos objevily kv\u016fli vapingu a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm obav\u00e1m, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 stimulac\u00ed pro u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tab\u00e1ku. Op\u011bt, s ohledem na to, \u017ee krize se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobena pad\u011blan\u00fdmi cartridge, m\u016f\u017ee mo\u017enost p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k va\u0161emu smartphonu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et re\u00e1ln\u00fd prosp\u011bch pro lidi.<\/p>\n

    Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s podporou USB a dokonce Bluetooth, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016fm \u0159\u00eddit parametry oh\u0159evu, nastavovat indik\u00e1tory a aktualizovat firmware. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Bluetooth p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed s aplikacemi na mobiln\u00edch platform\u00e1ch iOS a Android, kter\u00e9 pacientovi umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159it a \u0159\u00eddit jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako u PAX, i zde je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikovat l\u00e9k nahran\u00fd do za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zobrazit jeho obsah \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad seznam kanabinoid\u016f, sm\u011bs terpen\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed ingredience. Aplikace tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed u\u017eivateli ov\u011b\u0159it pravost l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Tyto aplikace \u2013 a t\u00edm i funk\u010dnost za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u2013 ji\u017e nejsou dostupn\u00e9 u\u017eivatel\u016fm iPhone. Nem\u016f\u017eete z\u00edskat tuto \u00farove\u0148 funk\u010dnosti v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di \u2013 ne proto, \u017ee by byly prohl\u00e1\u0161eny za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9, ale \u017ee se tak rozhodli majitel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Jejich n\u00e1zor je z\u00e1kon, proto\u017ee App Store je integrov\u00e1n do iPhone. Apple m\u00e1 monopol na to, jak\u00e9 aplikace mohou nebo nemohou b\u00fdt nainstalov\u00e1ny na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Bu\u010fme up\u0159\u00edmn\u00ed: z\u00e1kaz vape aplikac\u00ed se v\u00e1s mo\u017en\u00e1 net\u00fdk\u00e1. Ale co kdy\u017e spole\u010dnost zak\u00e1\u017ee aplikaci, kter\u00e1 osv\u011btluje protesty v Hongkongu, nebo aplikaci, kter\u00e1 sleduje \u00fadery dron\u016f? V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017eete tvrdit, \u017ee spole\u010dnost jednodu\u0161e dodr\u017euje standardy zem\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch p\u016fsob\u00ed, ale skute\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fvod, pro\u010d ot\u00e1zka odstran\u011bn\u00ed aplikace v\u016fbec vznik\u00e1, spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v kontrole ze strany Apple.<\/p>\n

    P\u0159\u00edstup Apple k App Store tak\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b konkurence a inovac\u00ed. Spole\u010dnost vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 svou kontrolu nad procesem schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed aplikac\u00ed, aby vyb\u00edrala procenta z prodeje digit\u00e1ln\u00edch produkt\u016f a\/nebo poskytovala v\u00fdhody pro sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed produkty. Omezuj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky Apple pro obchodn\u00ed modely v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed vznik vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 kontrola Apple nad App Store p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 v\u00fdhody nejen spole\u010dnosti samotn\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm. Mnoho z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f se ob\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho softwaru na Windows a d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost produkt\u016fm pro Mac. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tento p\u0159\u00edstup m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dost minus.<\/p>\n

    Integrace versus monopol<\/h3>\n

    \nTento \u010dl\u00e1nek nen\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byl term\u00edn \"monopol\" pou\u017eit velmi voln\u011b. Apple pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 skv\u011bl\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup (z pohledu podnik\u00e1n\u00ed) \u2014 d\u00edky integraci hardwaru a softwaru se jim poda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout monopoln\u00edho zisku, kter\u00fd nelze klasifikovat jako monopol. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, i kdy\u017e \"integrace\" p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, to se net\u00fdk\u00e1 \"monopoly\". V\u0161imn\u011bte si v\u00fdhod integrace, ze kter\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nek za\u010d\u00ednal, spojen\u00fdch s jej\u00edm nev\u00fdhodami:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00e1 zku\u0161enost integrovan\u00fdch produkt\u016f Apple se nakonec projevila t\u00edm, \u017ee spole\u010dnost po \u010dty\u0159i roky pou\u017e\u00edvala nekvalitn\u00ed kl\u00e1vesnici typu \"mot\u00fdlek\".<\/li>\n
    2. Schopnost Apple vyu\u017e\u00edvat svou u\u017eivatelskou z\u00e1kladnu k uveden\u00ed nov\u00fdch produkt\u016f a funkc\u00ed na trh vedla k tomu, \u017ee spole\u010dnost zpomalila v\u00fdvoj aplikac\u00ed pro NFC.<\/li>\n
    3. Schopnost Apple dosahovat vysok\u00fdch zisk\u016f z programov\u011b diferencovan\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se st\u00e1le v\u00edce posiluje snahou \u00fa\u010dtovat procenta za digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed a\/nebo nab\u00eddnout sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m konkuren\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhodu. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nP\u0159\u00edklad Apple pom\u00e1h\u00e1 uk\u00e1zat hranici mezi zdravou integrac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v z\u00e1sad\u011b nenese \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky, a monopoln\u00ed honbou za ziskem.
      \n
      Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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