{"id":55012,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/yunosheskij-maksimalizm-i-duh-protivorechiya-u-podrostkov-s-tochki-zreniya-nejrologii"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:05","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:05","slug":"yunosheskij-maksimalizm-i-duh-protivorechiya-u-podrostkov-s-tochki-zreniya-nejrologii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/yunosheskij-maksimalizm-i-duh-protivorechiya-u-podrostkov-s-tochki-zreniya-nejrologii","title":{"rendered":"Mladistv\u00fd maximalismus a duch kontradikce u dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch z hlediska neurov\u011bdy","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\n
\nJedn\u00edm z nejz\u00e1hadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a dosud zcela nepochopen\u00fdch \"jev\u016f\" je lidsk\u00fd mozek. Kolem tohoto slo\u017eit\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu se to\u010d\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed ot\u00e1zek: pro\u010d sn\u00edme sny, jak emoce ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed za vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011btla a zvuku, pro\u010d n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed r\u00e1di \u0161proty, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed miluj\u00ed olivy? V\u0161echny tyto ot\u00e1zky se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed mozku, nebo\u0165 je centr\u00e1ln\u00edm procesorem lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla. Mnoho let v\u011bdci v\u011bnovali zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost mozk\u016fm lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vy\u010dle\u0148ovali z davu (od g\u00e9ni\u016f-samouky po vypo\u010d\u00edtav\u00e9 psychopaty). Existuje v\u0161ak kategorie lid\u00ed, jejich\u017e zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed souvis\u00ed s jejich v\u011bkem \u2013 teenagery. Mnoho teenager\u016f m\u00e1 vyost\u0159en\u00e9 c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed rozporu, dobrodru\u017en\u00e9ho ducha a neodolateln\u00e9 touhy naj\u00edt si dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed na svou p\u00e1tou \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bla. V\u011bdci z Pensylv\u00e1nsk\u00e9 univerzity se rozhodli podrobn\u011b prozkoumat tajemn\u00e9 mozky teenager\u016f a procesy, kter\u00e9 v nich prob\u00edhaj\u00ed. O tom, co se jim poda\u0159ilo zjistit, se dozv\u00edme z jejich zpr\u00e1vy. Jdeme na to.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nKa\u017ed\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v technice a org\u00e1ny v organismu maj\u00ed svou vlastn\u00ed architekturu, kter\u00e1 jim umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u011b pracovat. K\u016fra lidsk\u00e9ho mozku je organizov\u00e1na podle funk\u010dn\u00ed hierarchie, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed od unimod\u00e1ln\u00ed senzorick\u00e9 k\u016fry<\/i>* a kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed transmod\u00e1ln\u00ed asociativn\u00ed k\u016frou*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Senzorick\u00e1 k\u016fra mozku* \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st mozkov\u00e9 k\u016fry, kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za sb\u011br a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch od smyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f (o\u010di, jazyk, nos, u\u0161i, k\u016f\u017ee a vestibul\u00e1rn\u00ed apar\u00e1t).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Asociativn\u00ed k\u016fra* \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fry mozku, kter\u00e1 se pod\u00edl\u00ed na realizaci pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch pohyb\u016f. Kdy\u017e se chyst\u00e1me vykonat n\u011bjak\u00fd pohyb, n\u00e1\u0161 mozek mus\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, kde se v tu chv\u00edli nach\u00e1z\u00ed t\u011blo a jeho \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 se budou pohybovat, a tak\u00e9 kde se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed objekty vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, s nimi\u017e pl\u00e1nujeme interakci. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdy\u017e chcete vz\u00edt k\u00e1vovou \u0161\u00e1lek do rukou, v\u00e1\u0161 mozek u\u017e v\u00ed, kde je ruka a samotn\u00fd \u0161\u00e1lek. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Podobn\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u00ed hierarchie je d\u00e1na anatomi\u00ed cest b\u00edl\u00e9 hmoty*<\/i>, kter\u00e9 koordinuj\u00ed synchronizovanou neuron\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivitu a kognici*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

B\u00edl\u00e1 hmota*<\/b> \u2014 pokud \u0161ed\u00e1 hmota se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z neuron\u016f, pak b\u00edl\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z mielinovan\u00fdch axon\u016f, kter\u00fdmi jsou impulsy p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny od t\u011bla bu\u0148ky k jin\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m a org\u00e1n\u016fm.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kognice*<\/b> (pozn\u00e1n\u00ed) \u2014 souhrn proces\u016f spojen\u00fdch se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch znalost\u00ed o okoln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Evoluce k\u016fry mozku u prim\u00e1t\u016f a v\u00fdvoj mozku \u010dlov\u011bka se vyzna\u010duje c\u00edlen\u00fdm roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm a remodelov\u00e1n\u00edm transmod\u00e1ln\u00edch asociativn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladem proces\u016f senzorick\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed a abstraktn\u00edch pravidel dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edle.<\/p>\n

Proces v\u00fdvoje mozku trv\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fd \u010das, b\u011bhem n\u011bho\u017e prob\u00edh\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed proces\u016f zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed mozku jako syst\u00e9mu: mielinizace*<\/i>, synaptick\u00fd pruning*<\/i> atd.<\/p>\n

Mielinizace*<\/b> \u2014 oligodendrocyty (typ podporn\u00fdch bun\u011bk nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu) obaluj\u00ed ur\u010ditou \u010d\u00e1st axonu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeden oligodendrocyt se spojuje hned s n\u011bkolika neurony. \u010c\u00edm aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je axon, t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je jeho mielinizace, proto\u017ee to zvy\u0161uje jeho efektivitu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Synaptick\u00fd pruning*<\/b> \u2014 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu synaps\u00ed\/neuron\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivity pr\u00e1ce neuro-syst\u00e9mu, tedy zbaven\u00ed se nadbyte\u010dn\u00fdch spojen\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, je to realizace principu \u201ene mno\u017estv\u00edm, ale kvalitou\u201c.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

B\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje mozku se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed specifikace v transmod\u00e1ln\u00ed asociativn\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e, co\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uje rozvoj vysoce kvalitn\u00edch exekutivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed, jako jsou pracovn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165*<\/i>, kognitivn\u00ed flexibilita*<\/i> a inhibi\u010dn\u00ed kontrola*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Pracovn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165*<\/b> \u2014 kognitivn\u00ed syst\u00e9m do\u010dasn\u00e9ho uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed. Tento typ pam\u011bti se aktivuje b\u011bhem aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch my\u0161lenkov\u00fdch proces\u016f a pod\u00edl\u00ed se na rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a formov\u00e1n\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch reakc\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kognitivn\u00ed flexibilita*<\/b> \u2014 schopnost p\u0159ep\u00ednat se z jedn\u00e9 my\u0161lenky na druhou a\/nebo zva\u017eovat n\u011bkolik v\u011bc\u00ed najednou.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Inhibi\u010dn\u00ed kontrola*<\/b> (reakce inhibice) \u2014 exekutivn\u00ed funkce, kter\u00e1 dohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na schopnost \u010dlov\u011bka potla\u010dit jeho impulzivn\u00ed (p\u0159irozen\u00e9, obvykl\u00e9 nebo dominantn\u00ed) behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed reakce na podn\u011bty, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 realizovat vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situaci (vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podn\u011bt).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Studium strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00edch vazeb v mozku za\u010dalo ji\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b d\u00e1vno. S p\u0159\u00edchodem teorie s\u00edt\u00ed se objevila mo\u017enost vizualizovat strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazby v neurobiologick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech a rozd\u011blit je do kategori\u00ed. Strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba je v podstat\u011b m\u00edra, do jak\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed anatomick\u00fdch spojen\u00ed v oblasti mozku podporuje synchronizovanou neuronovou aktivitu.<\/p>\n

Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee existuje siln\u00e1 vazba mezi ukazateli struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivity v r\u016fzn\u00fdch prostorov\u011b-\u010dasov\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody studia umo\u017enily kategorizovat ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti mozku podle jejich funk\u010dn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s v\u011bkem oblasti a jej\u00ed velikost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, jak tvrd\u00ed v\u011bdci, v sou\u010dasnosti prakticky neexistuj\u00ed data o tom, jak zm\u011bny v architektu\u0159e b\u00edl\u00e9 hmoty b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje lidsk\u00e9ho mozku podporuj\u00ed koherentn\u00ed oscilace neuronov\u00e9 aktivity.<\/p>\n

Strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba je z\u00e1kladem pro funk\u010dn\u00ed komunikaci a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u00ed, kdy\u017e profil meziregion\u00e1ln\u00edch spojen\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 hmoty v kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 s\u00edlu meziregion\u00e1ln\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed vazby. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aktivita b\u00edl\u00e9 hmoty se projev\u00ed v aktivaci exekutivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed mozku, \u010d\u00edm\u017e lze posoudit m\u00edru s\u00edly strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazby.<\/p>\n

Pro popis strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazby v\u011bdci navrhli t\u0159i hypot\u00e9zy, kter\u00e9 byly ov\u011b\u0159eny b\u011bhem v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba bude odr\u00e1\u017eet funk\u010dn\u00ed specializaci kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba bude siln\u00e1 v somatosenzorick\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e, d\u00edky proces\u016fm, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed ran\u00fd v\u00fdvoj specializovan\u00fdch senzorick\u00fdch hierarchi\u00ed. Naopak, strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba bude n\u00edzk\u00e1 v transm\u00f3dn\u00ed asociativn\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e, kde m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt funk\u010dn\u00ed komunikace oslaben\u00e1 z d\u016fvodu genetick\u00fdch a anatomick\u00fdch omezen\u00ed v d\u016fsledku rychl\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u00ed expanze.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za se zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na dlouhodob\u00e9 myelinizaci z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na aktivit\u011b b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje a tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj strukturovan\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edch vazeb bude soust\u0159ed\u011bn v transmod\u00e1ln\u00ed asociativn\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e.<\/p>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed hypot\u00e9za: strukturovan\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed specializaci kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti. Je tedy mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strukturovan\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazba v frontotempor\u00e1ln\u00ed asociativn\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e se pod\u00edl\u00ed na specializovan\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtech pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pro realizaci exekutivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n

\nAby mohli v\u011bdci charakterizovat rozvoj strukturovan\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed interakce u dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch, provedli kvantitativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed m\u00edry, v n\u00ed\u017e strukturovan\u00e9 vazby r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mozku podporuj\u00ed koordinovan\u00e9 oscilace neuronov\u00e9 aktivity.<\/p>\n

S vyu\u017eit\u00edm multimod\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f o neurozobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed od 727 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f ve v\u011bku od 8 do 23 let byla provedena pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed difuzn\u00ed trakc\u00ed a hodnocen\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivity mezi ka\u017ed\u00fdm p\u00e1rem kortik\u00e1ln\u00edch oblast\u00ed b\u011bhem pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakolu n-zp\u011bt*<\/i>, spojen\u00e9ho s aktivitou pracovn\u00ed pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n

\u00dakol n-zp\u011bt*<\/b> \u2014 metoda stimulace aktivity ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblast\u00ed mozku a testov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pam\u011bti. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edkovi je p\u0159edlo\u017een soubor podn\u011bt\u016f (vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch, zvukov\u00fdch atd.). Mus\u00ed ur\u010dit a uv\u00e9st, zda byl dan\u00fd podn\u011bt n pozic zp\u011bt. Nap\u0159\u00edklad: T L H C H S C C Q L C K L H C Q T R H K C H R (\u00fakol 3-zp\u011bt, kde se ur\u010dit\u00fd znak objevil 3 pozice zp\u011bt).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivita v klidov\u00e9m stavu zobrazuje spont\u00e1nn\u00ed oscilace neuronov\u00e9 aktivity. B\u011bhem pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakolu pracovn\u00ed pam\u011bti m\u016f\u017ee funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivita posilovat ur\u010dit\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 spojen\u00ed nebo populace zapojen\u00e9 do exekutivn\u00edch funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 1: m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed strukturovan\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazby lidsk\u00e9ho mozku.<\/i><\/p>\n

Uzly ve struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch a funk\u010dn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch mozku byly definov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed 400z\u00f3nov\u00e9 kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed parcelace (rozd\u011blen\u00ed na z\u00f3ny), zalo\u017een\u00e9 na funk\u010dn\u00ed homogennosti v datech MRI \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f studie. Pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka studie byly region\u00e1ln\u00ed profily propojenosti extrahov\u00e1ny z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo funk\u010dn\u00ed matice propojenosti a prezentov\u00e1ny jako vektory s\u00edly propojenosti od jednoho uzlu nervov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ke v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm uzl\u016fm. <\/p>\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011bdci zkontrolovali, zda prostorov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edch vazeb odpov\u00edd\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00edm vlastnostem kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace.<\/p>\n

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 2<\/i><\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee vztah mezi region\u00e1ln\u00edmi profily struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed propojenosti se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161il v cel\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e (2A<\/b>). Siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vazba byla pozorov\u00e1na v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed senzorick\u00e9 a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e. Naopak v later\u00e1ln\u00ed, tempor\u00e1ln\u00ed a fronto-tempor\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti byla vazba pom\u011brn\u011b slab\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pro srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed byla mezi struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed vazbou a funk\u010dn\u00ed specializac\u00ed vypo\u010dtena m\u00edra \u201e\u00fa\u010dasti\u201c, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuje grafickou reprezentaci kvantitativn\u00edho ur\u010den\u00ed propojenosti mezi funk\u010dn\u011b specializovan\u00fdmi oblastmi mozku. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 oblast mozku byla za\u0159azena do sedmi klasick\u00fdch funk\u010dn\u00edch neuronov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed. Neuronov\u00e9 uzly mozku s vysok\u00fdm koeficientem \u00fa\u010dasti vykazuj\u00ed r\u016fznou intermodul\u00e1rn\u00ed vazbu (vazbu mezi oblastmi mozku) a mohou tak ovliv\u0148ovat procesy p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed mezi oblastmi a tak\u00e9 jejich dynamiku. Naopak uzly s n\u00edzk\u00fdm koeficientem \u00fa\u010dasti vykazuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e lok\u00e1ln\u00ed spojen\u00ed uvnit\u0159 samotn\u00e9 oblasti mozku, nikoli mezi n\u011bkolika oblastmi. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pokud je koeficient vysok\u00fd \u2014 r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti mozku aktivn\u011b interaguj\u00ed navz\u00e1jem, pokud je n\u00edzk\u00fd \u2014 aktivita prob\u00edh\u00e1 uvnit\u0159 oblasti bez spojen\u00ed s okoln\u00edmi.2C<\/b>).<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le byla provedena hodnocen\u00ed variability struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojenosti a makrom\u011b\u0159\u00edtkov\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u00ed hierarchie. Struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed v podstat\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 hlavn\u00edmu gradientu funk\u010dn\u00ed propojenosti: unimod\u00e1ln\u00ed senzorick\u00e9 oblasti vykazuj\u00ed relativn\u011b siln\u00e9 struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco transmod\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti na vrcholu funk\u010dn\u00ed hierarchie vykazuj\u00ed slab\u0161\u00ed propojen\u00ed (2D<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee existuje siln\u00e1 korelace mezi struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edm propojen\u00edm a evolu\u010dn\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm povrchu k\u016fry (2E<\/b>). Vysokokonservativn\u00ed senzorick\u00e9 oblasti m\u011bly relativn\u011b siln\u00e9 struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco siln\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 transmod\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti m\u011bly slab\u0161\u00ed propojen\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pln\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed hierarchii funk\u010dn\u00ed specializace a evolu\u010dn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 3<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci je\u0161t\u011b jednou p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie se v\u011bt\u0161inou zam\u011b\u0159ovaly na zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojenosti v mozku dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci byl d\u016fraz kladen na studium mozku, kter\u00fd je st\u00e1le v procesu v\u00fdvoje, tj. na studium mozku adolescenta.<\/p>\n

Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v mozku adolescent\u016f byly v\u011bkov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly ve struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edch propojen\u00edch \u0161iroce rozlo\u017eeny po later\u00e1ln\u00ed sp\u00e1nkov\u00e9, doln\u00ed pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed a prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e (3A<\/b>). Zes\u00edlen\u00ed propojenosti byla nepom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017eena po oblastech k\u016fry, tj. byla p\u0159\u00edtomna v unik\u00e1tn\u00edm podmno\u017estv\u00ed funk\u010dn\u011b odd\u011blen\u00fdch oblast\u00ed k\u016fry (3B<\/b>), co\u017e nebylo pozorov\u00e1no v mozku dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edch propojen\u00edch siln\u011b korelovalo s koeficientem funk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti (3C<\/b>) a funk\u010dn\u00edm gradientem (3D<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Prostorov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed v\u011bkov\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00edch spoj\u00edch tak\u00e9 odpov\u00eddalo evolu\u010dn\u00edmu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed k\u016fry. V\u011bkov\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed konektivity bylo pozorov\u00e1no ve roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 asociativn\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e mozku, zat\u00edmco v\u011bkov\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed konektivity bylo zaznamen\u00e1no ve vysoce konzervativn\u00ed senzoricko-motorick\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e (3E<\/b>).<\/p>\n

V dal\u0161\u00edm kroku studie 294 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f podstoupilo vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed mozku 1,7 roku po prvn\u00edm. Takto bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovit vztah mezi v\u011bkov\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivity a intraindividu\u00e1ln\u00edmi zm\u011bnami ve v\u00fdvoji. K tomu byla provedena hodnocen\u00ed longitudin\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn ve strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivit\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 4<\/i><\/p>\n

Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 soulady mezi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdmi a longitudin\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u011bkov\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami na strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed spojen\u00ed (4A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vztahu longitudin\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn ve strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivit\u011b (4B<\/b>) a longitudin\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn koeficientu funk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti (4\u0421<\/b>) byla pou\u017eita line\u00e1rn\u00ed regrese. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee longitudin\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny konektivity odpov\u00eddaly longitudin\u00e1ln\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m koeficientu funk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti v rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch asociativn\u00edch oblastech vysok\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, v\u010detn\u011b dorz\u00e1ln\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fry, doln\u00ed pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fry a later\u00e1ln\u011b tempor\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fry (4D<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Mladistv\u00fd
\nObr\u00e1zek \u010d. 5<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci se pak sna\u017eili pochopit d\u016fsledky individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f ve strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00edch spoj\u00edch pro chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, zda m\u016f\u017ee strukturo-funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivita b\u011bhem \u00fakolu s pracovn\u00ed pam\u011bt\u00ed vysv\u011btlit v\u00fdkonnost p\u0159i pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee zlep\u0161en\u00ed vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f souvis\u00ed se siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stru\u043a\u0442uro-funk\u010dn\u00ed konektivitou v rostrolater\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e, zadn\u00ed cingul\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1vit a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed okcipit\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u0159e (5A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nazna\u010duje n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f. Za prv\u00e9, region\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny ve struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edm propojen\u00ed jsou nep\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti funkce, za kterou odpov\u00edd\u00e1 ta \u010di ona oblast mozku. Siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v \u010d\u00e1stech mozku, kter\u00e9 se specializuj\u00ed na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdch senzorick\u00fdch informac\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f). A v oblastech mozku, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch procesech (exekutivn\u00ed funkce a inhibi\u010dn\u00ed kontrola), bylo ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Bylo tak\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed souvis\u00ed s evolu\u010dn\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm mozku, kter\u00e9 je pozorov\u00e1no u prim\u00e1t\u016f. D\u0159\u00edve byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie mozku \u010dlov\u011bka, prim\u00e1ta a opice, kter\u00e9 uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee senzorick\u00e9 oblasti (nap\u0159\u00edklad zrakov\u00fd syst\u00e9m) jsou mezi druhy prim\u00e1t\u016f velmi konzervativn\u00ed a b\u011bhem ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 evoluce se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily. Naopak asociativn\u00ed oblasti mozku (nap\u0159\u00edklad prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra) podstoupily zna\u010dn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 toto roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ovlivnilo vznik slo\u017eit\u00fdch kognitivn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed u \u010dlov\u011bka. Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee oblasti mozku, kter\u00e9 se b\u011bhem evoluce rychle roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly, m\u011bly slab\u0161\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco jednoduch\u00e9 senzorick\u00e9 oblasti \u2013 siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U d\u011bt\u00ed a dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch se struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00ed propojen\u00ed aktivn\u011b zvy\u0161uje v \u010deln\u00edch oblastech mozku, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed za funkci inhibice (tedy sebekontrolu). Tak\u017ee dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed rozvoj struktur\u00e1ln\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edho propojen\u00ed v t\u011bchto oblastech m\u016f\u017ee zlep\u0161it exekutivn\u00ed funkci a sebekontrolu, jej\u00ed\u017e proces v\u00fdvoje pokra\u010duje i v dosp\u011blosti. <\/p>\n

Pro podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s nuancemi v\u00fdzkumu doporu\u010duji nahl\u00e9dnout do zpr\u00e1vy v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> a dal\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/a><\/noindex> k n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nLidsk\u00fd mozek byl v\u017edy jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1had lidstva a je\u0161t\u011b dlouho bude. Je to neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd mechanismus, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed plnit \u0159adu funkc\u00ed, \u0159\u00eddit mnoho proces\u016f a ukl\u00e1dat obrovsk\u00e9 objemy informac\u00ed. Pro mnoh\u00e9 rodi\u010de neexistuje nic tajemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e mozek jejich dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed. Jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkdy nelze ozna\u010dit za logick\u00e9 nebo konstruktivn\u00ed, co\u017e lze v\u0161ak vysv\u011btlit procesem jejich biologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho ustaven\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, zm\u011bny ve strukturn\u011b-funk\u010dn\u00edch vazb\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed mozku a vliv hormon\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159estaveb mohou b\u00fdt v\u011bdeck\u00fdm od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed, ale to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee je nen\u00ed t\u0159eba v\u00e9st. \u010clov\u011bk nen\u00ed svou podstatou antisoci\u00e1ln\u00ed bytost. Pokud se n\u011bkdo stran\u00ed ostatn\u00edch, rozhodn\u011b to nen\u00ed kv\u016fli na\u0161\u00ed biologick\u00e9 predispozici. Aktivn\u00ed zapojen\u00ed rodi\u010d\u016f do \u017eivota jejich d\u011bt\u00ed je proto nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem jejich rozvoje. <\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pochopit, \u017ee i t\u0159\u00edlet\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b u\u017e je osobnost\u00ed se sv\u00fdm charakterem, sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edmi a sv\u00fdm pohledem na okoln\u00ed sv\u011bt. Rodi\u010d by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt pro sv\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b neviditeln\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee ho pust\u00ed na volnou plavbu, ale tak\u00e9 se nesm\u00ed m\u011bnit v \u017eelezobetonovou ze\u010f, kter\u00e1 ho chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u011bta. N\u011bkde je t\u0159eba povzbudit, n\u011bkde zadr\u017eet, n\u011bkde poskytnout plnou svobodu a jinde, s projevem rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9 autority, \u0159\u00edci pevn\u00e9 \u201ene\u201c, i kdyby to d\u00edt\u011bti zp\u016fsobilo nespokojenost.<\/p>\n

B\u00fdt rodi\u010dem je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, je\u0161t\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je b\u00fdt dobr\u00fdm rodi\u010dem. Ale b\u00fdt dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9. T\u011blo se venkovn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, mozek se m\u011bn\u00ed, okol\u00ed se m\u011bn\u00ed (byla \u0161kola a nyn\u00ed je to univerzita), m\u011bn\u00ed se rytmus \u017eivota. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b \u017eivot \u010dasto p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 z\u00e1vody formule 1, kde nen\u00ed m\u00edsto pro pomalost. Ale vysok\u00e1 rychlost je spojena s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm rizikem, tak\u017ee nezku\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1vodn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee utrp\u011bt. \u00dakolem rodi\u010de je st\u00e1t se tren\u00e9rem sv\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte, aby ho pozd\u011bji mohli bez obav pustit do sv\u011bta a nezapochybovat o jeho budoucnosti. <\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed rodi\u010de se pova\u017euj\u00ed za chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jsou ochotni p\u0159ijmout jakoukoli radu, kterou sly\u0161eli na internetu nebo od sousedky, a n\u011bkomu je prost\u011b \u201ejedno\u201c na v\u0161echny nuansy v\u00fdchovy. Lid\u00e9 jsou r\u016fzn\u00ed, ale stejn\u011b jako v lidsk\u00e9m mozku je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 komunikace mezi jeho odd\u011blen\u00edmi, hraje v v\u00fdchov\u011b jednu z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rol\u00ed komunikace mezi rodi\u010di a jejich d\u011btmi. <\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji za pozornost, z\u016fsta\u0148te zv\u011bdav\u00ed a p\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u011bl\u00e9 v\u00edkendy, kamar\u00e1di! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

Mal\u00e1 reklama \ud83d\ude42<\/h3>\n

\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, cloudov\u00e9 VPS pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e od 4,99 $<\/a><\/noindex>, unik\u00e1tn\u00ed alternativa entry-level server\u016f, kterou jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> V\u0161echny pravdy o VPS (KVM) E5-2697 v3 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 480GB SSD 1Gbps od 19 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd je dvakr\u00e1t levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v datov\u00e9m centru Equinix Tier IV v Amsterdamu?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
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Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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