{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky cyklu:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Historie rel\u00e9\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Metoda \u201erychl\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu informac\u00ed\u201c, nebo Zrozen\u00ed rel\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">D\u00e1lkov\u00fd psac\u00ed stroj<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanismus<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Podnikatel\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Hovorn\u00fd telegraf<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Jednodu\u0161e spojit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Zapomenut\u00e1 generace rel\u00e9ov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Elektronick\u00e1 \u00e9ra<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historie elektronick\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prolog<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Koloss<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Elektronick\u00e1 revoluce<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historie tranzistoru\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">Hmatem v temnot\u011b<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">Z pekla v\u00e1lky<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Opakovan\u00e9 znovuobjeven\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historie internetu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">P\u00e1te\u0159n\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Rozpad, \u010d\u00e1st 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Rozpad, \u010d\u00e1st 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed interaktivity<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed interaktivity<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2014 zrozen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2014 bal\u00ed\u010dek<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2014 pods\u00ed\u0165<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d jako komunika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Historie internetu: mezi s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 interakce<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">v minul\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> jsme se dozv\u011bd\u011bli, jak americk\u00fd v\u011bdec a u\u010ditel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">Joseph Henry<\/a><\/noindex> poprv\u00e9 procestoval Evropu. B\u011bhem n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy Lond\u00fdna se osobn\u011b setkal s mu\u017eem, kter\u00e9ho hluboce obdivoval, matematikem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">Charlesem Babbagem<\/a><\/noindex>. Spolu s Henrym byl jeho p\u0159\u00edtel, Alexander Bach, a jeho nov\u00fd zn\u00e1m\u00fd, dal\u0161\u00ed experiment\u00e1tor na poli telegrapu, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">Charles Whitston<\/a><\/noindex>. Babbage host\u016fm \u0159ekl, \u017ee brzy pl\u00e1nuje p\u0159edv\u00e9st svou po\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed stroj\u010dlenovi Parlamentu, ale s je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed radost\u00ed se s nimi pod\u011blil o n\u00e1pad na sv\u016fj nov\u00fd stroj, \"kter\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159ekon\u00e1 mo\u017enosti prvn\u00edho\". Henry zaznamenal obecn\u00e9 informace o tomto pl\u00e1nu do sv\u00e9ho den\u00edku:<\/p>\n<p>Tento stroj se d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti, z nich\u017e jednu pan B. naz\u00fdv\u00e1 ulo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm a druhou \u2013 ml\u00fdnem. Ulo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b je napln\u011bno kole\u010dky s nakreslen\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi. Pravideln\u011b je p\u00e1ky vytahuj\u00ed a p\u0159emis\u0165uj\u00ed do ml\u00fdna, kde prob\u00edhaj\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 manipulace. Po dokon\u010den\u00ed bude tento stroj schopen uv\u00e9st do tabulky jak\u00fdkoli vzorec algebrick\u00e9 povahy.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nHistorik nem\u016f\u017ee nec\u00edtit mrazen\u00ed v z\u00e1dech z takov\u00fdch n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed v lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivotech. Zde se zk\u0159\u00ed\u017eily dv\u011b nit\u011b historie v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch stroj\u016f, z nich\u017e jedna se bl\u00ed\u017eila k sv\u00e9mu zavr\u0161en\u00ed, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 teprve za\u010d\u00ednala.<\/p>\n<p>I kdy\u017e je Babbage\u016fv stroj \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1n za za\u010d\u00e1tek historie modern\u00edch univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, spojen\u00ed mezi nimi je pom\u011brn\u011b slab\u00e9. Jeho stroj (kter\u00fd nikdy nepostavil) byl vyvrcholen\u00edm snu o mechanick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtech. Tento sen, poprv\u00e9 vy\u0159\u010den\u00fd Leibnizem, byl inspirov\u00e1n st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi hodinov\u00fdmi mechanismy vytvo\u0159en\u00fdmi \u0159emesln\u00edky od konce st\u0159edov\u011bku. Ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d obecn\u00e9ho ur\u010den\u00ed nebyl postaven \u010dist\u011b na mechanice \u2013 tato \u00faloha je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slo\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Elektromagnetick\u00e9 rel\u00e9, kter\u00e9 navrhli Henry a dal\u0161\u00ed, lze pom\u011brn\u011b snadno integrovat do v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch obvod\u016f, jejich\u017e slo\u017eitost se bez n\u011bj zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00e1. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b do t\u00e9to doby zb\u00fdvalo je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed, a takov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj nemohli Henry a jeho sou\u010dasn\u00edci p\u0159edv\u00eddat. Stalo se p\u0159edch\u016fdcem nespo\u010detn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed tranzistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily dne\u0161n\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sv\u011bt, jen\u017e je tak siln\u011b prov\u00e1z\u00e1n s na\u0161\u00edm sou\u010dasn\u00fdm \u017eivotem. Rel\u00e9 zaplnila vnit\u0159nosti ran\u00fdch programovateln\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00edch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 teprve na kr\u00e1tkou dobu panovaly, ne\u017e je nahradili jejich \u010dist\u011b elektronick\u00e9 n\u00e1stupci.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9 bylo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b vynalezeno v 30. letech 19. stolet\u00ed. Jeho c\u00edle byly mnohostrann\u00e9 (p\u011bt jeho vyn\u00e1lezc\u016f vymyslelo alespo\u0148 t\u0159i varianty pou\u017eit\u00ed) \u2013 stejn\u011b jako p\u0159\u00edklady jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed. Ale je pohodln\u00e9 o n\u011bm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let jako o za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s dvoj\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit jako sp\u00edna\u010d, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b, co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jin\u00e9ho rel\u00e9), nebo jako zesilova\u010d, kter\u00fd p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed slab\u00fd sign\u00e1l na siln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>Sp\u00edna\u010d<\/h2>\n<p>\nJoseph Henry spojoval v jedn\u00e9 osob\u011b hlubok\u00e9 znalosti v naturalistick\u00e9 filozofii, mechanice a z\u00e1jem o probl\u00e9m mechanick\u00e9ho telegrafu. V 30. letech 19. stolet\u00ed byl takov\u00fd soubor kvalit pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen u Whitstona. K roku 1831 postavil obvod dlouh\u00fd 2,5 km, schopn\u00fd uveden\u00ed do chodu zvonku, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pou\u017eil nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed magnet, jak\u00fd byl tehdy dostupn\u00fd. Mo\u017en\u00e1, kdyby nad\u00e1le tak aktivn\u011b pracoval na telegrafu a projevoval stejnou vytrvalost, jakou p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bl Morse, jeho jm\u00e9no by bylo zaps\u00e1no v u\u010debnic\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Ale Henry, u\u010ditel z Akademie v Albany a pozd\u011bji z New Jersey College (nyn\u00ed Princeton University), budoval a zdokonaloval elektrick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed k v\u00fdzkumu, v\u00fduce a v\u011bdeck\u00fdm demonstrac\u00edm. Nezaj\u00edmal se o to, aby p\u0159evedl v\u00fdukov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na syst\u00e9m pro p\u0159enos zpr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n<p>Tak kolem roku 1835 p\u0159i\u0161el s obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u016fmyslnou demonstrac\u00ed pomoc\u00ed dvou obvod\u016f. P\u0159ipome\u0148te si, \u017ee Henry zjistil, \u017ee elekt\u0159ina m\u00e1 dv\u011b dimenze \u2013 intenzitu a mno\u017estv\u00ed (naz\u00fdv\u00e1me je nap\u011bt\u00ed a proud). Vytvo\u0159il obvody s intenzivn\u00edmi bateriemi a magnety pro p\u0159enos elektromagnetismu na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a obvody se mno\u017estevn\u00edmi bateriemi a magnety pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed elektomagnetick\u00fdch sil velk\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj kombinoval ob\u011b vlastnosti. V\u00fdkonn\u00fd mno\u017estevn\u00ed elektromagnet mohl zvedat n\u00e1klady o hmotnosti stovek kilogram\u016f. Intenzivn\u00ed magnet na konci dlouh\u00e9ho obvodu slou\u017eil k zved\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00e9ho kovov\u00e9ho dr\u00e1tu: sp\u00edna\u010de. Uzav\u0159en\u00ed intenzivn\u00edho obvodu p\u0159im\u011blo magnet zvednout dr\u00e1t, co\u017e rozepnulo sp\u00edna\u010d a mno\u017estevn\u00ed obvod. Mno\u017estevn\u00ed elektromagnet pak n\u00e1hle shodil sv\u016fj n\u00e1klad s ohlu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm rachotem.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rel\u00e9 \u2013 a to je p\u0159esn\u011b to, co intenzivn\u00ed magnet a jeho dr\u00e1t d\u011blali \u2013 bylo nezbytn\u00e9 pro demonstraci p\u0159em\u011bny elektrick\u00e9 energie na mechanickou, a tak\u00e9 pro uk\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, jak mal\u00e1 s\u00edla m\u016f\u017ee \u0159\u00eddit velkou. Lehk\u00e9 pono\u0159en\u00ed dr\u00e1tu do kyseliny za \u00fa\u010delem uzav\u0159en\u00ed obvodu vedlo k mal\u00e9mu pohybu mal\u00e9ho sp\u00edna\u010de, co\u017e nakonec skon\u010dilo katastrofou v podob\u011b p\u00e1du kovu v mno\u017estv\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9m k tomu, aby rozdrtilo n\u011bkoho, kdo by byl dost hloup\u00fd, aby st\u00e1l pod n\u00edm. Pro Henryho bylo rel\u00e9 n\u00e1strojem pro demonstraci v\u011bdeck\u00fdch princip\u016f. Byl to elektrick\u00fd p\u00e1kov\u00fd mechanismus.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenry byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b prvn\u00edm, kdo takto spojil dva obvody \u2013 aby mohl, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm elektromagnetismu jednoho obvodu, \u0159\u00eddit druh\u00fd. Druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto, pokud v\u00edme, pat\u0159\u00ed Williamu Cookovi a Charlesi Whitstonovi, i kdy\u017e m\u011bli zcela jin\u00e9 c\u00edle.<\/p>\n<p>V b\u0159eznu 1836, brzy po n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b prezentace telegrafu v Heidelbergu, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edval galvanickou jehlu k p\u0159enosu sign\u00e1l\u016f, se Cook inspiroval hudebn\u00ed sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148kou. Cook se domn\u00edval, \u017ee pou\u017eit\u00ed jehel, kter\u00e9 by p\u0159edstavovaly p\u00edsmena v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m telegrafu, by vy\u017eadovalo v\u00edce jehel, a pro n\u011b by bylo pot\u0159eba v\u00edce obvod\u016f. Cook cht\u011bl, aby elektromagnet aktivoval mechanismus, kter\u00fd u\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jakkoli slo\u017eit\u00fd pro demonstrov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho p\u00edsmene.<\/p>\n<p>Navrhl stroj, kter\u00fd p\u0159ipom\u00ednal hudebn\u00ed sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ku, s barem obklopen\u00fdm mnoha kol\u00ed\u010dky. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b baru m\u011bla b\u00fdt kruhov\u00e1 stupnice s p\u00edsmeny. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9m konci telegrafn\u00ed linky m\u011bla b\u00fdt takov\u00e1 sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ka. Napnut\u00e1 pru\u017eina m\u011bla p\u0159inutit bar k ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed, ale v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bn z\u00e1mkem. Kdy\u017e byla stisknuta telegrafn\u00ed kl\u00e1vesa, obvod se uzav\u0159el, co\u017e aktivovalo elektromagnety, kter\u00e9 otev\u0159ely oba z\u00e1mky, a ob\u011b sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ky se ot\u00e1\u010dely. Kdy\u017e se na stupnici zobrazilo po\u017eadovan\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno, kl\u00e1vesa se uvolnila, z\u00e1mky se vr\u00e1tily na m\u00edsto a zastavily ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed bar\u016f. Cook, ani\u017e by to tu\u0161il, znovu vytvo\u0159il chronometrick\u00fd model telegrafu Ronalda, navr\u017een\u00fd p\u0159ed dv\u011bma desetilet\u00edmi, a ran\u00e9 experimenty bratr\u016f Shapp s telegrafem (ti jen pou\u017e\u00edvali zvuk k synchronizaci stupnic, nikoliv elektrick\u00fd proud).<\/p>\n<p>Cook pochopil, \u017ee stejn\u00fd mechanismus m\u016f\u017ee pomoci vy\u0159e\u0161it dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9m telegrafu \u2013 ozn\u00e1men\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjemce o nov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b. K tomu by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt druh\u00fd obvod s dal\u0161\u00edm elektromagnetem, kter\u00fd by aktivoval mechanick\u00fd zvonek. Uzav\u0159en\u00ed obvodu by vt\u00e1hlo z\u00e1mek a zvonek by zvonil.<\/p>\n<p>V b\u0159eznu 1837 za\u010dal Cook spolupracovat s Whitstonem na telegrafu a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v tu dobu za\u010dali uva\u017eovat o nutnosti druh\u00e9ho obvodu. M\u00edsto vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho obvodu pro sign\u00e1l ozn\u00e1men\u00ed (a ta\u017een\u00ed kilometr\u016f nadbyte\u010dn\u00fdch dr\u00e1t\u016f), nebylo by snaz\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt hlavn\u00ed obvod pro kontrolu sign\u00e1lu?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nK tomu \u010dasu se Cook a Whitson vr\u00e1tili k jehlov\u00e9mu designu a bylo zcela jasn\u00e9, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ipojit mal\u00fd kousek dr\u00e1tu k jehle, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e byl jej\u00ed konec p\u0159itahov\u00e1n elektromagnetem, jej\u00ed ocas uzav\u0159el druh\u00fd okruh. Tento okruh by spustil sign\u00e1l. Po ur\u010dit\u00e9m intervalu, b\u011bhem n\u011bho\u017e by se p\u0159\u00edjemce zpr\u00e1vy mohl vzbudit, vypnout sign\u00e1l a p\u0159ipravit si tu\u017eku a pap\u00edr, by ji\u017e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jehlu pou\u017e\u00edt k p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m re\u017eimu.<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem dvou let na dvou kontinentech dvakr\u00e1t, s dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdmi c\u00edli, lid\u00e9 pochopili, \u017ee elektromagnet mohl b\u00fdt pou\u017eit jako sp\u00edna\u010d ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed jin\u00fd okruh. Ale bylo tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit zcela jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak by dva okruhy mohly interagovat.<\/p>\n<h2>Zesilova\u010d<\/h2>\n<p>\nNa podzim roku 1837 byl Samuel Morse p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee jeho my\u0161lenku elektrick\u00e9ho telegrafu je mo\u017en\u00e9 uv\u00e9st do \u017eivota. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc intenzivn\u00ed baterii a Henryho magnet, pos\u00edlal zpr\u00e1vy na vzd\u00e1lenost p\u016fl kilometru. Ale k tomu, aby dok\u00e1zal Kongresu mo\u017enost p\u0159enosu zpr\u00e1v p\u0159es cel\u00fd kontinent pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho telegrafu, pot\u0159eboval mnohem v\u00edce. Bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee bez ohledu na s\u00edlu bateri\u00ed se v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku okruh stane p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouh\u00fdm pro p\u0159enos srozumiteln\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu na jeho druh\u00e9m konci. Ale Morse p\u0159i\u0161el na to, \u017ee i p\u0159es siln\u00fd pokles v\u00fdkonu s vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee elektromagnet otev\u00edrat a zav\u00edrat jin\u00fd okruh nap\u00e1jen\u00fd vlastn\u00ed bateri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1le p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et sign\u00e1l. Tento proces lze opakovat neomezen\u011b a pokr\u00fdt vzd\u00e1lenosti jak\u00e9koli d\u00e9lky. Proto byly tyto mezi\u010dl\u00e1nkov\u00e9 magnety naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny \u201erelay\u201c \u2013 jako po\u0161tovn\u00ed stanice pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu kon\u00ed. P\u0159ij\u00edmaly elektrickou zpr\u00e1vu od sl\u00e1bnouc\u00edho partnera a nesly ji d\u00e1l s novou silou.<\/p>\n<p>Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zjistit, zda byla tato my\u0161lenka inspirov\u00e1na pracemi Henryho, ale Morse byl ur\u010dit\u011b prvn\u00edm, kdo pou\u017eil rel\u00e9 k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu. Pro n\u011bj bylo rel\u00e9 nikoli sp\u00edna\u010dem, ale zesilova\u010dem, schopn\u00fdm p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159et slab\u00fd sign\u00e1l na siln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa druh\u00e9 stran\u011b Atlantiku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejnou dobu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edward Davey<\/a><\/noindex>, lond\u00fdnsk\u00fd farmaceut p\u0159i\u0161el s podobnou my\u0161lenkou. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se za\u010dal zaj\u00edmat o telegraf p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v roce 1835. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1837 pravideln\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bl experimenty s okruhem o d\u00e9lce jedn\u00e9 a p\u016fl m\u00edle v Regent's Parku na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b Lond\u00fdna.<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1tce po setk\u00e1n\u00ed Cooka a Whistona v b\u0159eznu 1837 poc\u00edtil Davy konkurenci a v\u00e1\u017en\u011bji se zamyslel nad v\u00fdstavbou praktick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V\u0161iml si, \u017ee s\u00edla odchylky galvanick\u00e9 jehly se zna\u010dn\u011b sni\u017eovala s rostouc\u00ed d\u00e9lkou dr\u00e1tu. Jak psal mnoho let pot\u00e9:<\/p>\n<p>Pomyslel jsem si, \u017ee i nejmen\u0161\u00ed pohyb jehly na tlou\u0161\u0165ku vlasu by byl dostate\u010dn\u00fd k tomu, aby spojil dv\u011b kovov\u00e9 plochy, kter\u00e9 uzav\u00edraly nov\u00fd okruh z\u00e1visl\u00fd na m\u00edstn\u00ed baterii; a tak by to \u0161lo opakovat donekone\u010dna.<\/p>\n<p>Davy nazval tuto my\u0161lenku p\u0159em\u011bny slab\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu na siln\u00fd \u201eelektrick\u00fdm obnovitelem\u201c. Ale nepoda\u0159ilo se mu realizovat tuto ani jakoukoli jinou my\u0161lenku t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se telegrafu. Patent na telegraf z\u00edskal v roce 1838, nez\u00e1visle na Cookovi a Whistonovi. Ale v roce 1839 odjel do Austr\u00e1lie, aby unikl ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9mu man\u017eelstv\u00ed, a opustil pole \u010dinnosti konkurent\u016fm. Jejich telegrafn\u00ed spole\u010dnost koupila tento patent o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n<h2>Rel\u00e9 ve sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>\nV historii technologi\u00ed v\u011bnujeme mnoho pozornosti syst\u00e9m\u016fm, ale \u010dasto ignorujeme jejich komponenty. V\u00e1s\u00edme p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh telegrafu, telefonu, elektrick\u00e9ho sv\u011btla, obklopujeme jejich tv\u016frce tepl\u00fdm sv\u011btlem na\u0161eho schv\u00e1len\u00ed. Ale tyto syst\u00e9my mohly vzniknout pouze d\u00edky kombinaci, rekombinaci a zm\u011bn\u00e1m existuj\u00edc\u00edch prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 ti\u0161e rostly ve st\u00ednu.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9 je jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Rychle se vyv\u00edjelo a z\u00edskalo rozmanitost, kdy\u017e telegrafn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b za\u010daly aktivn\u011b r\u016fst v 40. a 50. letech 19. stolet\u00ed. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm stolet\u00ed se objevilo v elektrick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f. Nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed modifikac\u00ed bylo pou\u017eit\u00ed pevn\u00e9ho kovov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra, jako na telegrafn\u00edm sign\u00e1lu, pro uzav\u0159en\u00ed okruhu. Po vypnut\u00ed elektromagnetu se j\u00e1dro odpojen\u00edm od okruhu pomoc\u00ed pru\u017einy. Tento mechanismus byl spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kousky dr\u00e1t\u016f nebo jehly. Byly vyv\u00edjeny tak\u00e9 modely, kter\u00e9 byly ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00e9, vedle p\u016fvodn\u00edho designu, kter\u00fd byl ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Typick\u00e9 rel\u00e9 konce 19. stolet\u00ed. Pru\u017eina T udr\u017euje kotvu B mimo kontakt C. Kdy\u017e se aktivuje elektromagnet M, p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 pru\u017einu a uzav\u00edr\u00e1 obvod mezi dr\u00e1tem W a kontaktem C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V ran\u00fdch letech telegrafie se rel\u00e9 z\u0159\u00eddka pou\u017e\u00edvala jako zesilova\u010de nebo 'obnovova\u010de', proto\u017ee jeden obvod bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 nat\u00e1hnout na 150 km. Ale byla velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro spojen\u00ed slaboproud\u00fdch dlouh\u00fdch linek s m\u00edstn\u00edmi vysokonap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi linkami, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch stroj\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad Morseova zapisova\u010de.<\/p>\n<p>Des\u00edtky patent\u016f ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed popisuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 typy rel\u00e9 a jejich nov\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed. Diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed rel\u00e9, kter\u00e9 d\u011blilo c\u00edvku tak, \u017ee elektromagnetick\u00fd efekt byl v jednom sm\u011bru kompenzov\u00e1n a v druh\u00e9m umoc\u0148ov\u00e1n, umo\u017enilo duplexn\u00ed telegrafn\u00ed spojen\u00ed: dva sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 \u0161ly opa\u010dn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry po jednom dr\u00e1tu. Thomas Edison pou\u017eil polarizovan\u00e9 (nebo polarov\u00e9) rel\u00e9 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kvadruplexu, schopn\u00e9ho odes\u00edlat 4 sign\u00e1ly sou\u010dasn\u011b po jednom dr\u00e1tu: dva v ka\u017ed\u00e9m sm\u011bru. V polarizovan\u00e9m rel\u00e9 byla sama kotva st\u00e1l\u00fdm magnetem, reaguj\u00edc\u00edm na sm\u011br proudu, nikoli na jeho s\u00edlu. D\u00edky st\u00e1l\u00fdm magnet\u016fm bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bt rel\u00e9 se p\u0159ep\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edmi kontakty, kter\u00e9 po p\u0159epnut\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1valy otev\u0159en\u00e9 nebo uzav\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A tady je kone\u010dn\u011b rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Polarizovan\u00e9 rel\u00e9<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9, krom\u011b telegrafu, za\u010dala b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na tak\u00e9 v sign\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9mech \u017eeleznic. S p\u0159\u00edchodem elektrick\u00fdch p\u0159enosov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed se rel\u00e9 za\u010dala pou\u017e\u00edvat i v t\u011bchto syst\u00e9mech, zejm\u00e9na jako ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ale i tyto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 a slo\u017eit\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b nevy\u017eadovaly od rel\u00e9 v\u00edce, ne\u017e co byla schopna poskytnout. Telegrapy a \u017eeleznice se dostaly do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, ale ne do ka\u017ed\u00e9 budovy. M\u011bly des\u00edtky tis\u00edc koncov\u00fdch bod\u016f, ale ne miliony. Syst\u00e9my elektrick\u00fdch p\u0159enos\u016f byly lhostejn\u00e9 k tomu, kde kon\u010d\u00ed \u2013 jednodu\u0161e dod\u00e1valy proud do m\u00edstn\u00edho obvodu, a ka\u017ed\u00fd d\u016fm a podnik si mohl vz\u00edt tolik, kolik pot\u0159eboval.<\/p>\n<p>Telefonie byla zcela jin\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Telefony pot\u0159ebovaly vytv\u00e1\u0159et spojen\u00ed z bodu do bodu, z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho domu a kancel\u00e1\u0159e do jak\u00e9hokoli jin\u00e9ho, a proto pot\u0159ebovaly ovl\u00e1dac\u00ed obvody bezprecedentn\u00edho rozsahu. Lidsk\u00fd hlas, putuj\u00edc\u00ed ve form\u011b vibrac\u00ed po dr\u00e1tech, byl sign\u00e1lem bohat\u00fdm, ale slab\u00fdm. Proto byla k dal\u0161\u00edm telefonn\u00edm spoj\u016fm zapot\u0159eb\u00ed zesilova\u010de lep\u0161\u00ed kvality. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de mohou fungovat jako takov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de. Nyn\u00ed telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e jak\u00e9koli jin\u00e9 syst\u00e9my \u0159\u00eddily evoluci p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>Co \u010d\u00edst<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 James B. Calvert, \u201cElektromagnetick\u00fd telegraf\u201c<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklin Leonard Pope, \u201eModern\u00ed praxe elektrick\u00e9ho telegrafu\u201c (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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