{"id":55209,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:18","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:18","slug":"it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga","title":{"rendered":"IT technick\u00e1 str\u00e1nka jachtingu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a><\/noindex> O \u0160pan\u011blsku jsem zm\u00ednil elektronick\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed vybaven\u00ed jachty pro n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed plavbu. Jeden z \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f \u0159ekl: \u201eJe velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, jak se to d\u011bl\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, pro plavbu po mo\u0159i.\"<\/p>\n

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Pokus\u00edm se \u0159\u00edct, jak\u00e9 elektrovybaven\u00ed bylo na m\u00e9 jacht\u011b a jak bylo p\u0159ipojeno. Hlavn\u00ed ideou jachty je, podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v \u017eivlech p\u0159\u00edrody. Takov\u00fdmi \u017eivly jsou bou\u0159e, siln\u00fd v\u00edtr, d\u00e9\u0161\u0165, chlad, vlhkost nebo to v\u0161echno dohromady. Proto by m\u011bla b\u00fdt jachta zven\u010d\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b robustn\u00ed a pevn\u00e1, aby odolala \u017eivl\u016fm, a uvnit\u0159 pohodln\u00e1 pro pobyt \u010dlov\u011bka a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed b\u011bhem zkou\u0161ek p\u0159\u00edrodou.<\/p>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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Na tomto sn\u00edmku je vid\u011bt vrchol st\u011b\u017en\u011b. P\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se st\u011b\u017ee\u0148 nainstaluje na jachtu, kter\u00e1 je obvykle ji\u017e spu\u0161t\u011bna na vodu, instaluje se na zemi na st\u011b\u017ee\u0148 a dovnit\u0159 st\u011b\u017en\u011b v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Uvnit\u0159 st\u011b\u017en\u011b obvykle prob\u00edhaj\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed kabely naviga\u010dn\u00edch sv\u011btel na vrcholu st\u011b\u017en\u011b a kotevn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b instalace VHF ant\u00e9ny \u2014 ant\u00e9nn\u00ed kabel, kabel od meteorologick\u00e9 stanice. Na m\u00e9m st\u011b\u017eni byly jen sign\u00e1ln\u00ed a naviga\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, zat\u00edmco VHF a GPS ant\u00e9ny byly um\u00edst\u011bny na rail\u00edch na z\u00e1di jachty. Tak\u00e9 se na st\u011b\u017en\u011b instaluj\u00ed aktivn\u00ed radarov\u00e9 odrazky a samotn\u00e9 radarov\u00e9 ant\u00e9ny s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmi kabely uvnit\u0159 st\u011b\u017en\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Elektroenergetick\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/h2>\n

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Nad sprayhoodem (minitentem nad vstupem do kokpitu) nebo na z\u00e1di se nej\u010dast\u011bji um\u00eds\u0165uj\u00ed sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely.<\/p>\n

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Ve schr\u00e1nk\u00e1ch na z\u00e1di pod sedadly v kokpitu se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed akumul\u00e1tory. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b jsou mezi jachta\u0159i obl\u00edben\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 lithium-\u017eelezo-fosf\u00e1tov\u00e9 akumul\u00e1tory (LiFePO4, LFP). Jsou velmi kapacitn\u00ed a lehk\u00e9. Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed je i regul\u00e1tor sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panel\u016f a regul\u00e1tor nab\u00edjen\u00ed bateri\u00ed. D\u00e1le je zde m\u011bni\u010d nap\u011bt\u00ed z 12 voltov\u00e9 palubn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na 19 volt\u016f pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed laptopu a z\u00e1suvky zapalova\u010de jako v automobilu.<\/p>\n

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Na lodi je vestav\u011bn syst\u00e9m p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed energii na 220 volt\u016f. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z termopojistek, b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1suvek a prodlu\u017eova\u010dek s univerz\u00e1ln\u00edmi vidlicemi dvou typ\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159ipojov\u00e1n\u00ed jachet na elektrickou s\u00ed\u0165 v marin\u011b (v p\u0159\u00edstavu). Je zde tak\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 nab\u00edje\u010dka bateri\u00ed z pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edho nap\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Na stacion\u00e1rn\u00edm dieselov\u00e9m motoru je obvykle instalov\u00e1n elektrick\u00fd gener\u00e1tor. U star\u0161\u00edch model\u016f motoru je konstruk\u010dn\u011b spojen s elektromotorem.<\/p>\n

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N\u011bkdy jsou na jacht\u00e1ch instalov\u00e1ny v\u011btrn\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory pro p\u0159\u00edpad zamra\u010den\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed (sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely nejsou v takov\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed efektivn\u00ed) nebo p\u0159i poru\u0161e dieselov\u00e9ho gener\u00e1toru.<\/p>\n

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N\u00e1stroje usnad\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed navigaci<\/h2>\n

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Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro kapit\u00e1na je echolot. Tento p\u0159\u00edstroj v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase zobrazuje na tekut\u00fdch krystalick\u00fdch obrazovk\u00e1ch skute\u010dnou vzd\u00e1lenost od fale\u0161n\u00e9ho k\u00fdlu jachty ke dnu. <\/p>\n

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Dopplerovsk\u00fd hydroakustick\u00fd log nebo echolot s p\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdhledem m\u016f\u017ee na obrazovku zobrazit nejen absolutn\u00ed rychlost lodi v\u016f\u010di dnu, ale tak\u00e9 rysy ter\u00e9nu p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edd\u00ed jachty. Tento p\u0159\u00edstroj nen\u00ed na v\u0161ech jacht\u00e1ch. M\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad zobrazovat ryby, delf\u00edny a velryby p\u0159\u00edmo pod jachtou na monitoru. <\/p>\n

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Na star\u0161\u00edch jacht\u00e1ch je obvykle nainstalov\u00e1n elektromehanick\u00fd log. V podstat\u011b jde o jednoduchou vrtulku, jej\u00ed\u017e ot\u00e1\u010dky se po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9ho senzoru.<\/p>\n

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Je zde magnetick\u00fd kompas s elektrick\u00fdm podsv\u00edcen\u00edm.<\/p>\n

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Meteorologick\u00e1 stanice, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje mimo jin\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, anemometr pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti v\u011btru. Stanice tak\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed sm\u011br v\u011btru a tlak vzduchu.<\/p>\n

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Existuje tak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroj pro nouzovou navigaci podle hv\u011bzd \u2014 sextant. Ale jeho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 v sou\u010dasnosti jen mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed jachta\u0159\u016f. Tento p\u0159\u00edstroj \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b nahradil GPS p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d. A m\u00edsto nouzov\u00e9ho sextantu berou z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00ed GPS na baterie. Pro notebook je pot\u0159eba USB GPS. Na jacht\u011b nikdy nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt GPS p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

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Radar \u2014 p\u0159\u00edstroj, kter\u00fd ukazuje p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky v okruhu n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc metr\u016f, ale b\u011bhem nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed s de\u0161t\u011bm jeho viditelnost zaost\u00e1v\u00e1. Tak\u00e9 nevid\u00ed plavidla p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed za sk\u00e1lou nebo myslem. <\/p>\n

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\u010c\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji lid\u00e9 na mo\u0159i vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed AIS. Automatizovan\u00fd identifika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je digit\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm r\u00e1diov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu vym\u011b\u0148uje sou\u0159adnice a kurzy lod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v okruhu 3-4 mil, v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdkonu vys\u00edla\u010d\u016f. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nem\u00e1 nev\u00fdhody radaru, ale pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jsou v\u0161echny k\u0159i\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed lod\u011b vybaveny obdobn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstrojem. Co\u017e rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed v\u017edy. Tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee kapit\u00e1n toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vypnout.<\/p>\n

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Espot a EPIRB (teleskop pro nouzov\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed polohy) stejn\u011b jako satelitn\u00ed telefon umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm satelit\u016f informace o poloze jachty do centra z\u00e1chrany nebo jednodu\u0161e na internet daleko od pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. slu\u017eba um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jachty<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

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A kone\u010dn\u011b velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u0159adnic a p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed v oce\u00e1nu \u2014 VHF r\u00e1diostanice. Je t\u0159eba po\u010dkat na proplouvaj\u00edc\u00ed lo\u010f, aby vy\u017e\u00e1dal pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace p\u0159es r\u00e1dio. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed na bl\u00edzkou dobu a aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u0159adnice.<\/p>\n

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O extr\u00e9mn\u00edch situac\u00edch<\/h3>\n

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V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b absence a poruchy lodn\u00edho chronometru lze tak\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1dat p\u0159es r\u00e1dio o p\u0159esn\u00fd \u010das. Ale s modern\u00edm, nabit\u00fdm mobiln\u00edm telefonem takov\u00e1 pot\u0159eba u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo nem\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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P\u00e1r slov o lodn\u00edm chronometru. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o mechanick\u00e9 nebo k\u0159emenn\u00e9 hodiny s p\u0159esn\u00fdm chodem um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v vodot\u011bsn\u00e9m pouzdru ze skla a m\u011bdi. To v\u0161e je navr\u017eeno pro p\u0159\u00edpad, \u017ee by se za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed do\u010dasn\u011b dostalo do vody, pokud, nedej bo\u017ee, se jachta oto\u010d\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b kolem sv\u00e9 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 osy (overkill). V pr\u016fb\u011bhu overkilu modern\u00ed jachty obvykle ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed st\u011b\u017ee\u0148. <\/p>\n

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Nejleh\u010d\u00ed situace p\u0159i ztr\u00e1t\u011b stabilizace jachty je broaching. Kdy\u017e se zd\u00e1, \u017ee jachta pod vlivem vln a v\u011btru zcela le\u017e\u00ed se st\u011b\u017en\u011bm na vod\u011b, ale p\u0159esto d\u00edky balastu a vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed sil op\u011bt stoj\u00ed na rovn\u00e9 k\u00fdlov\u00e9 linii.<\/p>\n

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Naviga\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a kartografy<\/h2>\n

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L\u00edb\u00ed se mi v\u0161echno na kartografi\u00edch za 2000 eur, krom\u011b ceny. Pokud nezohled\u0148ujeme drah\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, existuj\u00ed zhruba dv\u011b mo\u017enosti, jak vybavit lo\u010f stejn\u011b, ale levn\u011bji.<\/p>\n

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Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost \u2014 koupit pou\u017eit\u00fd vodot\u011bsn\u00fd a chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd Panasonic Toughpad FZ-M1 nebo podobn\u00fd tablet (Hugerock T-70S<\/a><\/noindex>). Video recenze<\/a><\/noindex>. A nainstalovat na tento tablet jachtovn\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00ed OSS program OpenCPN<\/a><\/noindex> a trochu star\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed mapy. Nebo, co\u017e je preferovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, leg\u00e1ln\u011b koupit nov\u00e9 mapy regionu, kde se chyst\u00e1te plout. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b mapa cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, star\u00e1 maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 10 let, je tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edt po ruce. Hlavn\u00ed informace tam st\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pro navigaci.<\/p>\n

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Existuje tak\u00e9 levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed varianta. Nov\u00fd Raspberry Pi 4 s OpenCPN v vodot\u011bsn\u00e9m a prachot\u011bsn\u00e9m pouzd\u0159e<\/a><\/noindex> (nebo tento dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> , ale chladic\u00ed jednotka, baterie a absorp\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l pro kondenzaci stejn\u011b budou muset b\u00fdt p\u0159id\u00e1ny.) \u2014 100 euro (nebo Olimex<\/a><\/noindex>, m\u00e1 slot pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed baterie nebo Orange \u2014 velmi levn\u00fd). <\/p>\n

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Podobn\u00fd ochrann\u00fd (IP65 \/ NEMA4) monitor 200 euro (lze sestavit monitor s dotykem, kter\u00fd funguje za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti vody<\/a><\/noindex> na povrchu obrazovky za 145 euro + dr\u017e\u00e1k a vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed). Kable a konektory chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 proti vod\u011b z \u010c\u00edny \u2014 30 euro.<\/p>\n

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Progn\u00f3za aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010das\u00ed na 3 dny dop\u0159edu OpenCPN, p\u0159i instalaci pluginu a p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k internetu p\u0159es WiFi m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1hnout z meteorologick\u00e9ho serveru. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 to ud\u011blat p\u0159ed vyplut\u00edm a rozhodnut\u00ed o vyplut\u00ed jachty na mo\u0159e p\u0159ij\u00edmat pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edpov\u011bdi po\u010das\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f (p\u0159ipravenost plavidla a pos\u00e1dky). Od tohoto rozhodnut\u00ed, s ohledem na v\u0161echny faktory, z\u00e1vis\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost jachty v oce\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

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Tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete postavit levn\u00fd AIS p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d<\/a><\/noindex>, na z\u00e1klad\u011b modulu pro p\u0159\u00edjem digit\u00e1ln\u00ed televize za 20 euro (naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \"dongly\", \"sm\u011b\u0161n\u00edci\" habr.com\/post\/149702 habr.com\/post\/373465), ale citlivost takov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a spolehlivost budou pochybn\u00e9. Rad\u011bji si po\u0159\u00eddit specializovan\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159ipojen\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f k na\u0161emu naviga\u010dn\u00edmu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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To je typick\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma p\u0159ipojen\u00ed echolotu Garmin (nebo jak\u00e9hokoli \u201apomal\u00e9ho\u2018 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) k naviga\u010dn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee m\u00edsto DB-9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 USB. cp2102 adapt\u00e9r<\/a><\/noindex>. Upozor\u0148uji, \u017ee v\u0161echny kabely a konektory mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vodot\u011bsn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Jednoduch\u00fd elektrick\u00fd autopilot<\/h2>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ipojit k OpenCPN, jako jak\u00fdkoli jin\u00fd jachta\u0159sk\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. A bude dr\u017eet kurz p\u0159esn\u011b podle va\u0161\u00ed trasy. Ale bude nutn\u00e9 sledovat zm\u011bny v\u011btru. <\/p>\n

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V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zm\u011bny v\u011btru v\u00e1s meteorologick\u00e1 stanice upozorn\u00ed jako bud\u00edk a bude t\u0159eba p\u0159enastavit plachty na jinou stranu.<\/p>\n

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Jedna modern\u00ed akumul\u00e1torov\u00e1 baterie, nabit\u00e1 b\u011bhem slune\u010dn\u00e9ho dne ze dvou slune\u010dn\u00edch panel\u016f, umo\u017e\u0148uje tomuto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8 hodin. To v\u00e1m d\u00e1 \u0161anci se vyspat. V bou\u0159i nen\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed t\u00e9to t\u0159\u00eddy bohu\u017eel dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9 na kontrolu jachty. Proto budete pot\u0159ebovat par\u0165\u00e1ka, nebo je nutn\u00e9 instalovat siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Alternativou je mechanick\u00e9 v\u011btrn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Mikrovlnn\u00e1 trouba<\/h2>\n

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Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je na jacht\u011b velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9. B\u011bhem bou\u0159e m\u016f\u017eete do mikrovlnn\u00e9 trouby schovat ve\u0161kerou citlivou elektroniku (tablet, mobiln\u00ed telefony, laptop). To zaru\u010duje ochranu va\u0161ich naviga\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu bleskem do st\u011b\u017en\u011b a vybit\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho proudu skrze trup jachty.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho, v marin\u011b, na st\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159ipojit mikrovlnnou troubu k s\u00edti 220 volt\u016f, abyste mohli va\u0159it j\u00eddlo a rychle rozmrazovat potraviny.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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