{"id":55281,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:23","slug":"chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","title":{"rendered":"Co ud\u011blalo Lisp v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eNejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed jazyk programov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl kdy vytvo\u0159en<\/i>\u201e
\n \u2014 Alan Kay, \u201eo Lispu\u201c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\"Co
\n
\nKdy\u017e McCarthy vyvinul Lisp na konci 50. let, byl radik\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd od tehdy existuj\u00edc\u00edch jazyk\u016f, z nich\u017e nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byl Fortran<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nLisp zt\u011blesnil dev\u011bt nov\u00fdch my\u0161lenek:<\/p>\n

1. Podm\u00ednkov\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed (Conditionals)<\/b>. Podm\u00ednkov\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed jsou konstrukce if-then-else. Dnes je pova\u017eujeme za samoz\u0159ejmost. Byly vynalezeny<\/a><\/noindex> McCarthym b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje Lispu. (Fortran tehdy m\u011bl pouze goto p\u0159\u00edkazy, \u00fazce spojen\u00e9 s instrukc\u00ed v\u011btven\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00edm hardwaru.) McCarthy, jako \u010dlen komit\u00e9tu pro Algol, zavedl podm\u00ednkov\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed do Algolu, odkud se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do dal\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n

2. Funk\u010dn\u00ed typy (A function type)<\/b>. V Lispu jsou funkce objekty prvn\u00edho t\u0159\u00eddy \u2014 jsou to datov\u00e9 typy, stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00edsla, \u0159et\u011bzce atd., a maj\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed reprezentaci, mohou b\u00fdt ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny do prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1ny jako argumenty atd. <\/p>\n

3. Rekurze (Recursion)<\/b>. Rekurze samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existovala jako matematick\u00fd koncept p\u0159ed Lispem, ale Lisp byl prvn\u00edm programovac\u00edm jazykem, kter\u00fd ji podporoval. (To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt implicitn\u011b nazna\u010deno t\u00edm, \u017ee funkce jsou objekty prvn\u00edho t\u0159\u00eddy.)<\/p>\n

4. Nov\u00fd koncept prom\u011bnn\u00fdch (A new concept of variables)<\/b>. V Lispu jsou v\u0161echny prom\u011bnn\u00e9 efektivn\u00edmi ukazateli. Hodnoty jsou to, co maj\u00ed typy, nikoli prom\u011bnn\u00e9, a p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed nebo vazba prom\u011bnn\u00fdch znamen\u00e1 kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed ukazatel\u016f, nikoli toho, na co ukazuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

5. Garbage-collection (Sb\u011br odpadu)<\/b>.<\/p>\n

6. Programy slo\u017een\u00e9 z v\u00fdraz\u016f (Programs composed of expressions)<\/b>. Programy v Lispu jsou stromy v\u00fdraz\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 vrac\u00ed hodnotu. (N\u011bkter\u00e9 Lisp v\u00fdrazy mohou vracet v\u00edce hodnot.) To jde do kontrastu s Fortranem a s mnoha jin\u00fdmi zaveden\u00fdmi jazyky, kter\u00e9 rozli\u0161uj\u00ed mezi \u201ev\u00fdrazy\u201c a \u201eprohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edmi.\u201c<\/p>\n

Bylo p\u0159irozen\u00e9 m\u00edt takov\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed ve Fortranu, proto\u017ee jazyk byl line\u00e1rn\u011b orientovan\u00fd (nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm pro jazyk, jeho\u017e form\u00e1tem vstupu byl perforovan\u00fd \u0161t\u00edtek). Nemohli jste m\u00edt vno\u0159en\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed. A dokud jste pot\u0159ebovali matematick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy k pr\u00e1ci, nebylo smysl nutit cokoliv jin\u00e9ho vracet hodnotu, proto\u017ee nemuselo b\u00fdt nic, co by o\u010dek\u00e1valo n\u00e1vrat.<\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed byla odstran\u011bna s p\u0159\u00edchodem blokov\u011b strukturovan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, ale do t\u00e9 doby u\u017e bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b. Rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi v\u00fdrazy a prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edmi se ji\u017e upevnilo. P\u0159e\u0161lo to od Fortranu p\u0159es Algol k jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00edk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e je jazyk zcela slo\u017een z v\u00fdraz\u016f, m\u016f\u017eete vytv\u00e1\u0159et v\u00fdrazy, jak chcete. M\u016f\u017eete napsat bu\u010f (pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed syntaxi\u00a0Arc<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n

(if foo (= x 1) (= x 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nnebo<\/p>\n
(= x (if foo 1 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n7. Symbolov\u00fd typ (A symbol type)<\/b>. Symboly se li\u0161\u00ed od \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017eete porovn\u00e1vat na rovnost porovn\u00e1n\u00edm ukazatel\u016f.<\/p>\n
8. Notace pro k\u00f3d (A notation for code)<\/b> s vyu\u017eit\u00edm strom\u016f ze symbol\u016f.<\/p>\n
9. Cel\u00fd jazyk je v\u017edy dostupn\u00fd (The whole language always available)<\/b>. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jasn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi \u010dasem \u010dten\u00ed, \u010dasem kompilace a \u010dasem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eete kompilovat nebo spou\u0161t\u011bt k\u00f3d b\u011bhem \u010dten\u00ed, nebo \u010d\u00edst nebo spou\u0161t\u011bt k\u00f3d b\u011bhem kompilace, nebo \u010d\u00edst \u010di kompilovat k\u00f3d b\u011bhem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed k\u00f3du b\u011bhem \u010dten\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017eivatel\u016fm p\u0159episovat syntaxi Lispu; spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed k\u00f3du b\u011bhem kompilace je z\u00e1kladem pro makra; kompilace b\u011bhem vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je z\u00e1kladem pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Lisp\u016f jako roz\u0161i\u0159ovac\u00edho jazyka v takov\u00fdch programech jako Emacs; a kone\u010dn\u011b, \u010dten\u00ed b\u011bhem vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje program\u016fm interagovat pomoc\u00ed s-v\u00fdraz\u016f, my\u0161lenka, kter\u00e1 byla ned\u00e1vno znovu objevena v XML.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h4>\n
\nKdy\u017e byl Lisp pr\u00e1v\u011b vynalezen, v\u0161echny tyto my\u0161lenky byly daleko od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch praktik programov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dikoval hardware dostupn\u00fd na konci 50. let.<\/p>\n
S \u010dasem se v\u00fdchoz\u00ed jazyk, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00fd v \u00fasp\u011bchu popul\u00e1rn\u00edch jazyk\u016f, postupn\u011b vyvinul sm\u011brem k Lispu. Body 1-5 jsou nyn\u00ed \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Bod 6 se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 objevovat v mainstreamu. V Pythonu existuje v ur\u010dit\u00e9 podob\u011b bod 7, i kdy\u017e neexistuje vhodn\u00e1 syntaxe. Bod 8, kter\u00fd (spolu s bodem 9) umo\u017e\u0148uje makra v Lispu, existuje st\u00e1le pouze v Lispu, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b proto, \u017ee (a) vy\u017eaduje tyto z\u00e1vorky nebo n\u011bco podobn\u011b \u0161patn\u00e9ho, a (b) pokud p\u0159id\u00e1te toto posledn\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu, ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017eete tvrdit, \u017ee jste vynalezli nov\u00fd jazyk, ale jen \u017ee jste vyvinuli nov\u00fd dialekt Lispu; -)<\/p>\n
I kdy\u017e je to u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro modern\u00ed program\u00e1tory, je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed popisovat Lisp z pohledu jeho odli\u0161en\u00ed od n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch praktik p\u0159ijat\u00fdch v jin\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to nen\u00ed to, o \u010dem p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel McCarthy. Lisp nebyl navr\u017een k oprav\u011b chyb Fortranu; vznikl sp\u00ed\u0161e jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt pokusu axiomatizovat v\u00fdpo\u010dty<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
«\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f« \u2014 Alan Kay, \u00abon Lisp\u00bb \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b Lisp \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1950-\u0445, \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b Fortran. Lisp \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439: 1. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (Conditionals).\u00a0\u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e if-then-else \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":55282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Co ud\u011blalo Lisp v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm | ProHoster","description":"\"Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z kdy vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch programovac\u00edch jazyk\u016f\" \u2014 Alan Kay, \u201eon Lisp\u201c","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u043e Lisp \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c | ProHoster","og:description":""\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 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