{"id":55308,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:24","slug":"istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","title":{"rendered":"Historie knih a budoucnost knihoven.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Historie
\n
\nKnihy v podob\u011b, jak jsme si na n\u011b zvykli, se objevily teprve ned\u00e1vno. V d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch byl hlavn\u00edm nositelem informac\u00ed papyrus, ale po zaveden\u00ed z\u00e1kazu jeho exportu tuto roli p\u0159evzal pergamen. Jak se \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e bl\u00ed\u017eila k \u00fapadku, knihy p\u0159est\u00e1valy b\u00fdt svitky a listy pergamenu se za\u010daly \u0161\u00edt do svazk\u016f. Tento proces prob\u00edhal postupn\u011b, n\u011bjakou dobu spolu existovaly svitky a knihy, ale knihy v na\u0161\u00ed obvykl\u00e9 podob\u011b pomalu nahradily svitky. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba takov\u00fdch knih nebyla nijak levn\u00e1, ve st\u0159edov\u011bku se t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161inou zab\u00fdvaly kl\u00e1\u0161tery, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly vlastn\u00ed knihovny, kde cel\u00e9 skupiny mnich\u016f-p\u0159episovatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli rozd\u011bleni podle specializac\u00ed, mohly relativn\u011b rychle okop\u00edrovat ur\u010ditou knihu. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b si to nemohli dovolit v\u0161ichni. Bohato vyzdoben\u00e1 kniha st\u00e1la jako d\u016fm nebo dokonce cel\u00e9 panstv\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji tuto monopoln\u00ed pozici za\u010daly zpochyb\u0148ovat univerzity, kde m\u00edsto mnich\u016f pracovali jako p\u0159episovatel\u00e9 studenti.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nS rostouc\u00ed popularitou gramotnosti mezi vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi spole\u010densk\u00fdmi vrstvami rostl i popt\u00e1vka po knih\u00e1ch. Objevila se pot\u0159eba jejich zlevn\u011bn\u00ed, a postupn\u011b se na prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto dostalo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pap\u00edru. Pap\u00edrov\u00e9 knihy, i kdy\u017e rukopisn\u00e9, st\u00e1ly n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e pergamenov\u00e9, jejich mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostlo. Vyn\u00e1lez tiska\u0159sk\u00e9ho stroje zp\u016fsobil dal\u0161\u00ed skok v rozvoji kni\u017en\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu. V polovin\u011b 15. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdroba knih zlevnila je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. Pot\u00e9 se v\u00fdroba knih stala masov\u011b dostupnou komer\u010dn\u00edm nakladatelstv\u00edm. Po\u010det vyd\u00e1van\u00e9 literatury rychle rostl, spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00ed rostl i objem znalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina znalost\u00ed z tohoto obdob\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na historii a filosofii, a ne ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bl p\u0159\u00edstup do mni\u0161sk\u00e9, univerzitn\u00ed nebo soukrom\u00e9 knihovny. Situace se za\u010dala m\u011bnit na konci 17. stolet\u00ed. Vznikly st\u00e1tn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 knihovny, kam byly zas\u00edl\u00e1ny vzorky v\u0161ech ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch publikac\u00ed spolu s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi popisy obsahu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovn\u011b Francie (b\u00fdval\u00e1 Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 knihovna Biblioteque du Roi), kde byl knihovn\u00edkem Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (od 1690 do 1716). St\u00e1tn\u00ed knihovny se naopak spojovaly do konsorci\u00ed a rozr\u016fstaly o fili\u00e1lky. <\/p>\n

Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch knihoven bylo finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, a proto v 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed musely mnoh\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tery pod hrozbou konfiskace otev\u0159\u00edt sv\u00e9 knihovny ve\u0159ejnosti. Sou\u010dasn\u011b byly zah\u00e1jeny konfiskace literatury z c\u00edrkevn\u00edch a farn\u00edch sb\u00edrek, kde bylo soust\u0159ed\u011bno zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch d\u011bl. V r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch se to d\u011blo s odchylkami a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00edch, ale podstata ud\u00e1lost\u00ed se ve\u0161la do v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9ho trendu a \u010dasov\u00fdch \u00fasek\u016f. <\/p>\n

Pro\u010d st\u00e1ty ignorovaly autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a \u0161ly do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho konfliktu s c\u00edrkv\u00ed? P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee \u00fa\u0159ady nejprogresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed ch\u00e1paly, \u017ee dostupn\u00e9 znalosti se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojem. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce znalost\u00ed je v zemi nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno a \u010d\u00edm jsou dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obyvatelstvu, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je v zemi po\u010det chytr\u00fdch a vzd\u011blan\u00fdch lid\u00ed, rychleji se rozv\u00edj\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, obchod, kultura a t\u00edm je takov\u00e1 zem\u011b konkurenceschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed knihovna by m\u011bla m\u00edt maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed objem znalost\u00ed, b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e1 pro v\u0161echny, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem o z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, a p\u0159\u00edstup k n\u00ed by m\u011bl b\u00fdt rychl\u00fd, pohodln\u00fd a efektivn\u00ed.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Do roku 1995 ji\u017e v t\u00e9\u017ee N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovn\u011b Francie bylo ulo\u017eeno 12 milion\u016f publikac\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst si takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed knih s\u00e1m \u2014 je nemo\u017en\u00e9. B\u011bhem \u017eivota m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8000 svazk\u016f (p\u0159i pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 rychlosti \u010dten\u00ed 2-3 knihy t\u00fddn\u011b). V\u011bt\u0161inou jde o to, rychle z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm informac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebujete. K tomu v\u0161ak nesta\u010d\u00ed pouze vytvo\u0159it \u0161irokou s\u00ed\u0165 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch a okresn\u00edch knihoven. <\/p>\n

Tento probl\u00e9m byl d\u00e1vno rozpozn\u00e1n a aby usnadnil vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a spojil co nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spektrum lidsk\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, byla v 18. stolet\u00ed na podn\u011bt Denisa Diderota a matematiky Jeana d'Alemberta vytvo\u0159ena encyklopedie. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byla jejich \u010dinnost nep\u0159ijateln\u00e1 nejen c\u00edrkv\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00edmi \u010diniteli, nebo\u0165 jejich my\u0161lenky byly v rozporu nejen s kl\u00e9rikalismem, ale i s konzervatismem jako celkem. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee my\u0161lenky encyklopedist\u016f sehr\u00e1ly v\u00fdznamnou roli v p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b Velk\u00e9 francouzsk\u00e9 revoluce, je to zcela pochopiteln\u00e9. <\/p>\n

St\u00e1ty jsou tedy na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b zainteresov\u00e1ny na \u0161irok\u00e9m \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed mezi obyvatelstvem, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b si p\u0159ej\u00ed zachovat ur\u010dit\u00fd control nad knihami, kter\u00e9 jsou podle n\u00e1zoru \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed (tj. cenzura).
\nProto i v st\u00e1tn\u00edch knihovn\u00e1ch nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 knize. A tento jev nen\u00ed vysv\u011btliteln\u00fd pouze zastaralost\u00ed a vz\u00e1cnost\u00ed t\u011bchto publikac\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Kontrola nad vydavatelstv\u00edmi a knihovnami ze strany st\u00e1tu existuje dodnes; s p\u0159\u00edchodem internetu se sazby zv\u00fd\u0161ily a rozpory se pouze prohloubily. V Rusku byla v roce 1994 zalo\u017eena knihovna Maxima Mo\u0161kova. Ale ji\u017e po deseti letech \u010dinnosti za\u010daly prvn\u00ed soudn\u00ed procesy a po nich DoS \u00fatoky. Stalo se z\u0159ejm\u00fdm, \u017ee nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 publikovat v\u0161echny knihy, a majitel knihovny byl nucen p\u0159ij\u00edmat \"slo\u017eit\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed\". P\u0159ijet\u00ed t\u011bchto rozhodnut\u00ed vedlo k vzniku dal\u0161\u00edch knihoven, nov\u00fdm soudn\u00edm \u017ealob\u00e1m, DoS \u00fatok\u016fm, blokac\u00edm ze strany dozorov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f (tj. st\u00e1tu) atd. <\/p>\n

S n\u00e1stupem internetov\u00fdch knihoven se objevily i internetov\u00e9 encyklopedie. V roce 2001 byla spu\u0161t\u011bna Wikipedie. Tam to tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed v\u017edy hladk\u00e9 a ne ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b sv\u00fdm ob\u010dan\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edstup k \u201eneov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm informac\u00edm\u201c (tedy k cenzurovan\u00fdm t\u00edmto st\u00e1tem).<\/p>\n

\"Historie
\n
\nPokud se v \u010dasech Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu p\u0159edplatitel\u016fm BSE rozes\u00edlaly naivn\u00ed dopisy s \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o vy\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 str\u00e1nky s nad\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st \u201ev\u011bdom\u00fdch\u201c ob\u010dan\u016f se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed instrukcemi, pak centr\u00e1ln\u00ed elektronick\u00e1 knihovna (nebo encyklopedie) m\u016f\u017ee upravovat ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed texty, jak se to admin\u016fm zl\u00edb\u00ed. To je skv\u011ble ilustrov\u00e1no v pov\u00eddce \u201eZv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed farma<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c George Orwella \u2014 teze, napsan\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddou na zdi, jsou upravov\u00e1ny pod rou\u0161kou noci zainteresovanou stranou.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee boj mezi touhou poskytnout informace co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu po\u010dtu lid\u00ed pro jejich intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvoj, kulturu, bohatstv\u00ed a touhou kontrolovat my\u0161lenky lid\u00ed, vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat na nich v\u00edce pen\u011bz, pokra\u010duje i dnes. St\u00e1ty hledaj\u00ed kompromis, proto\u017ee pokud bude zak\u00e1z\u00e1no mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed, pak, za prv\u00e9, nevyhnuteln\u011b vzniknou alternativn\u00ed zdroje, kter\u00e9 nab\u00eddnou zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sortiment (to vid\u00edme na p\u0159\u00edkladu torrent\u016f a pir\u00e1tsk\u00fdch knihoven). A za druh\u00e9, v dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu to omez\u00ed mo\u017enosti samotn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. <\/p>\n

Jak by m\u011bla vypadat ide\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed elektronick\u00e1 knihovna, kter\u00e1 by spojila z\u00e1jmy v\u0161ech dohromady?<\/i> <\/p>\n

Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru by m\u011bla obsahovat v\u0161echny vydan\u00e9 knihy, \u010dasopisy a noviny, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e by m\u011bly b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e9 jak k p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed, tak ke sta\u017een\u00ed s mal\u00fdm zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm. Pod mal\u00fdm zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm m\u00e1m na mysli maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed obdob\u00ed do \u0161esti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a\u017e jednoho roku pro rom\u00e1n, m\u011bs\u00edc pro \u010dasopis a jeden a\u017e dva dny pro noviny. M\u011bla by b\u00fdt napl\u0148ov\u00e1na nejen prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vydavatel\u016f a digitalizovan\u00fdch knih z jin\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch knihoven, ale tak\u00e9 silou samotn\u00fdch \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f \/ autor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed by pos\u00edlali sv\u00e9 texty.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina knih a dal\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f by m\u011bla b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e1 (pod licenc\u00ed Creative Commons), tedy zcela zdarma. Knihy, jejich\u017e auto\u0159i osobn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed dost\u00e1vat pen\u00edze za stahov\u00e1n\u00ed a prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sv\u00fdch d\u011bl, by m\u011bly b\u00fdt za\u0159azeny do samostatn\u00e9 kategorie \u201eKomer\u010dn\u00ed literatura\u201c. Ceny v t\u00e9to kategorii by m\u011bly b\u00fdt omezeny tak, aby si je mohl p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst a st\u00e1hnout soubor skute\u010dn\u011b kdokoli, ani\u017e by se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 staral o sv\u016fj rozpo\u010det \u2014 zlomkov\u00e9 procento z minim\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fchodu (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 -10 korun za knihu). Platby na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto autorsk\u00e9ho po\u017eadavku by m\u011bly b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bny pouze autorovi (spoluautorovi, p\u0159ekladateli), nikoli jeho z\u00e1stupc\u016fm, nakladatel\u016fm, p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm, sekret\u00e1\u0159k\u00e1m atd.<\/p>\n

A co spisovatel?<\/h4>\n

\nP\u0159\u00edjmy z prodeje komer\u010dn\u00edch publikac\u00ed nebudou obrovsk\u00e9, ale p\u0159i velk\u00e9m po\u010dtu sta\u017een\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt docela slu\u0161n\u00e9. Krom\u011b toho mohou auto\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1vat granty a ceny nejen od st\u00e1tu, ale i od soukrom\u00fdch subjekt\u016f. Mo\u017en\u00e1 se na st\u00e1tn\u00ed knihovn\u011b nezbohatne, ale n\u011bjak\u00e9 pen\u00edze p\u0159inese, a co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2014 umo\u017en\u00ed p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst d\u00edlo obrovsk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n

A co nakladatel?<\/h4>\n

\nNakladatel vznikl a existoval v dob\u00e1ch, kdy bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prod\u00e1vat nosi\u010d. Prodej na tradi\u010dn\u00edch nosi\u010d\u00edch nikam nezmiz\u00ed a je\u0161t\u011b dlouho bude p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et p\u0159\u00edjmy. Z toho budou existovat nakladatelstv\u00ed.
\nV dob\u011b elektronick\u00fdch knih a internetu jsou slu\u017eby nakladatelstv\u00ed snadno nahraditeln\u00e9 \u2014 pokud je to nutn\u00e9, autor si m\u016f\u017ee s\u00e1m naj\u00edteditora, korektora nebo p\u0159ekladatele. <\/p>\n

A co st\u00e1t?<\/h4>\n

\nSt\u00e1t z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 kulturn\u011b a vzd\u011blan\u00e9 obyvatelstvo, kter\u00e9 \u201en\u00e1sob\u00ed jeho velikost a sl\u00e1vu sv\u00fdmi \u010diny\u201c. Krom\u011b toho z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost alespo\u0148 minim\u00e1ln\u011b regulovat proces napln\u011bn\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, takov\u00e1 knihovna bude m\u00edt smysl pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee regulace bude rovna nebo se bl\u00ed\u017eit nule, jinak brzy vznikne alternativa. <\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eete sd\u00edlet sv\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o ide\u00e1ln\u00ed knihovn\u011b, doplnit moji verzi nebo ji zpochybnit v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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