{"id":55869,"date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:02","slug":"kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","title":{"rendered":"Jak vytvo\u0159it \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnou decentralizovanou aplikaci? Pou\u017eijte m\u00e9n\u011b blockchainu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ne, spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed decentralizovan\u00e9 aplikace (dapp) na blockchainu nepovede k \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9mu podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u011bt\u0161ina u\u017eivatel\u016f ani nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed o tom, zda aplikace funguje na blockchainu \u2014 jednodu\u0161e vyb\u00edraj\u00ed produkt, kter\u00fd je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, rychlej\u0161\u00ed a jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel, i kdy\u017e blockchain m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti a v\u00fdhody, v\u011bt\u0161ina aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na n\u011bm b\u011b\u017e\u00ed, je mnohem dra\u017e\u0161\u00edch, pomalej\u0161\u00edch a m\u00e9n\u011b srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e jejich centralizovan\u00ed konkurenti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Jak<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, v whitepaperech aplikac\u00ed postaven\u00fdch na blockchainu lze \u010dasto naj\u00edt odstavec, ve kter\u00e9m se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \"blockchain je drah\u00fd a nedok\u00e1\u017ee podporovat po\u017eadovan\u00fd po\u010det transakc\u00ed za sekundu. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed na \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed blockchainu pracuje mnoho chytr\u00fdch lid\u00ed a v dob\u011b spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed aplikace bude dostate\u010dn\u011b \u0161k\u00e1lovateln\u00fd.\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V jednom jednoduch\u00e9m odstavci m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 dappu opustit hlub\u0161\u00ed diskusi o probl\u00e9mech \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnosti a alternativn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f. To \u010dasto vede k neefektivn\u00ed architektu\u0159e, kde backendem a j\u00e1drem aplikace jsou smart kontrakty b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na blockchainu. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i nevyzkou\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy v architektu\u0159e decentralizovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost d\u00edky sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti na blockchainu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Blockstack pracuje na architektu\u0159e, kde v\u011bt\u0161ina dat a logiky aplikace je ulo\u017eena mimo blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nejprve se pod\u00edvejme na tradi\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, kde se blockchain pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd prost\u0159edn\u00edk mezi u\u017eivateli aplikace a kter\u00fd se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dob\u0159e \u0161k\u00e1lovat ned\u00e1.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstup \u010d. 1: Blockchain jako backend<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Abychom to l\u00e9pe ilustrovali, vezm\u011bme si hotelov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl jako p\u0159\u00edklad. Je to obrovsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, kde zprost\u0159edkovatel\u00e9 jako Booking.com si \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 poplatky<\/a><\/noindex> za spojen\u00ed host\u016f a hotel\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V jak\u00e9koli situaci, kdy chceme p\u0159ekonat takov\u00e9ho zprost\u0159edkovatele pomoc\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu, se pokus\u00edme zopakovat jeho obchodn\u00ed logiku pomoc\u00ed chytr\u00fdch kontrakt\u016f na takov\u00e9m blockchainu, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad Ethereum.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Open-source smart kontrakty spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na \"celosv\u011btov\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di\" mohou spojit prodejce s spot\u0159ebiteli bez jak\u00e9koliv t\u0159et\u00ed strany mezi nimi, co\u017e nakonec sni\u017euje poplatky a provize vyb\u00edran\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkovatelem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee, hotely pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed decentralizovanou aplikaci k um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed informac\u00ed o pokoj\u00edch, jejich dostupnosti a cen\u00e1ch v pracovn\u00edch dnech nebo o v\u00edkendech na blockchainu, a mo\u017en\u00e1 i popis pokoj\u016f spolu se v\u0161emi dal\u0161\u00edmi relevantn\u00edmi informacemi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Jak<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo si chce rezervovat pokoj, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tuto aplikaci k vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed hotel\u016f a pokoj\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na blockchainu. Jakmile si u\u017eivatel vybere pokoj, rezervace prob\u00edh\u00e1 odesl\u00e1n\u00edm po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky token\u016f hotelu jako z\u00e1lohu. A jako reakci smart kontrakt aktualizuje informace na blockchainu, \u017ee pokoj ji\u017e nen\u00ed k dispozici.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edstup m\u00e1 dv\u011b strany probl\u00e9m\u016f se \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det transakc\u00ed za sekundu. Za druh\u00e9, objem dat, kter\u00fd lze uchov\u00e1vat na blockchainu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Poj\u010fme ud\u011blat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty. Booking.com uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee maj\u00ed zaregistrov\u00e1no t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2 miliony hotel\u016f. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd hotel m\u00e1 10 pokoj\u016f a ka\u017ed\u00fd je rezervov\u00e1n pouze 20kr\u00e1t ro\u010dn\u011b \u2014 to n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 v pr\u016fm\u011bru 13 rezervac\u00ed za sekundu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pro odhad t\u00e9to \u010d\u00edslice stoj\u00ed za to poznamenat, \u017ee Ethereum m\u016f\u017ee zpracovat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 15 transakc\u00ed za sekundu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu, \u017ee v na\u0161\u00ed aplikaci budou tak\u00e9 transakce od hotel\u016f \u2014 pro nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a neust\u00e1l\u00e9 aktualizov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o jejich pokoj\u00edch. Hotely velmi \u010dasto aktualizuj\u00ed ceny pokoj\u016f, n\u011bkdy dokonce ka\u017ed\u00fd den, a ka\u017ed\u00e1 zm\u011bna ceny nebo popisu vy\u017eaduje transakci na blockchainu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Zde tak\u00e9 existuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my s velikost\u00ed \u2014 v\u00e1ha blockchainu Ethereum ned\u00e1vno p\u0159ekro\u010dila zna\u010dku 2TB. Pokud by aplikace s podobn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00edskaly na popularit\u011b, stala by se s\u00ed\u0165 Ethereum extr\u00e9mn\u011b nestabiln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na blockchainu m\u016f\u017ee vylou\u010dit ciz\u00ed subjekty d\u00edky sv\u00e9 nestrannosti a nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti centralizace \u2014 hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhody technologie blockchainu. Ale blockchain m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed charakteristiky \u2014 je distribuovan\u00fd a nezapisovateln\u00fd, co\u017e jsou skv\u011bl\u00e9 vlastnosti, ale za kter\u00e9 se mus\u00ed platit rychlost\u00ed a poplatky za transakce. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Z tohoto d\u016fvodu by v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i dapp\u016f m\u011bli pe\u010dliv\u011b posoudit, zda ka\u017ed\u00e9 funkci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed blockchain opravdu pot\u0159ebuje decentralizaci a nezm\u011bnitelnost.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad: jak\u00fd je p\u0159\u00ednos distribuce dat ka\u017ed\u00e9ho hotelu po stovk\u00e1ch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a jejich trval\u00e9ho uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tam? Je opravdu d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby historick\u00e1 data o cen\u00e1ch a dostupnosti pokoj\u016f byla v\u017edy sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed blockchainu? Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ne.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pokud za\u010dneme kl\u00e1st takov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, za\u010dneme vid\u011bt, \u017ee v\u0161echny n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vlastnosti blockchainu nejsou nutn\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny na\u0161e funkce. Jak\u00e1 je tedy alternativa? <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstup \u010d. 2: Architektura inspirovan\u00e1 Blockstackem<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli je hlavn\u00ed d\u016fraz Blockstacku<\/a><\/noindex> na aplikac\u00edch, kde u\u017eivatel\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed sv\u00e1 data (nap\u0159\u00edklad takov\u00fdch jako Airtext<\/a><\/noindex>, BentenSound<\/a><\/noindex>, ImageOptimizer<\/a><\/noindex> nebo Graphite<\/a><\/noindex>), Blockstack m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 filosofii mal\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed blockchainu \u2014 pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je to naprosto nezbytn\u00e9. Jejich hlavn\u00ed argument spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee blockchain je pomal\u00fd a drah\u00fd, tak\u017ee by m\u011bl b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pouze pro jednotliv\u00e9 nebo vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 operace. Ostatn\u00ed interakce s aplikacemi by m\u011bly prob\u00edhat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm peer-to-peer, tedy u\u017eivatel\u00e9 decentralizovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed by m\u011bli sd\u00edlet data p\u0159\u00edmo mezi sebou, nikoli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm blockchainu. Nakonec nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed decentralizovan\u00e9 aplikace, jako je BitTorrent, e-mail a Tor, byly vytvo\u0159eny je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed vznikem samotn\u00e9ho konceptu blockchainu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Jak
\nVlevo: prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, kde u\u017eivatel\u00e9 interaguj\u00ed p\u0159es blockchain. Vpravo: u\u017eivatel\u00e9 interaguj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo mezi sebou, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e blockchain je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pouze pro identifikaci a podobn\u011b.<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vr\u00e1t\u00edme se k p\u0159\u00edkladu s rezervac\u00ed hotel\u016f. Chceme nestrann\u00fd, nez\u00e1visl\u00fd a otev\u0159en\u00fd protokol pro spojen\u00ed host\u016f s hotely. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, chceme odstranit centralizovan\u00e9ho zprost\u0159edkovatele. Nem\u00e1me pot\u0159ebu nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u00e1le uchov\u00e1vat ceny pokoj\u016f ve spole\u010dn\u00e9m distribuovan\u00e9m registru.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d bychom m\u011bli jen umo\u017enit host\u016fm a hotel\u016fm komunikovat p\u0159\u00edmo, a ne prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm blockchainu? Hotely mohou uchov\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 ceny, dostupnost pokoj\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed informace kdekoli, kde budou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad na IPFS, Amazon S3 nebo dokonce na jejich vlastn\u00edm m\u00edstn\u00edm serveru. To je p\u0159esn\u011b to, co poskytuje decentralizovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b od Blockstacku nazvan\u00fd Gaia<\/a><\/noindex>. Umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017eivatel\u016fm vybrat si, kde cht\u011bj\u00ed uchov\u00e1vat sv\u00e1 data a kontrolovat, kdo k nim m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu nazvan\u00e9ho multihostitelsk\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aby se vybudovala d\u016fv\u011bra, v\u0161echna data hotelu jsou kryptograficky podeps\u00e1na samotn\u00fdm hotelem. Bez ohledu na to, kde jsou tato data uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na, jejich integritu lze ov\u011b\u0159it pomoc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f spojen\u00fdch s identifika\u010dn\u00edmi informacemi tohoto hotelu ulo\u017een\u00fdmi v blockchainu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Blockstacku je v blockchainu uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na pouze va\u0161e identifika\u010dn\u00ed informace. Informace o tom, jak z\u00edskat data ka\u017ed\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele, jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny v tzv. z\u00f3nov\u00fdch souborech a distribuov\u00e1ny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm P2P s\u00edt\u011b pomoc\u00ed uzl\u016f. A op\u011bt \u2014 nemus\u00edte v\u011b\u0159it dat\u016fm, kter\u00e1 poskytuj\u00ed uzly, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017eete zkontrolovat jejich pravost porovn\u00e1n\u00edm s hashmi, kter\u00e9 jsou ulo\u017eeny v blockchainu a u dal\u0161\u00edch u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 verzi syst\u00e9mu budou host\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat P2P s\u00ed\u0165 Blockstack k vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hotel\u016f a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o jejich pokoj\u00edch. A pravost a integritu v\u0161ech dat, kter\u00e1 obdr\u017e\u00edte, lze ov\u011b\u0159it pomoc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f a hash\u016f ulo\u017een\u00fdch v virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzci<\/a><\/noindex> Blockstacku.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tato architektura je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup a vy\u017eaduje komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed infrastrukturu. Ve skute\u010dnosti je to pr\u00e1v\u011b to, co Blockstack poskytuje, a to v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 komponenty pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed takov\u00e9ho decentralizovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Jak<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u0159i t\u00e9to architektu\u0159e uchov\u00e1v\u00e1me v blockchainu pouze data, kter\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b mus\u00ed b\u00fdt distribuovan\u00e1 a ne p\u0159episovateln\u00e1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Blockstacku pot\u0159ebujete transakce v blockchainu pouze k registraci a ur\u010den\u00ed, kde by m\u011bla b\u00fdt va\u0161e data uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na. M\u016f\u017eete pot\u0159ebovat v\u00edce transakc\u00ed, pokud chcete zm\u011bnit n\u011bco z t\u011bchto informac\u00ed, ale to nen\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se ud\u00e1lost. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc logika aplikace, na rozd\u00edl od prvn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu, funguje na stran\u011b klienta, a ne na chytr\u00fdch kontraktech. To umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i m\u011bnit tuto logiku bez n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch nebo n\u011bkdy dokonce nemo\u017en\u00fdch aktualizac\u00ed chytr\u00e9ho kontraktu. A t\u00edm, \u017ee jsou data a logika aplikace mimo blockchain, mohou decentralizovan\u00e9 aplikace dos\u00e1hnout \u00farovn\u011b v\u00fdkonu a \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnosti tradi\u010dn\u00edch centralizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplikace b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na Blockstacku se mohou \u0161k\u00e1lovat mnohem l\u00e9pe ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 blockchainov\u00e9 aplikace, ale jde o mlad\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup s vlastn\u00edmi probl\u00e9my a nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud decentralizovan\u00e1 aplikace nepracuje na chytr\u00fdch kontraktech, sni\u017euje to pot\u0159ebu utilitn\u00edch token\u016f. To m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit probl\u00e9my pro podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud zohledn\u00edme, \u017ee ICO byla hlavn\u00edm zdrojem financov\u00e1n\u00ed pro decentralizovan\u00e9 aplikace (v\u010detn\u011b samotn\u00e9ho Blockstacku).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 je implementovat funkci rezervace hotel\u016f v chytr\u00e9m kontraktu, kde se p\u0159i atom\u00e1rn\u00ed operaci rezervuj\u00ed pokoje v\u00fdm\u011bnou za tokeny. A nen\u00ed moc z\u0159ejm\u00e9, jak by rezervace fungovala v aplikaci Blockstack bez chytr\u00fdch kontrakt\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplikace, kter\u00e9 c\u00edl\u00ed na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed trhy s potenci\u00e1lem na miliony u\u017eivatel\u016f, by m\u011bly b\u00fdt velmi dob\u0159e \u0161k\u00e1lovateln\u00e9, aby byly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Je chybou spol\u00e9hat se v\u00fdhradn\u011b na blockchainy pro dosa\u017een\u00ed takov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnosti v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti. Aby mohly sout\u011b\u017eit s velk\u00fdmi centralizovan\u00fdmi hr\u00e1\u010di na trhu, jako je Booking.com, mus\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i decentralizovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed zv\u00e1\u017eit alternativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy k designu sv\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad k tomu, co nab\u00edz\u00ed Blockstack.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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