{"id":69443,"date":"2020-02-19T14:42:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T11:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:55","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:55","slug":"internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","title":{"rendered":"Internet v Turkmenist\u00e1nu: cena, dostupnost a omezen\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Internet
\n
\nTurkmenist\u00e1n je jednou z nejuzav\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. Ne tolik uzav\u0159en\u00e1 jako t\u0159eba Severn\u00ed Korea, ale bl\u00edzko tomu. Hlavn\u00edm rozd\u00edlem je ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fd internet, na kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee ob\u010dan zem\u011b p\u0159ipojit bez velk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 situac\u00ed v internetov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu zem\u011b, dostupnost\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, n\u00e1klady na p\u0159ipojen\u00ed a omezen\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 na ob\u010dany uvalili \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kdy se v Turkmenist\u00e1nu objevil internet?<\/h3>\n

\nZa Saparmurata Nijazova byl internet exotickou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. V zemi tehdy fungovalo n\u011bkolik bod\u016f p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k celosv\u011btov\u00e9 s\u00edti, ale p\u0159\u00edstup m\u011bly pouze vysoce postaven\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed slo\u017eky, ob\u010dan\u00e9 jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Existovalo n\u011bkolik men\u0161\u00edch poskytovatel\u016f internetu. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 2000. let \u010d\u00e1st spole\u010dnost\u00ed ukon\u010dila \u010dinnost, \u010d\u00e1st se slou\u010dila. V d\u016fsledku toho vznikl st\u00e1tn\u00ed monopolista \u2014 poskytovatel slu\u017eeb \"Turkmentelekom\". Existuj\u00ed i men\u0161\u00ed firmy, ale v\u0161echny jsou v podstat\u011b dce\u0159in\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi \"Turkmentelekomu\" a pln\u011b mu podl\u00e9haj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00e1stupu prezidenta Berdymuhamedova se v Turkmenist\u00e1nu objevila internetov\u00e1 kav\u00e1rna a za\u010dala se rozv\u00edjet internetov\u00e1 infrastruktura. Prvn\u00ed modern\u00ed internetov\u00e9 kav\u00e1rny se objevily v roce 2007. V Turkmenist\u00e1nu je tak\u00e9 mobiln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 t\u0159et\u00ed a \u010dtvrt\u00e9 generace. Ka\u017ed\u00fd obyvatel zem\u011b se k n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ipojit, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 i k internetu. Sta\u010d\u00ed si jen zakoupit SIM kartu a vlo\u017eit ji do za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Kolik stoj\u00ed internet a co je pot\u0159eba pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed?<\/h3>\n

\nV\u0161echno, jako ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed \u2014 poskytovateli je t\u0159eba p\u0159edlo\u017eit \u017e\u00e1dost. Nov\u00e9ho p\u0159edplatitele p\u0159ipoj\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika dn\u016f. S cenovou politikou je to v\u0161ak o n\u011bco slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f expert\u016f z \"Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky\" je internet v Turkmenist\u00e1nu nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed ze zem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9ho SSSR. Jeden gigabajt zde stoj\u00ed 3,5kr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e v RF. Cena p\u0159ipojen\u00ed se pohybuje od 2500 do 6200 v rublov\u00e9m ekvivalentu za m\u011bs\u00edc. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u2014 ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed instituci v hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b \u010din\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd plat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 18 113 rubl\u016f (1000 manat\u016f), u z\u00e1stupc\u016f jin\u00fdch profes\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v regionech, jsou platy v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e, dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k internetu je mobiln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165, 4G s\u00edt\u011b. Kdy\u017e se 4G infrastruktura teprve objevila, rychlost dosahovala a\u017e 70 Mbit\/s i mimo m\u011bsto. Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se po\u010det u\u017eivatel\u016f zna\u010dn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il, rychlost poklesla desetkr\u00e1t \u2014 na 7 Mbit\/s v r\u00e1mci m\u011bsta. A to je 4G, pokud jde o 3G, tam nen\u00ed ani 500 Kbit\/s. <\/p>\n

Podle americk\u00e9 agentury \u201eAkamai Technologies\u201c \u010din\u00ed dostupnost internetu pro obyvatelstvo v zemi 20 %. U jednoho z poskytovatel\u016f v hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Turkmenist\u00e1nu je pouze 15 000 u\u017eivatel\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e populace m\u011bsta p\u0159esahuje 1 milion lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 rychlost internetov\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed pro u\u017eivatele v zemi je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,5 Mbit\/s.<\/p>\n

Co se t\u00fd\u010de samotn\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, Ministerstvo komunikac\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed p\u016fl rokem prohl\u00e1silo, \u017ee<\/a><\/noindex>, v A\u0161chabadu dosahuje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 rychlost p\u0159enosu dat mezi datov\u00fdmi centry 20 Gbit\/s. <\/p>\n

Mobiln\u00ed infrastruktura je dob\u0159e rozvinut\u00e1 \u2014 s\u00ed\u0165 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 i mal\u00e9 obce. Pokud vyjdete za hranice t\u011bchto vesnic, spojen\u00ed tak\u00e9 bude \u2014 pokryt\u00ed je slu\u0161n\u00e9. Ale to se t\u00fdk\u00e1 samotn\u00e9 telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, zat\u00edmco rychlost a kvalita mobiln\u00edho internetu nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00e9. <\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n <\/p>\n

Jsou k dispozici v\u0161echny slu\u017eby, nebo jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 zablokovan\u00e9?<\/h3>\n

\nV Turkmenist\u00e1nu je mnoho zn\u00e1m\u00fdch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a slu\u017eeb zablokov\u00e1no, v\u010detn\u011b YouTube, Facebooku, Twitteru, Vkontakte, \u201e\u017div\u00e9ho \u017eurn\u00e1lu\u201c, Lenta.ru. Tak\u00e9 nejsou dostupn\u00e9 messengery WhatsApp, Wechat, Viber. Blokuj\u00ed se i dal\u0161\u00ed weby, v\u011bt\u0161inou ty, kter\u00e9 zve\u0159ej\u0148uj\u00ed kritiku v\u016f\u010di vl\u00e1d\u011b. Pravdou je, \u017ee z nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu je blokov\u00e1no i webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky MTS Turkmenist\u00e1nu, \u017eensk\u00fd magaz\u00edn Women.ru, n\u011bkter\u00e9 kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 str\u00e1nky atd.<\/p>\n

V \u0159\u00edjnu 2019 byl uzav\u0159en p\u0159\u00edstup k cloudu Google, tak\u017ee u\u017eivatel\u00e9 ztratili p\u0159\u00edstup k takov\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m spole\u010dnosti jako Google Drive, Google Docs a dal\u0161\u00edm. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee probl\u00e9m byl v tom, \u017ee na t\u00e9to slu\u017eb\u011b bylo v l\u00e9t\u011b um\u00edst\u011bno zrcadlo opozi\u010dn\u00edho webu. <\/p>\n

\u00da\u0159ady se nejintenzivn\u011bji zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed obranou proti n\u00e1stroj\u016fm obch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm blokace, v\u010detn\u011b anonymiz\u00e9r\u016f a VPN. D\u0159\u00edve v obchodech prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch mobiln\u00ed telefony a v servisn\u00edch st\u0159edisc\u00edch nab\u00edzeli u\u017eivatel\u016fm instalaci aplikac\u00ed VPN. \u00da\u0159ady podnikly kroky a za\u010daly pravideln\u011b pokutovat podnikatele. V d\u016fsledku toho tuto slu\u017ebu servisy odstranily. Nav\u00edc vl\u00e1da sleduje nav\u0161t\u011bvovan\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky u\u017eivateli. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva zak\u00e1zan\u00e9ho zdroje hroz\u00ed v\u00fdzvou na org\u00e1ny a seps\u00e1n\u00edm vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech mohou z\u00e1stupci bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f p\u0159ijet osobn\u011b. <\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety bylo zru\u0161eno omezen\u00ed na torrenty.<\/p>\n

Jak \u00fa\u0159ady blokuj\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zdroje a sleduj\u00ed pokusy o obch\u00e1zen\u00ed blokac\u00ed?<\/h3>\n

\nTo je nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st. Jak je zn\u00e1mo, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a software pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Za kontrolu n\u00e1rodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a spr\u00e1vu technologick\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny odpov\u00edd\u00e1 Ministerstvo bezpe\u010dnosti zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ministerstvo aktivn\u011b spolupracuje s n\u011bmeckou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Rohde & Schwarz. Tak\u00e9 britsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed zemi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a software. P\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety jejich parlament povolil dod\u00e1vky do Turkmenist\u00e1nu, Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bie, Spojen\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch emir\u00e1t\u016f, Bruneje, Turecka a Bahrajnu.<\/p>\n

Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed internetu pot\u0159ebuje Turkmenist\u00e1n specialisty. M\u00edstn\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f je nedostatek a vl\u00e1da se uchyluje k pomoci ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podle podle odborn\u00edk\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> Turkmenist\u00e1n nakupuje dva druhy za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b \u2014 \u201eR&S INTRA\u201c a \u201eR&S Unified Firewalls\u201c, stejn\u011b jako software \u201eR&S PACE 2\u201c.<\/p>\n

Monitoring neprov\u00e1d\u00ed samotn\u00e9 ministerstvo, ale dv\u011b soukrom\u00e9 telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti s n\u00edm spojen\u00e9. Majitelem jedn\u00e9 z firem je b\u00fdval\u00fd pracovn\u00edk st\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti Turkmenist\u00e1nu. Tyto spole\u010dnosti tak\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed zak\u00e1zky na v\u00fdvoj webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek, software a servis s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dod\u00e1van\u00fd software z Evropy analyzuje \u0159e\u010d a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 filtry pro rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slov, fr\u00e1z\u00ed a cel\u00fdch v\u011bt. V\u00fdsledek anal\u00fdzy je porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n s \u201e\u010dernou listinou\u201c. P\u0159i shod\u011b ji\u017e zasahuj\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Monitoruj\u00ed tak\u00e9 SMS spolu s messengery.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklad kontroly pomoc\u00ed BlockCheck v0.0.9.8:<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\n\"Internet
\n<\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed VPN<\/h3>\n

\n\u00da\u0159ady Turkmenist\u00e1nu s prom\u011bnliv\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem bojuj\u00ed proti VPN kv\u016fli popularit\u011b t\u00e9to technologie mezi u\u017eivateli internetu, kte\u0159\u00ed se nespokoj\u00ed s blokov\u00e1n\u00edm velk\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f. Vl\u00e1da pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od n\u011bmeck\u00e9 firmy k filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed provozu.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le se podnikaj\u00ed pokusy blokovat mobiln\u00ed aplikace VPN. Z na\u0161\u00ed strany pozorujeme nedostupnost u n\u011bkter\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f na\u0161\u00ed mobiln\u00ed VPN aplikace. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pouze vestav\u011bn\u00e1 funkce pr\u00e1ce s API prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm proxy.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nM\u00e1me v kontaktu n\u011bkolik u\u017eivatel\u016f z Turkmenist\u00e1nu, kte\u0159\u00ed pravideln\u011b informuj\u00ed o n\u011bjak\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech se spojen\u00edm. Jeden z nich n\u00e1s pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ivedl na my\u0161lenku vytvo\u0159it tento \u010dl\u00e1nek. I po \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed do aplikace nen\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed ke v\u0161em server\u016fm. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee funguj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 automatick\u00e9 filtry na rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed VPN provozu. Podle informac\u00ed t\u011bchto u\u017eivatel\u016f je nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k nov\u00fdm server\u016fm, kter\u00e9 byly ned\u00e1vno p\u0159id\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nV lednu minul\u00e9ho roku vl\u00e1da \u0161la je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l a blokovala<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159\u00edstup do obchodu Google Play.<\/p>\n

\u2026 obyvatel\u016fm Turkmenist\u00e1nu zmizel p\u0159\u00edstup do obchodu Google Play, odkud si u\u017eivatel\u00e9 stahovali aplikace, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovaly obch\u00e1zet blokace.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nV\u0161echny tyto kroky jen zvy\u0161uj\u00ed popularitu technologi\u00ed obch\u00e1zen\u00ed blokac\u00ed. Za stejn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed se po\u010det vyhled\u00e1vac\u00edch dotaz\u016f souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s VPN v Turkmenist\u00e1nu zv\u00fd\u0161il o 577%<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

V budoucnu \u00fa\u0159ady Turkmenist\u00e1nu slibuj\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 infrastruktury, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti p\u0159ipojen\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pokryt\u00ed 3G a 4G. Ale nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, kdy p\u0159esn\u011b k tomu dojde a co se stane d\u00e1l s blokacemi.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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