{"id":72966,"date":"2020-03-06T08:42:03","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T05:42:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-takoe-windows-powershell-i-s-chem-ego-edyat-chast-1-osnovnye-vozmozhnosti"},"modified":"2020-03-06T08:42:03","modified_gmt":"2020-03-06T05:42:03","slug":"chto-takoe-windows-powershell-i-s-chem-ego-edyat-chast-1-osnovnye-vozmozhnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-takoe-windows-powershell-i-s-chem-ego-edyat-chast-1-osnovnye-vozmozhnosti","title":{"rendered":"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Historicky byly n\u00e1stroje p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku v unixov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech vyvinuty l\u00e9pe ne\u017e v syst\u00e9mu Windows, ale s p\u0159\u00edchodem nov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se situace zm\u011bnila.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Windows PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm administr\u00e1tor\u016fm automatizovat v\u011bt\u0161inu rutinn\u00edch \u00faloh. Pomoc\u00ed n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 m\u011bnit nastaven\u00ed, zastavovat a spou\u0161t\u011bt slu\u017eby, a tak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt \u00fadr\u017ebu v\u011bt\u0161iny nainstalovan\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. Vn\u00edmat modr\u00e9 okno jako dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fd interpret by bylo nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9. Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed podstatu inovac\u00ed nab\u00edzen\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed Microsoft. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou mo\u017enosti Windows PowerShell mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed: v n\u011bkolika kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch se pokus\u00edme porozum\u011bt tomu, \u010d\u00edm se \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed Microsoftu li\u0161\u00ed od pro n\u00e1s b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/487876\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/57911997d520dd5eeef9d87ddcecb125.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Hlavn\u00ed funkce\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>\nSamoz\u0159ejm\u011b Windows PowerShell je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e1 schr\u00e1nka s jazykem skriptov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u016fvodn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b platformy .NET Framework a pozd\u011bji \u2013 na .NET Core. Na rozd\u00edl od schr\u00e1nek, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed a vracej\u00ed textov\u00e1 data, Windows PowerShell pracuje s t\u0159\u00eddami .NET, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vlastnosti a metody. PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje vykon\u00e1vat b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkazy a tak\u00e9 poskytuje p\u0159\u00edstup k objekt\u016fm COM, WMI a ADSI. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, jako je souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nebo registr Windows, pro jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edstup byly vytvo\u0159eny tzv. poskytovatel\u00e9 (providers). Je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit mo\u017enost v\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed spustiteln\u00fdch komponent\u016f PowerShell do jin\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch operac\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm grafick\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed. Plat\u00ed to i naopak: mnoho aplikac\u00ed pro Windows poskytuje p\u0159\u00edstup k jejich rozhran\u00edm pro spr\u00e1vu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm PowerShell.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Windows PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u011bnit nastaven\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu;<\/li>\n<li>Spravovat slu\u017eby a procesy;<\/li>\n<li>Konfigurovat role a komponenty serveru;<\/li>\n<li>Instalovat software;<\/li>\n<li>Spravovat nainstalovan\u00fd software prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm speci\u00e1ln\u00edch rozhran\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>V\u010dle\u0148ovat spustiteln\u00e9 komponenty do ciz\u00edch program\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>Vytv\u00e1\u0159et skripty pro automatizaci administrativn\u00edch \u00faloh;<\/li>\n<li>Pracovat se souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, registrem Windows, \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm certifik\u00e1t\u016f atd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Schr\u00e1nka a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nWindows PowerShell existuje ve dvou podob\u00e1ch: krom\u011b emul\u00e1toru konzole s p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dkem je zde integrovan\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed skriptov\u00e1n\u00ed (Integrated Scripting Environment \u2014 ISE). Pro p\u0159\u00edstup k rozhran\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku sta\u010d\u00ed vybrat odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1stupce v nab\u00eddce Windows nebo spustit powershell.exe z nab\u00eddky \u201eSpustit\u201c. Na obrazovce se zobraz\u00ed modr\u00e9 okno, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed ve funkc\u00edch od zastaral\u00e9ho cmd.exe. Obsahuje automatick\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed funkce, kter\u00e9 jsou u\u017eivatel\u016fm p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f Unixov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2b2d6fa0a82530ddedc7c106160a883e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pro pr\u00e1ci s touto siluetou je pot\u0159eba si zapamatovat ur\u010dit\u00e1 kl\u00e1vesov\u00e1 zkratky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0160ipky nahoru a dol\u016f proch\u00e1zej\u00ed histori\u00ed pro opakov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve zadan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>\u0160ipka doprava na konci \u0159\u00e1dku znovu zad\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz po znac\u00edch;<\/li>\n<li>Ctrl+Home ma\u017ee zadan\u00fd text od pozice kurzoru do za\u010d\u00e1tku \u0159\u00e1dku;<\/li>\n<li>Ctrl+End ma\u017ee text od kurzoru do konce \u0159\u00e1dku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nF7 zobrazuje okno s d\u0159\u00edve zadan\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edkazy a umo\u017e\u0148uje vybrat jeden z nich. V konzole je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 vyzna\u010dovat text my\u0161\u00ed, kop\u00edrovat a vkl\u00e1dat, pou\u017e\u00edvat um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed kurzoru, maz\u00e1n\u00ed, backspace \u2014 v\u0161e, co m\u00e1me r\u00e1di.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/217b3584c4ffbbfaea8f4fcd97512505.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nWindows PowerShell ISE je plnohodnotn\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed s editorem k\u00f3du podporuj\u00edc\u00edm karty a syntaktick\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed, konstruktor p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f, integrovan\u00fd lad\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj a dal\u0161\u00ed program\u00e1torsk\u00e9 radosti. Pokud v editoru v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed nap\u00ed\u0161ete za n\u00e1zvem p\u0159\u00edkazu poml\u010dku, zobraz\u00ed se v\u00e1m v rozbalovac\u00ed nab\u00eddce v\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 parametry s uveden\u00edm typu. PowerShell ISE lze spustit bu\u010f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm z\u00e1stupce v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 nab\u00eddce, nebo pomoc\u00ed spustiteln\u00e9ho souboru powershell_ise.exe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/f80df64ede3d89759757c87709d62155.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Cmdlety\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>\nV syst\u00e9mu Windows PowerShell byly zavedeny tzv. cmdlety (cmdlets). Jedn\u00e1 se o specializovan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy .NET, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce. Jsou pojmenov\u00e1ny podle principu \u201eAkce-Objekt\u201c (nebo \u201eSloveso-Podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no\u201c, pokud se v\u00e1m to v\u00edce l\u00edb\u00ed), a spojen\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9 poml\u010dkou p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsudek a podm\u011bt ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch p\u0159irozen\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Get-Help doslovn\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201eZ\u00edskat-Pomoc\u201c nebo v kontextu PowerShell: \u201eZobrazit-Pomoc\u201c. V podstat\u011b jde o ekvivalent p\u0159\u00edkazu man v Unixov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech a manu\u00e1ly v PowerShell je t\u0159eba vy\u017eadovat pr\u00e1v\u011b takto, a nikoli vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm cmdlet\u016f s kl\u00ed\u010dem \u2014help nebo \\\/?. Nezapome\u0148te ani na online dokumentaci k PowerShell: Microsoft ji m\u00e1 dost podrobnou.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b Get se v cmdletech pro ozna\u010den\u00ed akc\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed slova (a nejen slova, striktn\u011b vzato). V n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9m seznamu uvedeme n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f:<\/p>\n<p><code>P\u0159idat<\/code> \u2014 p\u0159idat;<br \/>\n<code>Clear<\/code> \u2014 vy\u010distit;<br \/>\n<code>Enable<\/code> \u2014 zapnout;<br \/>\n<code>Disable<\/code> \u2014 vypnout;<br \/>\n<code>Nov\u00e9<\/code> \u2014 vytvo\u0159it;<br \/>\n<code>Remove<\/code> \u2014 odstranit;<br \/>\n<code>Set<\/code> \u2014 nastavit;<br \/>\n<code>Spustit<\/code> \u2014 spustit;<br \/>\n<code>Stop<\/code> \u2014 zastavit;<br \/>\n<code>Export<\/code> \u2014 exportovat;<br \/>\n<code>Importovat<\/code> \u2014 importovat.<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9, u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 a voliteln\u00e9 cmdlety: v d\u016fsledku vykon\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161echny vracej\u00ed objekt nebo pole objekt\u016f. Na velk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena nejsou citliv\u00e9, t.j. z pohledu interpretu p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na rozd\u00edlu mezi Get-Help a get-help. Pro odd\u011blen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 symbol \u2018;\u2019, ale ten je nutno pou\u017e\u00edt pouze pokud se na jednom \u0159\u00e1dku prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bkolik cmdlet\u016f.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Cmdlety Windows PowerShell jsou seskupeny do modul\u016f (NetTCPIP, Hyper-V atd.), a pro vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed po objektu a akci existuje cmdlet Get-Command. Zobrazit n\u00e1pov\u011bdu k n\u011bmu lze takto:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Help Get-Command<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/394c5af2fa8183b22403848f07756118.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdchoz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz zobrazuje stru\u010dnou n\u00e1pov\u011bdu, ale do cmdlet\u016f lze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby p\u0159edat parametry (argumenty). S jejich pomoc\u00ed lze nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00edskat podrobn\u00e9 (parameter -Detailed) nebo \u00fapln\u00e9 (parameter -Full) informace, a tak\u00e9 zobrazit p\u0159\u00edklady (parameter -Examples):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Help Get-Command -Examples<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00e1pov\u011bda ve Windows PowerShell se aktualizuje cmdletem Update-Help. Pokud se p\u0159\u00edkaz st\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouh\u00fdm, lze argumenty cmdletu p\u0159en\u00e9st na dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek tak, \u017ee nap\u00ed\u0161ete speci\u00e1ln\u00ed znak \u2018`\u2019 a stisknete Enter \u2014 jednodu\u0161e dokon\u010dit p\u0159\u00edkaz na jednom \u0159\u00e1dku a pokra\u010dovat na druh\u00e9m nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee uvedeme n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch cmdlet\u016f:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><code>Get-Process<\/code> \u2014 zobrazit spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 procesy v syst\u00e9mu;<br \/>\n<code>Get-Service<\/code> \u2014 zobrazit slu\u017eby a jejich stav;<br \/>\n<code>Get-Content<\/code> \u2014 zobrazit obsah souboru.<\/p>\n<p>Pro \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 cmdlety a extern\u00ed n\u00e1stroje existuj\u00ed ve Windows PowerShell kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 synonymy \u2014 aliasy (z anglick\u00e9ho Alias). Nap\u0159\u00edklad dir \u2014 alias pro Get-ChildItem. V seznamu synonym jsou i ekvivalenty p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f z Unixov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f (ls, ps atd.), a cmdlet Get-Help je vol\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edkazem help. \u00dapln\u00fd seznam synonym lze zobrazit pomoc\u00ed cmdletu Get-Alias:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/94f8cf9fd6c346e5b250d994ef1f7661.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Skripty, funkce, moduly a jazyk PowerShell<\/h2>\n<p>\nSkripty Windows PowerShell se ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed jako oby\u010dejn\u00e9 textov\u00e9 soubory s p\u0159\u00edponou .ps1. Nelze je spustit dvojit\u00fdm kliknut\u00edm: je pot\u0159eba kliknout prav\u00fdm tla\u010d\u00edtkem my\u0161i a vybrat mo\u017enost \u201eSpustit v PowerShell\u201c. Z konzole je t\u0159eba bu\u010f uv\u00e9st celou cestu k skriptu, nebo p\u0159ej\u00edt do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho adres\u00e1\u0159e a napsat n\u00e1zev souboru. Spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed skript\u016f je tak\u00e9 omezeno syst\u00e9movou politikou, a pro ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho nastaven\u00ed lze pou\u017e\u00edt cmdlet Get-ExecutionPolicy, kter\u00fd vr\u00e1t\u00ed jednu z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch hodnot: <\/p>\n<p><code>Restricted<\/code> \u2014 spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed skript\u016f je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no (defaultn\u011b);<br \/>\n<code>AllSigned<\/code> \u2014 povoleno pouze spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podepsan\u00fdch skript\u016f od d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e;<br \/>\n<code>RemoteSigned<\/code> \u2014 povoleno spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podepsan\u00fdch a vlastn\u00edch skript\u016f;<br \/>\n<code>Unrestricted<\/code> \u2014 povoleno spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jak\u00fdchkoli skript\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Administr\u00e1tor m\u00e1 dv\u011b mo\u017enosti. Nejbezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed varianta p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 podepisov\u00e1n\u00ed skript\u016f, ale to je pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost \u2014 t\u00edm se budeme zab\u00fdvat v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch. Te\u010f p\u016fjdeme cestou nejmen\u0161\u00edho odporu a zm\u011bn\u00edme politiku:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/139949e0da3470b866d4b54f3e2a0498.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPowerShell proto bude pot\u0159eba spustit jako spr\u00e1vce, i kdy\u017e pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho parametru lze zm\u011bnit politiku i pro aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n<p>Skripty se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v objektov\u011b orientovan\u00e9m programovac\u00edm jazyce, jeho\u017e p\u0159\u00edkazy se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 cmdlety: \u201eAkce-Objekt\u201c (\u201eSloveso-Podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no\u201c). Jeho hlavn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem je automatizace administrativn\u00edch \u00faloh, ale je to plnohodnotn\u00fd interpretovan\u00fd jazyk, ve kter\u00e9m jsou v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 konstrukce: podm\u00ednkov\u00fd p\u0159echod, smy\u010dky, prom\u011bnn\u00e9, pole, objekty, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb atd. Pro psan\u00ed skript\u016f je vhodn\u00fd jak\u00fdkoli textov\u00fd editor, ale nejl\u00e9pe se spou\u0161t\u00ed Windows PowerShell ISE.<\/p>\n<p>Do skriptu lze p\u0159ed\u00e1vat parametry, d\u011blat je povinn\u00fdmi a tak\u00e9 nastavovat v\u00fdchoz\u00ed hodnoty. Krom\u011b toho Windows PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159et funkce a vyvol\u00e1vat je p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak cmdlety: k tomu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 konstrukce Function a slo\u017een\u00e9 z\u00e1vorky. Skript s funkcemi se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 modulem a m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edponu .psm1. Moduly mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny v adres\u00e1\u0159\u00edch definovan\u00fdch v prom\u011bnn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed PowerShell. M\u016f\u017eete je zobrazit pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-ChildItem Env:PSModulePath | Format-Table -AutoSize<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Dopravn\u00edky<\/h2>\n<p>\nV posledn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladu jsme pou\u017eili strukturu zn\u00e1mou u\u017eivatel\u016fm unixov\u00fdch shell\u016f. V syst\u00e9mu Windows PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje svisl\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra tak\u00e9 p\u0159edat v\u00fdstup jednoho p\u0159\u00edkazu jako vstup do druh\u00e9ho, ale v implementaci dopravn\u00edku existuje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl: zde ji\u017e nejde o sadu znak\u016f nebo n\u011bjak\u00fd text. Vlo\u017een\u00ed cmdlet\u016f nebo u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch funkc\u00ed vrac\u00ed objekty nebo pole objekt\u016f a tak\u00e9 mohou p\u0159ij\u00edmat je jako vstup. Stejn\u011b jako v Bourne shellu a jeho \u010detn\u00fdch n\u00e1sledovn\u00edc\u00edch usnad\u0148uje v PowerShellu pou\u017eit\u00ed dopravn\u00edku prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch \u00faloh.<\/p>\n<p>Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad dopravn\u00edku vypad\u00e1 takto:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Service | Sort-Object -property Status<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/0bb6e0e00d97d23fa2384d40c7419d71.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNejprve se vykon\u00e1 cmdlet Get-Service, a pot\u00e9 se v\u0161echny z\u00edskan\u00e9 slu\u017eby p\u0159edaj\u00ed ke t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed podle vlastnosti Status cmdletu Sort-Object. To, do jak\u00e9ho argumentu se v\u00fdsledek p\u0159edchoz\u00edho \u00faseku dopravn\u00edku p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho typu \u2014 obvykle je to InputObject. Podrobn\u011bji se t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce budeme v\u011bnovat v \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u011bnovan\u00e9m programovac\u00edmu jazyku PowerShell.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pokud si to p\u0159ejete, m\u016f\u017eete \u0159et\u011bzec prodlou\u017eit a p\u0159edat v\u00fdsledek pr\u00e1ce Sort-Object dal\u0161\u00edmu cmdletu (prov\u00e1d\u011bt se budou zleva doprava). Mimochodem, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 Windows maj\u00ed k dispozici i zn\u00e1mou konstrukci pro str\u00e1nkov\u00fd v\u00fdstup:\u00a0<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Service | Sort-Object -property Status | more<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00faloh na pozad\u00ed\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u010casto je t\u0159eba spustit n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz na pozad\u00ed, aby se nemuselo \u010dekat na v\u00fdsledek jeho vykon\u00e1n\u00ed v relaci shellu. V Windows PowerShell existuje n\u011bkolik cmdlet\u016f pro takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady:<\/p>\n<p><code>Start-Job<\/code> \u2014 spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed;<br \/>\n<code>Stop-Job<\/code> \u2014 zastaven\u00ed \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed;<br \/>\n<code>Get-Job<\/code> \u2014 zobrazen\u00ed seznamu \u00faloh na pozad\u00ed;<br \/>\n<code>Receive-Job<\/code> \u2014 zobrazen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f vykon\u00e1n\u00ed \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed;<br \/>\n<code>Remove-Job<\/code> \u2014 odstran\u011bn\u00ed \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed;<br \/>\n<code>Wait-Job<\/code> \u2014 p\u0159enos \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed zp\u011bt do konzole.<\/p>\n<p>Pro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00falohy na pozad\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me cmdlet Start-Job a v z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch uvedeme p\u0159\u00edkaz nebo sadu p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Start-Job {Get-Service}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/0a75c1f4af75e5aec66df909ca4adb70.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nS \u00falohami na pozad\u00ed v PowerShellu m\u016f\u017eeme manipulovat, pokud zn\u00e1me jejich n\u00e1zvy. Nejprve se nau\u010d\u00edme je zobrazit:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Job<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/664dba26ddcfb54bef79717c86f3c8ec.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNyn\u00ed uk\u00e1\u017eeme v\u00fdsledek pr\u00e1ce \u00falohy Job1:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Receive-Job Job1 | more<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/02d930327929af463cf506f9d90357e6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nV\u0161echno je docela jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>Vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f<\/h2>\n<p>\nWindows PowerShell umo\u017e\u0148uje spou\u0161t\u011bt p\u0159\u00edkazy a skripty nejen na m\u00edstn\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di a dokonce na cel\u00e9 skupin\u011b stroj\u016f. K tomu existuje n\u011bkolik zp\u016fsob\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mnoho cmdlet\u016f m\u00e1 parametr <code>-ComputerName<\/code>, ale t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem nap\u0159\u00edklad nelze vytvo\u0159it potrub\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>Cmdlet <code>Enter-PSSession<\/code> umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159it na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di interaktivn\u00ed relaci;\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Pomoc\u00ed cmdletu <code>Invoke-Command<\/code> m\u016f\u017eete prov\u00e1d\u011bt p\u0159\u00edkazy nebo skripty na jednom nebo n\u011bkolika vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Verze PowerShell<\/h2>\n<p>\nOd prvn\u00edho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 2006 se PowerShell v\u00fdznamn\u011b zm\u011bnil. N\u00e1stroj je k dispozici pro mnoho syst\u00e9m\u016f na r\u016fzn\u00fdch hardwarov\u00fdch platform\u00e1ch (x86, x86-64, Itanium, ARM): Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008\/2008 R2, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows RT, Windows RT 8.1, Windows Server 2012\/2012 R2, Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, GNU\/Linux a OS X. Posledn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 6.2 bylo vyd\u00e1no 10. ledna 2018. Skripty napsan\u00e9 pro star\u0161\u00ed verze s vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed budou fungovat ve verz\u00edch nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, zat\u00edmco s p\u0159enosnost\u00ed zp\u011bt mohou vzniknout probl\u00e9my, proto\u017ee b\u011bhem let v\u00fdvoje se v PowerShellu objevilo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nov\u00fdch cmdlet\u016f. Zjistit verzi p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho shellu nainstalovan\u00e9ho na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di lze pomoc\u00ed vlastnosti PSVersion prom\u011bnn\u00e9 $PSVersionTable:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">$PSVersionTable.PSVersion<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/c2d422d1489f88ef8631ee82cc2f60c8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nM\u016f\u017eete tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt cmdlet:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"powershell\">Get-Variable -Name PSVersionTable \u2013ValueOnly<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/5cffcfe260243235e8f91a6c543191f7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nTo sam\u00e9 lze ud\u011blat pomoc\u00ed cmdletu Get-Host. Ve skute\u010dnosti existuje mnoho variant, ale pro jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed je t\u0159eba se nau\u010dit programovac\u00ed jazyk PowerShell, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se budeme zab\u00fdvat v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/490924\/\"><b>dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/b><\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011bry\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>\nSpole\u010dnosti Microsoft se poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it skute\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fd shell s pohodln\u00fdm integrovan\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm pro v\u00fdvoj skript\u016f. Od obvykl\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me z prost\u0159ed\u00ed Unix, se vyzna\u010duje hlubokou integrac\u00ed s opera\u010dn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my rodiny Windows a tak\u00e9 s jejich softwarem a platformou .NET Core. PowerShell lze nazvat objektov\u011b orientovan\u00fdm shellem, proto\u017ee cmdlety a u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 funkce vracej\u00ed objekty nebo pole objekt\u016f a mohou je dost\u00e1vat jako vstup. Domn\u00edv\u00e1me se, \u017ee t\u00edmto n\u00e1strojem by m\u011bli disponovat v\u0161ichni spr\u00e1vci server\u016f na Windows: doba, kdy se mohli obej\u00edt bez p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku, je pry\u010d. Pokro\u010dil\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fd shell je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00fd na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\/marketplace\/servercore#order\">na\u0161ich levn\u00fdch VPS b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edch pod Windows Server Core<\/a><\/noindex>, ale to je u\u017e \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\/#order\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Co je to Windows PowerShell a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? \u010c\u00e1st 1: Hlavn\u00ed funkce\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/0683e52726ae6d7def7206e5974a74b2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Jak\u00e1 t\u00e9mata by m\u011bla b\u00fdt nejprve zm\u00edn\u011bna v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch t\u00e9to s\u00e9rie?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"poll-result\">\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">53,2%<\/strong>Programov\u00e1n\u00ed v PowerShell123<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">42,4%<\/strong>Funkce a moduly PowerShell98<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">22,1%<\/strong>Jak podepisovat sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed skripty?51<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">12,1%<\/strong>Pr\u00e1ce s \u00falo\u017ei\u0161ti p\u0159es poskytovatele (providers)28<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent  poll-result__data-percent_winner\">57,6%<\/strong>Automatizace spr\u00e1vy po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f pomoc\u00ed PowerShell133<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">30,7%<\/strong>Spr\u00e1va softwaru a integrace spustiteln\u00fdch komponent PowerShell do t\u0159et\u00edch produkt\u016f71<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 231 u\u017eivatel\u016f. Zdr\u017eelo se 37 u\u017eivatel\u016f.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/487876\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 Unix-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 Windows, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c. Windows PowerShell \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447. \u0421 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. 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