{"id":74591,"date":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","date_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5"},"modified":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","modified_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","slug":"pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","title":{"rendered":"Pam\u011b\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech v raket\u011b Saturn 5","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nPo\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd pracoval v raket\u011b nosi\u010di (Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, LVDC), sehr\u00e1l kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v programu Apollo, \u0159\u00eddil raketu Saturn 5. Stejn\u011b jako v\u011bt\u0161ina po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f t\u00e9 doby uchov\u00e1val data v drobn\u00fdch magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku Cloud4Y hovo\u0159\u00ed o pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9m modulu LVDC z exkluzivn\u00ed kolekce <\/a><\/noindex>Stevea Jurvetsona. <\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Tento pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul byl vylep\u0161en ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 60. let. Pro jeho v\u00fdrobu byly pou\u017eity komponenty pro povrchovou mont\u00e1\u017e, hybridn\u00ed moduly a flexibiln\u00ed spojen\u00ed, co\u017e ho u\u010dinilo mnohem men\u0161\u00edm a leh\u010d\u00edm ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f t\u00e9 doby. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul umo\u017e\u0148oval uchov\u00e1vat pouze 4096 slov po 26 bitech.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nPam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech. Tento modul uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 4K slov o 26 bitech dat a 2 bity paritn\u00ed. Se \u010dty\u0159mi pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi moduly, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed celkovou kapacitu 16 384 slov, v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 2,3 kg a m\u00e1 rozm\u011bry 14 cm \u00d7 14 cm \u00d7 16 cm.<\/i><\/p>\n

Let na M\u011bs\u00edc za\u010dal 25. kv\u011btna 1961, kdy\u017e prezident Kennedy prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee Amerika vysad\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka na M\u011bs\u00edc do konce desetilet\u00ed. K tomu byla pou\u017eita t\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e1 raketa Saturn 5, nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed raketa, jak\u00e1 byla kdy vyrobena. Saturn 5 byl ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n a \u0159\u00edzen po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem (zde dal\u0161\u00ed podrobnosti<\/a><\/noindex> o n\u011bm), t\u0159et\u00edho stupn\u011b rakety nosi\u010de, po\u010d\u00ednaje vzletem na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu Zem\u011b a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159i cest\u011b k M\u011bs\u00edci. (Lo\u010f Apollo se v tomto okam\u017eiku odd\u011blila od rakety Saturn 5 a \u00fakol LVDC byl spln\u011bn).<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nLVDC je instalov\u00e1n v podp\u011brn\u00e9 konstrukci. Kulat\u00e9 konektory jsou viditeln\u00e9 na \u010deln\u00ed stran\u011b po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Pou\u017eito bylo 8 elektrick\u00fdch konektor\u016f a dva konektory pro kapaln\u00e9 chlazen\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

LVDC byl jen jedn\u00edm z n\u011bkolika po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f na palub\u011b Apolla. LVDC byl p\u0159ipojen k syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed letu, 45 kilogramov\u00e9mu analogov\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. Palubn\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d Apolla (Apollo Guidance Computer, AGC) nav\u00e1d\u011bl vesm\u00edrnou lo\u010f k povrchu M\u011bs\u00edce. Vel\u00edc\u00ed modul obsahoval jeden AGC, zat\u00edmco lun\u00e1rn\u00ed modul obsahoval druh\u00fd AGC spolu se syst\u00e9mem pro navigaci Abort, z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edm havarijn\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nNa palub\u011b Apolla bylo n\u011bkolik po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/i> <\/p>\n

Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Unit Logic (ULD)<\/h2>\n

\nLVDC bylo vyvinuto pomoc\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed technologie naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 ULD, unit load device. A\u010dkoli na prvn\u00ed pohled p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly integrovan\u00e9 obvody, moduly ULD obsahovaly n\u011bkolik komponent\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edvaly jednoduch\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 krystaly, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bl pouze jeden tranzistor nebo dva diody. Tyto matice byly spolu s ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi tlustovrstv\u00fdmi rezistory um\u00edst\u011bny na keramick\u00e9 desce pro realizaci obvod\u016f podobn\u00fdch logick\u00e9mu ventilu. Tyto moduly byly variantou modul\u016f SLT (Solid Logic Technology<\/a><\/noindex>), kter\u00e9 byly vyvinuty pro po\u010d\u00edta\u010de IBM popul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159ady S\/360. IBM za\u010dala vyv\u00edjet moduly SLT v roce 1961, je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e se integrovan\u00e9 obvody staly komer\u010dn\u011b \u017eivotaschopn\u00fdmi, a do roku 1966 IBM vyr\u00e1b\u011bla v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 milion\u016f modul\u016f SLT ro\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Moduly ULD byly v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e moduly SLT, jak ukazuje fotografie n\u00ed\u017ee, co\u017e je \u010din\u00ed vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi pro kompaktn\u00ed kosmick\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Moduly ULD pou\u017e\u00edvaly keramick\u00e9 kryc\u00ed desky m\u00edsto kovov\u00fdch pin\u016f v SLT a m\u011bly kovov\u00e9 kontakty na horn\u00ed plo\u0161e nam\u00edsto pin\u016f. Upevn\u011bn\u00ed na desce dr\u017eelo modul ULD na m\u00edst\u011b a spojovalo se s t\u011bmito kontakty. <\/p>\n

Pro\u010d IBM pou\u017e\u00edvala moduly SLT m\u00edsto integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f? Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem bylo to, \u017ee integrovan\u00e9 obvody byly je\u0161t\u011b v plenk\u00e1ch, byly vynalezeny v roce 1959. V roce 1963 m\u011bly moduly SLT v\u00fdhody v n\u00e1kladech a v\u00fdkonu ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s integrovan\u00fdmi obvody. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b moduly SLT byly \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za zastaral\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s integrovan\u00fdmi obvody. Jednou z v\u00fdhod modul\u016f SLT oproti integrovan\u00fdm obvod\u016fm bylo, \u017ee rezistory v SLT byly mnohem p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v integrovan\u00fdch obvodech. B\u011bhem v\u00fdroby byly tlustovrstv\u00e9 rezistory v modulech SLT pe\u010dliv\u011b p\u00edskov\u00e1ny, aby se odstranila rezistivn\u00ed vrstva, dokud se nedos\u00e1hne po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho odporu. Moduly SLT byly tak\u00e9 levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e srovnateln\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 obvody v 60. letech.<\/p>\n

LVDC a jemu p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaly v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f ULD.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nModuly SLT (vlevo) jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e moduly ULD (vpravo). Velikost ULD je 7,6 mm x 8 mm.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 fotografii jsou zobrazeny vnit\u0159n\u00ed komponenty modulu ULD. Vlevo na keramick\u00e9 desce jsou viditeln\u00e9 vodi\u010de p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 k \u010dty\u0159em mal\u00fdm \u010dtvercov\u00fdm k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdm krystal\u016fm. Vypad\u00e1 to jako ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 deska, ale m\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee je mnohem men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nehet. \u010cern\u00e9 obd\u00e9ln\u00edky vpravo jsou tlustovrstv\u00e9 rezistory, vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b desky.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nULD, pohled shora a zdola. Viditeln\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 krystaly a rezistory. Zat\u00edmco moduly SLT m\u011bly rezistory na horn\u00edm povrchu, moduly ULD m\u011bly rezistory dole, co\u017e zvy\u0161ovalo hustotu, ale tak\u00e9 n\u00e1klady.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na fotografii n\u00ed\u017ee je vid\u011bt k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fd krystal z modulu ULD, kter\u00fd realizoval dva diody. Rozm\u011bry jsou mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b mal\u00e9, pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed vedle se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed krystalky cukru. Krystal m\u011bl t\u0159i extern\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed p\u0159es m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 kuli\u010dky, p\u00e1jen\u00e9 na t\u0159ech kruz\u00edch. Dva doln\u00ed kruhy (anody dvou diod) byly legov\u00e1ny (tmav\u0161\u00ed oblasti), zat\u00edmco horn\u00ed prav\u00fd kruh byl katodou, p\u0159ipojenou k z\u00e1kladn\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nFotografie dvoudiodov\u00e9ho k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9ho krystalu vedle krystalk\u016f cukru.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Jak funguje pam\u011b\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch jaderech.<\/h2>\n

\nPam\u011b\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch jaderech byla z\u00e1kladn\u00ed formou ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat na po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch od 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed, dokud ve 70. letech nebyla nahrazena polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi. Pam\u011b\u0165 byla vytvo\u0159ena z drobn\u00fdch feritov\u00fdch krou\u017ek\u016f, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch j\u00e1dra. Feritov\u00e9 krou\u017eky byly uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 matice a p\u0159es ka\u017ed\u00fd krou\u017eek proch\u00e1zelo od dvou do \u010dty\u0159 vodi\u010d\u016f pro \u010dten\u00ed a z\u00e1pis informac\u00ed. Krou\u017eky umo\u017enily ukl\u00e1dat jeden bit informace. J\u00e1dro bylo magnetizov\u00e1no pomoc\u00ed impulsu proudu p\u0159es vodi\u010de, proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi feritov\u00fdm krou\u017ekem. Sm\u011br magnetizace jednoho j\u00e1dra mohl b\u00fdt zm\u011bn\u011bn posl\u00e1n\u00edm impulsu v opa\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru.<\/p>\n

Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst hodnotu j\u00e1dra, p\u0159ivedl jsem krou\u017eek do stavu 0. Pokud bylo j\u00e1dro d\u0159\u00edve ve stavu 1, zm\u011bnuj\u00edc\u00ed se magnetick\u00e9 pole vytv\u00e1\u0159elo nap\u011bt\u00ed v jednom z vodi\u010d\u016f, proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch j\u00e1dry. Ale pokud by j\u00e1dro ji\u017e bylo ve stavu 0, magnetick\u00e9 pole by se nezm\u011bnilo a v \u010dtec\u00edm vodi\u010di by se nap\u011bt\u00ed nezv\u00fd\u0161ilo. Tak byla hodnota bitu v j\u00e1d\u0159e na\u010dtena resetov\u00e1n\u00edm na nulu a kontrolou nap\u011bt\u00ed v \u010dtec\u00edm vodi\u010di. D\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed pam\u011bti na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech bylo, \u017ee proces \u010dten\u00ed ferritov\u00e9ho krou\u017eku ni\u010dil jeho hodnotu, tak\u017ee j\u00e1dro muselo b\u00fdt \"p\u0159eps\u00e1no\".<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed samostatn\u00e9ho vodi\u010de k zm\u011bn\u011b magnetizace ka\u017ed\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra bylo ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, ale v 50. letech byla vyvinuta ferritov\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00e1 na principu shody proud\u016f. Sch\u00e9ma se \u010dty\u0159mi vodi\u010di \u2014 X, Y, \u010dten\u00ed, blokace \u2014 se stalo b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm. Technika vyu\u017e\u00edvala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vlastnost jader, zn\u00e1mou jako hyster\u00e9ze: mal\u00fd proud nem\u00e1 vliv na ferritovou pam\u011b\u0165, ale proud nad prahem by j\u00e1dro magnetizoval. P\u0159i dod\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu s polovinou nezbytn\u00e9ho proudu na jednu linii X a jednu linii Y dostalo pouze to j\u00e1dro, ve kter\u00e9m se k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ob\u011b linky, dostate\u010dn\u00fd proud pro p\u0159emagnetizaci, zat\u00edmco ostatn\u00ed j\u00e1dra z\u016fstala neporu\u0161en\u00e1. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nTakto vypadala pam\u011b\u0165 IBM 360 Model 50. LVDC a model 50 pou\u017e\u00edvaly j\u00e1dra jednoho typu, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako 19-32, proto\u017ee jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br byl 19 mil (0,4826 mm) a jejich vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br \u010dinil 32 mil (0,8 mm). Na tomto obr\u00e1zku je vid\u011bt, \u017ee p\u0159es ka\u017ed\u00e9 j\u00e1dro proch\u00e1zej\u00ed t\u0159i vodi\u010de, ale LVDC pou\u017e\u00edval \u010dty\u0159i vodi\u010de.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9m obr\u00e1zku je zobrazeno jedno obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 pole LVDC. Tato matice m\u00e1 128 X-vodi\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 jdou vertik\u00e1ln\u011b, a 64 Y-vodi\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 jdou horizont\u00e1ln\u011b, s j\u00e1drem na ka\u017ed\u00e9m k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Jedin\u00fd vodi\u010d pro \u010dten\u00ed proch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u0161emi vl\u00e1kny paraleln\u011b k Y-vodi\u010d\u016fm. Vodi\u010d pro z\u00e1pis a blokovac\u00ed vodi\u010d proch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u0161emi vl\u00e1kny paraleln\u011b k X-vodi\u010d\u016fm. Vodi\u010de se k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed uprost\u0159ed matice; to sni\u017euje indukovan\u00fd \u0161um, proto\u017ee \u0161um z jedn\u00e9 poloviny neutralizuje \u0161um z druh\u00e9 poloviny.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nJedna matice feritov\u00e9 pam\u011bti LVDC obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed 8192 bit\u016f. P\u0159ipojen\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00edm matic\u00edm se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed kol\u00edk\u016f na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b.<\/i> <\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 matice m\u011bla 8192 prvk\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd uchov\u00e1val jeden bit. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ulo\u017eit slovo pam\u011bti, bylo n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch matic slo\u017eeno dohromady, po jedn\u00e9 pro ka\u017ed\u00fd bit ve slov\u011b. Vodi\u010de X a Y proch\u00e1zely hadovit\u011b v\u0161emi z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi maticemi. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 matice m\u011bla samostatnou linku pro \u010dten\u00ed a samostatnou linku z\u00e1kazu pro z\u00e1pis. Pam\u011b\u0165 LVDC pou\u017e\u00edvala z\u00e1sobn\u00edk 14 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch matic (n\u00ed\u017ee), kter\u00e9 uchov\u00e1valy 13-bitov\u00fd \"slab\", spolu s paritn\u00edm bitem. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nZ\u00e1sobn\u00edk LVDC se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze 14 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch matic.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pis do pam\u011bti na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech vy\u017eadoval dal\u0161\u00ed vodi\u010de, takzvan\u00e9 linky z\u00e1kazu. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 matice m\u011bla jednu linii z\u00e1kazu, prot\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echna j\u00e1dra v n\u00ed. B\u011bhem z\u00e1pisu proch\u00e1z\u00ed proud linkami X a Y, p\u0159emapov\u00e1va\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed vybran\u00e9 krou\u017eky (po jednom na rovinu) do stavu 1, uchov\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny 1 ve slov\u011b. Pro z\u00e1pis 0 na pozici bitu byla linie nap\u00e1jena polovi\u010dn\u00edm proudem, opa\u010dn\u00fdm od linie X. V d\u016fsledku toho z\u016fstala j\u00e1dra v hodnot\u011b 0. Tak\u017ee linie z\u00e1kazu nedovolila j\u00e1dru p\u0159evr\u00e1tit se na 1. Jak\u00e9koliv po\u017eadovan\u00e9 slovo mohlo b\u00fdt zaps\u00e1no do pam\u011bti aktivac\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch lini\u00ed z\u00e1kazu.<\/p>\n

Pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul LVDC.<\/h2>\n

\nJak je fyzicky konstruov\u00e1n pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul LVDC? Uprost\u0159ed pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu je z\u00e1sobn\u00edk 14 matice ferromagnetick\u00e9 pam\u011bti, jak bylo d\u0159\u00edve uk\u00e1z\u00e1no. Je obklopen n\u011bkolika deskami s obvody pro ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vodi\u010d\u016f X a Y a lini\u00ed z\u00e1kazu, \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f pro \u010dten\u00ed bit\u016f, detekci chyb a generov\u00e1n\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch hodinov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. <\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina obvod\u016f spojen\u00fdch s pam\u011bt\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 logice LVDC, a nikoli v samotn\u00e9m pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9m modulu. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b logika po\u010d\u00edta\u010de obsahuje registry pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed adresy a slova dat a pro p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed mezi sekven\u010dn\u00edm a paraleln\u00edm. Obsahuje tak\u00e9 obvod pro \u010dten\u00ed z \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f pro \u010dten\u00ed bit\u016f, kontrolu chyb a taktov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nPam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul s ozna\u010den\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch komponent\u016f. MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board) je 12-vrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Deska ovlada\u010de pam\u011bti Y.<\/h2>\n

\nSlovo v pam\u011bti na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech se vyb\u00edr\u00e1 pr\u016fchodem odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch lini\u00ed X a Y p\u0159es hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk desek. Za\u010dneme popisem sch\u00e9matu Y-drivertu a t\u00edm, jak generuje sign\u00e1l p\u0159es jednu z 64 Y-lini\u00ed. M\u00edsto 64 samostatn\u00fdch obvod\u016f ovlada\u010d modulu sni\u017euje po\u010det obvod\u016f d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed 8 \"vysok\u00fdch\" ovlada\u010d\u016f a 8 \"n\u00edzk\u00fdch\" ovlada\u010d\u016f. Ty jsou p\u0159ipojeny v \"m\u0159\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e9\" konfiguraci, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 kombinace s vysok\u00fdmi a n\u00edzk\u00fdmi ovlada\u010di vyb\u00edr\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 linie. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem 8 \"vysok\u00fdch\" a 8 \"n\u00edzk\u00fdch\" ovlada\u010d\u016f vyb\u00edr\u00e1 jednu z 64 (8 \u00d7 8) Y-lini\u00ed. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nDeska ovlada\u010de Y (p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st) \u0159\u00edd\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 linie Y v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku desek.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 fotografii m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt n\u011bkter\u00e9 z modul\u016f ULD (b\u00edl\u00e9) a p\u00e1ry tranzistor\u016f (zlat\u00e9), kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 linie Y. Modul \"EI\" je srdcem ovlada\u010de: dod\u00e1v\u00e1 impuls stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (E) nebo propou\u0161t\u00ed impuls stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu (I) p\u0159es v\u00fdb\u011brovou linii. V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e1 linie je \u0159\u00edzena aktivac\u00ed modulu EI v re\u017eimu nap\u011bt\u00ed na jednom konci a modulu EI v re\u017eimu proudu na druh\u00e9m konci. V\u00fdsledkem je impuls s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm a proudem, kter\u00fd je dostate\u010dn\u00fd k p\u0159emagnetov\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1dra. Pot\u0159ebn\u00fd je velk\u00fd impuls k jeho p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed; impuls nap\u011bt\u00ed je fixov\u00e1n na 17 volt\u016f, zat\u00edmco proud kol\u00eds\u00e1 od 180 mA do 260 mA v z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nMakrofotografie desky ovlada\u010de Y, ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161est modul\u016f ULD a \u0161est p\u00e1r\u016f tranzistor\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd modul ULD je ozna\u010den \u010d\u00edslem d\u00edlu IBM, typem modulu (nap\u0159. \"EI\") a k\u00f3dem, jeho\u017e v\u00fdznam nen\u00ed objasn\u011bn.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Deska je tak\u00e9 vybavena moduly sledov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb (ED), kter\u00e9 detekuj\u00ed, kdy\u017e je sou\u010dasn\u011b aktivov\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e jedna v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e1 linie Y. Modul ED pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e9 poloanologov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed pomoc\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b rezistor\u016f. Pokud je v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed nad prahem, kl\u00ed\u010d se aktivuje. <\/p>\n

Pod \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed deskou se nach\u00e1z\u00ed diodov\u00e1 matice, kter\u00e1 obsahuje 256 diod a 64 rezistor\u016f. Tato matice p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 8 horn\u00edch a 8 doln\u00edch p\u00e1r\u016f sign\u00e1l\u016f z \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed desky na spojen\u00ed se 64 Y-linkami, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed hlavn\u00edm blokem desek. Flexibiln\u00ed kabely na vrchu a na dn\u011b desky spojuj\u00ed desku s diodovou matic\u00ed. Dva flexibiln\u00ed kabely vlevo (na fotografii nejsou vid\u011bt) a dv\u011b sb\u011brnice vpravo (jedna je viditeln\u00e1) spojuj\u00ed diodovou matici s polem jader. Flexibiln\u00ed kabel, viditeln\u00fd vlevo, spojuje Y-desku s ostatn\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1stmi po\u010d\u00edta\u010de p\u0159es desku pro vstup a v\u00fdstup, a mal\u00fd flexibiln\u00ed kabel v prav\u00e9m doln\u00edm rohu se spojuje s deskou gener\u00e1toru hodin.<\/p>\n

Pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed deska X<\/h2>\n

\nSch\u00e9ma pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lini\u00ed X je obdobn\u00e9 jako sch\u00e9ma Y, s v\u00fdjimkou toho, \u017ee existuje 128 lini\u00ed X a 64 lini\u00ed Y. Proto\u017ee je vodi\u010d\u016f X dvakr\u00e1t v\u00edce, modul m\u00e1 druhou desku X-\u0159\u00eddic\u00edch prvk\u016f um\u00edst\u011bnou pod n\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee maj\u00ed desky X a Y stejn\u00e9 komponenty, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed je odli\u0161n\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nTato deska a podobn\u00e1 pod n\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vybran\u00e9 X \u0159\u00e1dky v bloku desek s j\u00e1dry.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 fotografii jsou vid\u011bt po\u0161kozen\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 komponenty na desce. Jeden z tranzistor\u016f je posunut\u00fd, modul ULD je zlomen\u00fd na polovinu a dal\u0161\u00ed je odlomen\u00fd. Rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed je viditeln\u00e9 u zlomen\u00e9ho modulu, kde se tak\u00e9 objevuje jeden z drobn\u00fdch k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch krystal\u016f (vpravo). Na t\u00e9to fotografii lze tak\u00e9 z\u0159eteln\u011b vid\u011bt stopy vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch a horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch vodiv\u00fdch drah na 12-vrstv\u00e9 ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 desce.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nDetailn\u00ed z\u00e1b\u011br po\u0161kozen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti desky<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pod X-\u0159\u00eddic\u00edmi deskami se nach\u00e1z\u00ed matice diod X, kter\u00e1 obsahuje 288 diod a 128 rezistor\u016f. Matice diod X pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 topologii, kter\u00e1 se li\u0161\u00ed od Y-diodov\u00e9 desky, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo zdvojen\u00ed po\u010dtu komponent\u016f. Stejn\u011b jako Y-diodov\u00e1 deska, tato deska obsahuje komponenty um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vertik\u00e1ln\u011b mezi dv\u011bma ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi deskami. Tato metoda se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ewood-cord\u201c a umo\u017e\u0148uje t\u011bsn\u00e9 balen\u00ed komponent\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nMakrofoto matice diod X ukazuje vertik\u00e1ln\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 diody metodou wood-cord mezi 2 ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi deskami. Dv\u011b X-\u0159\u00eddic\u00ed desky se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nad diodovou deskou, odd\u011blenou od nich polyuretanovou p\u011bnou. V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 desky jsou um\u00edst\u011bny velmi bl\u00edzko sebe.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de<\/h2>\n

\nNa n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9m obr\u00e1zku je zobrazena deska zesilova\u010de \u010dten\u00ed. M\u00e1 7 kan\u00e1l\u016f pro \u010dten\u00ed 7 bit\u016f ze z\u00e1sobn\u00edku pam\u011bti; identick\u00e1 deska n\u00ed\u017ee zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00edch 7 bit\u016f, celkem 14 bit\u016f. \u00dakolem zesilova\u010de \u010dten\u00ed je detekce slab\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu (20 milivolt\u016f), generovan\u00e9ho zp\u011btn\u011b magnetizovan\u00fdm j\u00e1drem, a jeho p\u0159em\u011bna na 1-bitov\u00fd v\u00fdstup. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kan\u00e1l se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edho zesilova\u010de a bufferu, za kter\u00fd n\u00e1sleduje diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed transform\u00e1tor a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed fixa\u010dn\u00ed obvod. Vlevo je 28\u017eilov\u00fd flexibiln\u00ed kabel p\u0159ipojen\u00fd k z\u00e1sobn\u00edku pam\u011bti, kter\u00fd p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed oba konce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dtec\u00edho vodi\u010de k obvodu zesilova\u010de, po\u010d\u00ednaje modulem MSA-1 (zesilova\u010d \u010dten\u00ed pam\u011bti). Mezi jednotliv\u00e9 komponenty pat\u0159\u00ed rezistory (hn\u011bd\u00e9 v\u00e1lce), kondenz\u00e1tory (\u010derven\u00e9), transform\u00e1tory (\u010dern\u00e9) a tranzistory (zlat\u00e9). Bity dat vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z desek zesilova\u010de \u010dten\u00ed p\u0159es flexibiln\u00ed kabel vpravo.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nDeska zesilova\u010de \u010dten\u00ed je v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu. Tato deska zesiluje sign\u00e1ly z senzorov\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u016f a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed bity.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed z\u00e1pisu \u0159adi\u010de<\/h2>\n

\n\u0158adi\u010de z\u00e1pisu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k z\u00e1pisu do pam\u011bti a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se na doln\u00ed stran\u011b hlavn\u00edho modulu. Existuje 14 blokovac\u00edch linek, po jedn\u00e9 pro ka\u017edou matici ve z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. Pro z\u00e1pis 0 bitu se aktivuje odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed blokovac\u00ed \u0159adi\u010d a proud skrze blokovac\u00ed linku br\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159epnut\u00ed j\u00e1dra na 1. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 linka je \u0159\u00edzena modulem ID-1 a ID-2 (\u0159adi\u010d z\u00e1pisu) a p\u00e1rem tranzistor\u016f. Vysoce p\u0159esn\u00e9 rezistory 20,8 ohm\u016f v horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti desky reguluj\u00ed proud blokov\u00e1n\u00ed. 14\u017eilov\u00fd flexibiln\u00ed kabel napravo spojuje \u0159adi\u010de s 14 blokovac\u00edmi vodi\u010di v bloku desek s j\u00e1dry.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nBlokovac\u00ed deska je na doln\u00ed stran\u011b pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu. Tato deska generuje 14 blokovac\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch b\u011bhem z\u00e1pisu.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed deska hodin<\/h2>\n

\n\u0158adi\u010d hodin je p\u00e1r desek, kter\u00e9 generuj\u00ed synchroniza\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly pro pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul. Jakmile po\u010d\u00edta\u010d zah\u00e1j\u00ed operaci s pam\u011bt\u00ed, r\u016fzn\u00e9 synchroniza\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdm modulem jsou generov\u00e1ny asynchronn\u011b \u0159adi\u010dem hodin modulu. Desky \u0159adi\u010de hodin jsou um\u00edst\u011bny v doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti modulu, mezi z\u00e1sobn\u00edkem a blokovac\u00ed deskou, tak\u017ee jsou \u0161patn\u011b viditeln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nOvlada\u010d frekvence je um\u00edst\u011bn pod hlavn\u00edm pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdm modulem, ale nad blokovac\u00edm modulem.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Modr\u00e9 komponenty desky na fotografii naho\u0159e p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00edceot\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e9 potenciometry, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pro nastaven\u00ed \u010dasu nebo nap\u011bt\u00ed. Na desk\u00e1ch jsou tak\u00e9 viditeln\u00e9 rezistory a kondenz\u00e1tory. Sch\u00e9ma ukazuje n\u011bkolik modul\u016f MCD (Memory Clock Driver), ale na desk\u00e1ch \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 moduly nejsou vid\u011bt. Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, zda to souvis\u00ed s omezenou viditelnost\u00ed, zm\u011bnou sch\u00e9matu nebo p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed jin\u00e9 desky s t\u011bmito moduly.<\/p>\n

Pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 I\/O deska<\/h2>\n

\nPosledn\u00ed deskou pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu je I\/O panel, kter\u00fd distribuuje sign\u00e1ly mezi pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi deskami a zbytkem po\u010d\u00edta\u010de LVDC. Zelen\u00fd 98-kontaktn\u00ed konektor dole se p\u0159ipojuje k pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edni LVDC a poskytuje sign\u00e1ly a nap\u00e1jen\u00ed z po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. V\u011bt\u0161ina plastov\u00fdch konektor\u016f je zlomena, co\u017e odhaluje kontakty. Distribu\u010dn\u00ed deska je p\u0159ipojena k tomuto konektoru dv\u011bma 49-kontaktn\u00edmi flexibiln\u00edmi kabely dole (viditeln\u00fd je pouze p\u0159edn\u00ed kabel). Dal\u0161\u00ed flexibiln\u00ed kabely distribuuj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly na desku X-drivru (vlevo), desku Y-drivru (vpravo), desku zesilova\u010de \u010dten\u00ed (naho\u0159e) a desku zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed (dole). 20 kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f na desce filtruje nap\u00e1jen\u00ed dod\u00e1van\u00e9 modulu pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nI\/O deska mezi pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdm modulem a zbytkem po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Zelen\u00fd konektor dole se p\u0159ipojuje k po\u010d\u00edta\u010di a tyto sign\u00e1ly jsou distribuov\u00e1ny p\u0159es ploch\u00e9 kabely do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu.<\/i> <\/p>\n

V\u00fdstup<\/h2>\n

\nHlavn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd modul LVDC poskytoval kompaktn\u00ed, spolehliv\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. Do doln\u00ed poloviny po\u010d\u00edta\u010de bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 um\u00edstit a\u017e 8 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch modul\u016f. To umo\u017enilo po\u010d\u00edta\u010di ukl\u00e1dat 32 kiloword\u016f <\/a><\/noindex>26-bitov\u00fdch slov nebo 16 kiloword\u016f v redundantn\u00edm vysoce spolehliv\u00e9m \u201eduplexn\u00edm\u201c re\u017eimu.<\/p>\n

Jednou zaj\u00edmavou funkc\u00ed LVDC bylo, \u017ee pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 moduly mohly b\u00fdt zrcadleny pro spolehlivost. V \u201eduplexn\u00edm\u201c re\u017eimu bylo ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo uchov\u00e1v\u00e1no ve dvou pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch modulech. Pokud do\u0161lo k chyb\u011b v jednom modulu, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 slovo bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat z druh\u00e9ho modulu. A\u010dkoli to zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo spolehlivost, sn\u00ed\u017eilo to kapacitu pam\u011bti na polovinu. Alternativn\u011b mohly b\u00fdt pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 moduly pou\u017eity v \u201esimplexn\u00edm\u201c re\u017eimu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo bylo uchov\u00e1v\u00e1no jednou.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u011b\u0165
\nLVDC pojme a\u017e osm modul\u016f pam\u011bti procesoru<\/i> <\/p>\n

Modul pam\u011bti na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech poskytuje n\u00e1zornou p\u0159edstavu o dob\u011b, kdy pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed 8 kB byl pot\u0159eba 5librov\u00fd (2,3 kg) modul. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tato pam\u011b\u0165 byla pro svou dobu velmi pokro\u010dil\u00e1. Podobn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159estala b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edchodem polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch DRAM.<\/p>\n

Obsah opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti se uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159i vypnut\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, tak\u017ee je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee modul st\u00e1le uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 software z posledn\u00edho pou\u017eit\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Ano, tam lze naj\u00edt n\u011bco zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho i po desetilet\u00edch. Bylo by zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 pokusit se tato data obnovit, ale po\u0161kozen\u00fd obvod p\u0159edstavuje probl\u00e9m, tak\u017ee obsah pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 extrahovat z pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co dal\u0161\u00edho si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst v blogu Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Easter eggs na topografick\u00fdch map\u00e1ch \u0160v\u00fdcarska<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 zna\u010dky 90. let, d\u00edl 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Jak matka hackera pronikla do v\u011bzen\u00ed a infikovala po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u0159editele <\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Diagnostika s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch spojen\u00ed na virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm routeru EDGE<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Jak se banka \"rozpadla\"<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Sledujte n\u00e1\u0161 Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>-kan\u00e1l, abyste nep\u0159i\u0161li o dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek! P\u00ed\u0161eme maxim\u00e1ln\u011b dvakr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b a pouze k v\u011bci. A tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee Cloud4Y m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a spolehliv\u00fd vzd\u00e1len\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k obchodn\u00edm aplikac\u00edm a informac\u00edm pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontinuity podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ce na d\u00e1lku je dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou v \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed koronaviru. Podrobnosti u na\u0161ich mana\u017eer\u016f.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0435-\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 (Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, LVDC), \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u00bb, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d 5. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 Cloud4Y \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 LVDC \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 1960-\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":74592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Pam\u011b\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch j\u00e1drech v raket\u011b Saturn 5 | ProHoster","description":"Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd pracoval v nosn\u00e9 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