{"id":75250,"date":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas"},"modified":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","slug":"obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","title":{"rendered":"Diskuze: standardn\u00ed UNIXov\u00e9 utility, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1lokdo pou\u017e\u00edval a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nyn\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed t\u00fddnem Douglas McIlroy, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 UNIXov\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed a autor pojmu \u201ekomponentn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 programov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, \u0159ekl<\/a><\/noindex> diskutoval o zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch a neobvykl\u00fdch UNIXov\u00fdch programech, kter\u00e9 se \u0161iroce neujaly. Publikace vyvolala aktivn\u00ed diskusi na Hacker News. Shrom\u00e1\u017edili jsme to nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a budeme r\u00e1di, pokud se p\u0159id\u00e1te k diskusi.<\/p>\n

\"Diskuze:<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto \u2014 Virginia Johnson<\/a><\/noindex> \u2013 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce s textem<\/h2>\n

\nV UNIXov\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech existuje standardn\u00ed sada n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed textu. N\u00e1stroj typo<\/i><\/b> umo\u017e\u0148oval prohl\u00ed\u017eet dokument na p\u0159\u00edtomnost p\u0159eklep\u016f a hapax\u016f<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 slov, kter\u00e1 se v materi\u00e1lu vyskytuj\u00ed pouze jednou. Co je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, pro hled\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159eklep\u016f program nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> slovn\u00edky. Op\u00edr\u00e1 se pouze o informace v souboru a prov\u00e1d\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu podle trigram\u016f (sekvence t\u0159\u00ed symbol\u016f). P\u0159itom v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtadla jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny<\/a><\/noindex> v poli 26x26x26. Podle slov Douglase McIlroye, takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pam\u011bti sotva sta\u010dilo pro n\u011bkolik jedno-bajtov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edtadel. Proto je z d\u016fvod\u016f \u00faspory zapisovali v logaritmick\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p>\n

Dnes byly tyto n\u00e1stroje nahrazeny modern\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi programy pro kontrolu pravopisu zalo\u017een\u00fdmi na slovn\u00edc\u00edch. P\u0159esto si na tento n\u00e1stroj st\u00e1le vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed \u2014 p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety nad\u0161enec p\u0159edstavil<\/a><\/noindex> realizoval typo na Go. Repozit\u00e1\u0159 se st\u00e1le aktualizuje.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro pr\u00e1ci s dokumenty z 80. let \u2014 bal\u00edk Writer's Workbench<\/i><\/b> od Lorindy Cherry a Niny McDonald z Bell Labs. Jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed byly<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00e1stroje pro ur\u010den\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a stylu dokumentu, hled\u00e1n\u00ed tautologi\u00ed a zbyte\u010dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch v\u011bt. N\u00e1stroje byly vyvinuty jako pom\u016fcka pro studenty a v jednu dobu je pou\u017e\u00edvali<\/a><\/noindex> studenti Colorado State University v USA. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let na Writer's Workbench zapomn\u011bli, proto\u017ee nebyl za\u0159azen do verze 7 Unixu. Tento n\u00e1stroj v\u0161ak pokra\u010doval v cest\u011b napodobitel\u016f \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad, Grammatik<\/a><\/noindex> pro IBM PC.<\/p>\n

V UNIXu jsou tak\u00e9 standardn\u00ed prost\u0159edky, kter\u00e9 usnad\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u00e1ci s formulacemi. Existuje p\u0159edprocesor jazyka pro form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f. eqn<\/i><\/b>Je pozoruhodn\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee pro zobrazen\u00ed vzorce sta\u010d\u00ed, aby v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 popsal jeho jednoduch\u00fdmi slovy a symboly. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed posouvat matematick\u00e9 znaky vertik\u00e1ln\u011b a horizont\u00e1ln\u011b, m\u011bnit jejich velikosti a dal\u0161\u00ed parametry. Pokud p\u0159ed\u00e1te utility \u0159et\u011bzec:<\/p>\n

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nNa v\u00fdstupu bude vygenerov\u00e1n n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vzorec:<\/p>\n
\"Diskuze:<\/p>\n
\nV 80. a\u017e 90. letech eqn pom\u00e1hal<\/a><\/noindex> IT specialist\u016fm ps\u00e1t manu\u00e1ly k softwaru. Ale pozd\u011bji ho nahradil syst\u00e9m LaTeX, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> dokonce Habr. Ale eqn je prvn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj tohoto typu, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed UNIXov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00e1ce se soubory<\/h2>\n
\nV tematick\u00e9m vl\u00e1kn\u011b obyvatel\u00e9 Hacker News zm\u00ednili n\u011bkolik m\u00e9n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch utilit pro pr\u00e1ci se soubory. Jednou z nich byla<\/a><\/noindex> comm<\/i><\/b> pro jejich porovn\u00e1n\u00ed. To je zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 varianta diff<\/a><\/noindex>, ur\u010den\u00e1 k pr\u00e1ci ve skriptech. Jeho napsal<\/a><\/noindex> s\u00e1m Richard Stallman spolu s Davidem MacKenziem.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdstup programu se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed sloupc\u016f. Do prvn\u00edho sloupce se dostanou hodnoty, kter\u00e9 jsou unik\u00e1tn\u00ed pro prvn\u00ed soubor, do druh\u00e9ho - unik\u00e1tn\u00ed pro druh\u00fd soubor. T\u0159et\u00ed sloupec zahrnuje spole\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty. Pro spr\u00e1vnou funkci comm mus\u00ed b\u00fdt porovn\u00e1van\u00e9 dokumenty lexik\u00e1ln\u011b se\u0159azeny. Proto jeden z obyvatel platformy navrhl<\/a><\/noindex> pracovat s utilitou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem:<\/p>\n
comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nComm je pohodln\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat pro kontrolu pravopisu. Sta\u010d\u00ed je porovnat s referen\u010dn\u00edm dokumentem - slovn\u00edkem. Vzhledem k nuanc\u00edm spojen\u00fdm s nezbytnost\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed soubor\u016f existuje n\u00e1zor<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee Stallman a MacKenzie napsali svou utilitu v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro tento use case.<\/p>\n
\"Diskuze:
\nFoto \u2014 Marnix Hogendoorn<\/a><\/noindex> \u2013 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n
Tak\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk diskuse na HN poznamenal<\/a><\/noindex> mo\u017enosti oper\u00e1tora paste<\/b><\/i>, kter\u00e9 byly pro n\u011bj nejasn\u00e9. Umo\u017e\u0148uje st\u0159\u00eddat datov\u00e9 proudy nebo rozd\u011blit jeden proud na dva sloupce p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu:<\/p>\n
$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )\nfoo     baz\nbar     qux\n$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -\nfoo     bar\nbaz     qux\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nJeden z u\u017eivatel\u016f poznamenal<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee \u010dasto pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto jednoduch\u00fdch operac\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ne zrovna optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: po\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc fmt<\/a><\/noindex>, ex<\/a><\/noindex> a kon\u010de mlr<\/a><\/noindex> s jot<\/a><\/noindex> a rs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Jak\u00e9 standardn\u00ed mo\u017enosti UNIXov\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f se pro v\u00e1s staly objevem?<\/i><\/p>\n
O \u010dem p\u00ed\u0161eme v na\u0161em firemn\u00edm blogu:<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Diskuze: Jak se vyv\u00edjel syst\u00e9m dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen: \u00e9ra ARPANET<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskuze: Historie syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen: prvn\u00ed DNS servery<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskuze: Historie DNS: kdy se dom\u00e9nov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na stala placen\u00fdmi<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskuze: Historie syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen: \"v\u00e1lky\" protokol\u016f<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 (Douglas McIlroy), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 UNIX \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 UNIX-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Hacker News. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 Virginia Johnson \u2014 Unsplash \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0412 UNIX-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":75251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Diskuze: standardn\u00ed UNIXov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1lokdo pou\u017e\u00edval a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nyn\u00ed | ProHoster","description":"P\u0159ed t\u00fddnem Douglas McIlroy, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 UNIXov\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed a autor pojmu \u201ekomponentn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 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\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 (Douglas McIlroy), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 UNIX \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 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