{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"Nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed programy Unix","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Autor \u010dl\u00e1nku Douglas McIlroy je americk\u00fd matematik, in\u017een\u00fdr a program\u00e1tor. Nejv\u00edce je zn\u00e1m\u00fd d\u00edky v\u00fdvoji pipeliningu v opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu Unix, princip\u016fm komponentn\u011b orientovan\u00e9ho programov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u011bkolika origin\u00e1ln\u00edm utilit\u00e1m: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u011bkdy naraz\u00edte na skute\u010dn\u011b pozoruhodn\u00e9 programy. Po vzpom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed jsem sestavil seznam skute\u010dn\u00fdch klenot\u016f Unixu za v\u0161echny roky. V\u011bt\u0161inou jde o pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a nikoliv tak nezbytn\u00e9 programy. Ale to, co je odli\u0161uje, je jejich originalita. Ani si nedok\u00e1\u017eu p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee bych m\u011bl s\u00e1m n\u011bjak\u00fd z nich vymyslet.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011blte se, kter\u00e9 programy v\u00e1s tak\u00e9 tak ohromily?<\/p>\n

PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n

\nZa\u010dn\u011bme samotn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem PDP-7 Unix. Jeho jednoduchost a s\u00edla m\u011b donutila p\u0159ej\u00edt z mocn\u00e9ho mainframu na malinkou ma\u0161inu. Zde je uk\u00e1zkou hierarchick\u00e9ho souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, samostatn\u00e1 shell a spr\u00e1va proces\u016f na \u00farovni u\u017eivatele, co\u017e Multics na mainframech nedok\u00e1zal realizovat po stovk\u00e1ch mu\u017esk\u00fdch let v\u00fdvoje. Nedostatky Unixu (nap\u0159\u00edklad struktura z\u00e1znam\u016f v souborov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu) byly stejn\u011b pou\u010dn\u00e9 a osvobozuj\u00edc\u00ed jako jeho novinky (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed vstupu a v\u00fdstupu v shellu).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nMatematick\u00e1 knihovna pro stoln\u00ed kalkula\u010dku s prom\u011bnnou p\u0159esnost\u00ed Roberta Morrise pou\u017e\u00edvala inverzn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu chyb k ur\u010den\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku pro dosa\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti v\u00fdsledku. Na konferenci NATO o softwarov\u00e9m in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed v roce 1968 ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce o softwarov\u00fdch komponentech jsem navrhl referen\u010dn\u00ed procedury, kter\u00e9 mohou poskytnout jakoukoli po\u017eadovanou p\u0159esnost, ale nev\u011bd\u011bl jsem, jak je realizovat v praxi. dc z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dosud jedin\u00fdm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm programem schopn\u00fdm toho.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1 slova v textu podle jejich podobnosti s ostatn\u00edm textem. P\u0159eklepy jako ‘hte’ maj\u00ed tendenci se nach\u00e1zet na konci seznamu. Robert Morris s hrdost\u00ed \u0159\u00edkal, \u017ee program bude stejn\u011b dob\u0159e fungovat pro jak\u00fdkoli jazyk. I kdy\u017e typo nepom\u00e1h\u00e1 nal\u00e9zt fonetick\u00e9 chyby, stala se skute\u010dn\u00fdm objevem pro v\u0161echny, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed text, a p\u0159inesla mnoho v\u00fdhod je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se objevila mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, ale p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrola pravopisu podle slovn\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Typo je uvnit\u0159 stejn\u011b ne\u010dekan\u00e9 jako zven\u010d\u00ed. Algoritmus m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed podobnosti je zalo\u017een na \u010detnosti v\u00fdskytu trigram\u016f, kter\u00e9 se po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed v poli 26\u00d726\u00d726. V mal\u00e9m pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9m prostoru sotva bylo m\u00edsto pro jedbyteov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtadla, a proto byla realizov\u00e1na sch\u00e9ma komprese velk\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel na mal\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edtadla. Aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo p\u0159ete\u010den\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edtadla se aktualizovala na pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e byla udr\u017eov\u00e1na odhad logaritmu hodnoty po\u010d\u00edtadla.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nS p\u0159\u00edchodem fotonab\u00eddky se stalo mo\u017en\u00e9, ale stra\u0161n\u011b \u00fanavn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et klasickou matematickou notaci. Lorinda Cherry se rozhodla vyvinout jazyk vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho popisu a brzy se k n\u00ed p\u0159ipojil Brian Kernighan. Jejich znamenit\u00fd krok spo\u010d\u00edval v tom, aby vyslovili \u00fastn\u00ed tradici v p\u00edsemn\u00e9 podob\u011b, a tak se eqn uk\u00e1zal jako p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b snadn\u00fd k nau\u010den\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu p\u0159edprocesor jazyka pro popis matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f, eqn od t\u00e9 doby t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nebyl vylep\u0161en.<\/p>\n

struct<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda Baker za\u010dala vyv\u00edjet sv\u016fj konvertor Fortan-to-Ratfor navzdory rad\u011b sv\u00e9ho nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho \u2013 m\u011b. Myslel jsem si, \u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k speci\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u0159euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zdrojov\u00e9ho textu. Bude zbaveno \u010d\u00edsel oper\u00e1tor\u016f, ale jinak ne v\u00edce \u010diteln\u00e9 ne\u017e gramotn\u011b strukturovan\u00fd k\u00f3d Fortran. Brenda dok\u00e1zala, \u017ee jsem se m\u00fdlil. Zjistila, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 program Fortran m\u00e1 kanonicky strukturovanou formu. Program\u00e1to\u0159i preferovali kanonickou formu, a ne to, co napsali p\u016fvodn\u011b.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nDiagnostika syntaxe v kompil\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd vyvinula skupina Sue Graham v Berkeley, byla nejv\u00edce u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 ze v\u0161ech, jak\u00e9 jsem kdy vid\u011bl \u2014 a prob\u00edhala automaticky. P\u0159i syntaktick\u00e9 chyb\u011b kompil\u00e1tor navrhuje vlo\u017eit lex\u00e9m, aby pokra\u010doval v syntaktick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 pokusy vysv\u011btlit, co je \u0161patn\u011b. S t\u00edmto kompil\u00e1torem jsem se nau\u010dil Pascal za jeden ve\u010der, ani\u017e bych m\u011bl k dispozici n\u011bjak\u00fd n\u00e1vod.<\/p>\n

parts<\/h1>\n

\nSkryt\u00fd uvnit\u0159 bal\u00ed\u010dku WWB (Writer’s Workbench) modul parts<\/code> Lorinda Cherry ur\u010duje \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159e\u010di pro slova v anglick\u00e9m textu na z\u00e1klad\u011b pouze mal\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku, pravopisn\u00fdch pravidel a gramatiky. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to anotace program WWB generuje stylometrick\u00e9 ukazatele textu, jako je p\u0159evaha p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen, vedlej\u0161\u00edch v\u011bt a slo\u017een\u00fdch v\u011bt. Kdy\u017e Lorinda poskytla rozhovor v televizi Today na NBC a hovo\u0159ila o inovativn\u00ed kontrole gramatiky v textech WWB, \u0161lo o prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednku Unixu v televizi.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAl Aho po\u010d\u00edtal s t\u00edm, \u017ee jeho deterministick\u00fd rozpozn\u00e1va\u010d regul\u00e1rn\u00edch v\u00fdraz\u016f p\u0159ekon\u00e1 klasick\u00fd nedeterministick\u00fd rozpozn\u00e1va\u010d Kena. Bohu\u017eel, ten posledn\u00ed ji\u017e dokon\u010doval pr\u016fchod slo\u017eit\u00fdmi regul\u00e1rn\u00edmi v\u00fdrazy, zat\u00edmco egrep<\/code> stav\u011bl svou deterministickou automatiku. Aby v t\u00e9to z\u00e1vod\u011b p\u0159esto zv\u00edt\u011bzil, Al Aho se vyhnul proklet\u00ed exponenci\u00e1ln\u00edho r\u016fstu tabulky stav\u016f automatu t\u00edm, \u017ee vynalezl zp\u016fsob, jak za letu vytv\u00e1\u0159et pouze ty z\u00e1znamy tabulky, kter\u00e9 jsou skute\u010dn\u011b nav\u0161t\u011bvov\u00e1ny b\u011bhem rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

krabi<\/h1>\n

\nOkouzluj\u00edc\u00ed meta-program Luki Cardelli pro okenn\u00ed syst\u00e9m Blit generoval virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed kraby, kte\u0159\u00ed se toulali pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdm prostorem obrazovky a st\u00e1le v\u00edce okusovali okraje aktivn\u00edch oken.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 my\u0161lenky<\/h1>\n

\nI kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed vid\u011bt navenek, teorie a algoritmy hr\u00e1ly rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny t\u011bchto program\u016f: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. Ve skute\u010dnosti nejv\u00edce p\u0159ekvapuje pr\u00e1v\u011b neobvykl\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed teorie.<\/p>\n

Origin\u00e1ln\u00edmi autory t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 poloviny seznamu \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 byly \u017eeny, co\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161uje demografick\u00fd pod\u00edl \u017een v oblasti informatiky.<\/p>\n

Douglas McIlroy
\nB\u0159ezen, 2020<\/i>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed programy Unixu | ProHoster","description":"Autorem \u010dl\u00e1nku je Douglas McIlroy \u2014 americk\u00fd matematik, in\u017een\u00fdr a 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