{"id":77298,"date":"2020-04-10T01:42:31","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T23:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustanovit-i-ispolzovat-aide-advanced-intrusion-detection-environment-v-centos-8"},"modified":"2020-04-10T01:42:31","modified_gmt":"2020-04-09T23:42:31","slug":"kak-ustanovit-i-ispolzovat-aide-advanced-intrusion-detection-environment-v-centos-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustanovit-i-ispolzovat-aide-advanced-intrusion-detection-environment-v-centos-8","title":{"rendered":"Jak nainstalovat a pou\u017e\u00edvat AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) v CentOS 8","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><b>P\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm kurzu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/BztB\/\">\u201eLinuxov\u00fd administr\u00e1tor\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159ipravili jsme p\u0159eklad zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak nainstalovat a pou\u017e\u00edvat AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) v CentOS 8\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/e0f652f377fb48798444f1db1de5a376.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAIDE znamen\u00e1 \u201eAdvanced Intrusion Detection Environment\u201c (vylep\u0161en\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro detekci naru\u0161en\u00ed) \u2014 je jedn\u00edm z nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn v opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech zalo\u017een\u00fdch na Linuxu. AIDE se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ochran\u011b p\u0159ed malwarem, viry a k detekci neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdch akc\u00ed. Pro kontrolu integrity soubor\u016f a detekci naru\u0161en\u00ed AIDE vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed datab\u00e1zi informac\u00ed o souborech a porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav syst\u00e9mu s touto datab\u00e1z\u00ed. AIDE pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zkr\u00e1tit \u010das vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed incident\u016f t\u00edm, \u017ee se zam\u011b\u0159uje na soubory, kter\u00e9 byly zm\u011bn\u011bny.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017enosti AIDE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Podpora r\u016fzn\u00fdch atribut\u016f soubor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b: typu souboru, inode, uid, gid, opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed, po\u010dtu odkaz\u016f, mtime, ctime a atime.<\/li>\n<li>Podpora komprese Gzip, SELinux, XAttrs, Posix ACL a atribut\u016f souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<li>Podpora r\u016fzn\u00fdch algoritm\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, rmd160, crc32 atd.<\/li>\n<li>Odes\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed upozorn\u011bn\u00ed e-mailem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na to, jak nainstalovat a pou\u017e\u00edvat AIDE pro detekci naru\u0161en\u00ed na CentOS 8.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Po\u017eadavky<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Server b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na CentOS 8, minim\u00e1ln\u011b s 2 GB RAM.<\/li>\n<li>root p\u0159\u00edstup<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1me<\/h3>\n<p>\nNejprve se doporu\u010duje aktualizovat syst\u00e9m. Pro to spus\u0165te n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">dnf update -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPo aktualizaci restartujte syst\u00e9m, aby se zm\u011bny projevily.<\/p>\n<h3>Instalace AIDE<\/h3>\n<p>\nAIDE je k dispozici v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm repozit\u00e1\u0159i CentOS 8. M\u016f\u017eete jej snadno nainstalovat pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">dnf install aide -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPo dokon\u010den\u00ed instalace m\u016f\u017eete zobrazit verzi AIDE pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --version<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u011bli byste vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Aide 0.16\n\nSestaveno s n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi:\n\nWITH_MMAP\nWITH_PCRE\nWITH_POSIX_ACL\nWITH_SELINUX\nWITH_XATTR\nWITH_E2FSATTRS\nWITH_LSTAT64\nWITH_READDIR64\nWITH_ZLIB\nWITH_CURL\nWITH_GCRYPT\nWITH_AUDIT\nCONFIG_FILE = \"\/etc\/aide.conf\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDostupn\u00e9 parametry <code>aide<\/code> m\u016f\u017eete zobrazit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --help<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak nainstalovat a pou\u017e\u00edvat AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) v CentOS 8\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/b85d16149448ab22bb6b09ee66bf5bc8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed a inicializace datab\u00e1ze<\/h3>\n<p>\nPrvn\u00ed, co mus\u00edte ud\u011blat po instalaci AIDE, je jej inicializovat. Inicializace spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vytvo\u0159en\u00ed datab\u00e1ze (snapshotu) v\u0161ech soubor\u016f a adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f serveru.<\/p>\n<p>Pro inicializaci datab\u00e1ze spus\u0165te n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkaz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --init<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u011bli byste vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko za\u010d\u00e1tku: 2020-01-16 03:03:19 -0500 (AIDE 0.16)\nAIDE inicializoval datab\u00e1zi v \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.new.gz\n\nPo\u010det z\u00e1znam\u016f:\t49472\n\n---------------------------------------------------\nAtributy (dekomprimovan\u00fdch) datab\u00e1z\u00ed:\n---------------------------------------------------\n\n\/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.new.gz\n  MD5      : 4N79P7hPE2uxJJ1o7na9sA==\n  SHA1     : Ic2XBj50MKiPd1UGrtcUk4LGs0M=\n  RMD160   : rHMMy5WwHVb9TGUc+TBHFHsPCrk=\n  TIGER    : vkb2bvB1r7DbT3n6d1qYVfDzrNCzTkI0\n  SHA256   : tW3KmjcDef2gNXYqnOPT1l0gDFd0tBh9\n             xWXT2iaEHgQ=\n  SHA512   : VPMRQnz72+JRgNQhL16dxQC9c+GiYB8g\n             uZp6uZNqTvTdxw+w\/IYDSanTtt\/fEkiI\n             nDw6lgDNI\/ls2esijukliQ==\n\n\n\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko konce: 2020-01-16 03:03:44 -0500 (doba b\u011bhu: 0m 25s)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz vytvo\u0159\u00ed novou datab\u00e1zi <code>aide.db.new.gz<\/code> ve slo\u017ece <code>\/var\/lib\/aide<\/code>. M\u016f\u017eete ji zobrazit pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">ls -l \/var\/lib\/aide<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nResult:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">celkem 2800\n-rw------- 1 root root 2863809 Jan 16 03:03 aide.db.new.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAIDE nebude pou\u017e\u00edvat tento nov\u00fd soubor datab\u00e1ze, dokud nebude p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1n na <code>aide.db.gz<\/code>. M\u016f\u017eete to ud\u011blat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">mv \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.new.gz \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDoporu\u010duje se tuto datab\u00e1zi pravideln\u011b aktualizovat, aby se zajistil nezbytn\u00fd monitoring zm\u011bn. <\/p>\n<p>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze lze zm\u011bnit \u00fapravou parametru <code>DBDIR<\/code> v souboru <code>\/etc\/aide.conf<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>Spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontroly<\/h3>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed je AIDE p\u0159ipraveno pou\u017e\u00edvat novou datab\u00e1zi. Spus\u0165te prvn\u00ed kontrolu AIDE bez jak\u00fdchkoli zm\u011bn:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --check<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nProveden\u00ed tohoto p\u0159\u00edkazu zabere n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das v z\u00e1vislosti na velikosti va\u0161eho souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a objemu opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti na va\u0161em serveru. Po dokon\u010den\u00ed kontroly byste m\u011bli vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko za\u010d\u00e1tku: 2020-01-16 03:05:07 -0500 (AIDE 0.16)\nAIDE nena\u0161el \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi datab\u00e1z\u00ed a souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. Vypad\u00e1 to v po\u0159\u00e1dku!!<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV\u00fdstup v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkazu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny soubory a adres\u00e1\u0159e odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed datab\u00e1zi AIDE.<\/p>\n<h3>Testov\u00e1n\u00ed AIDE<\/h3>\n<p>\nVe v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed AIDE nesleduje v\u00fdchoz\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fd adres\u00e1\u0159 Apache <code>\/var\/www\/html.<\/code> Poj\u010fme nakonfigurovat AIDE, aby ho sledovalo. K tomu je t\u0159eba upravit soubor <code>\/etc\/aide.conf<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">nano \/etc\/aide.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nP\u0159idejte nad \u0159\u00e1dek <code>\"\/root\/CONTENT_EX\"<\/code> n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/var\/www\/html\/ CONTENT_EX<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed vytvo\u0159te soubor <code>aide.txt<\/code> ve slo\u017ece <code>\/var\/www\/html\/<\/code>, pou\u017eit\u00edm n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">echo \"Test AIDE\" &gt; \/var\/www\/html\/aide.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed spus\u0165te kontrolu AIDE a ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee vytvo\u0159en\u00fd soubor bude nalezen.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --check<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u011bli byste vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko za\u010d\u00e1tku: 2020-01-16 03:09:40 -0500 (AIDE 0.16)\nAIDE na\u0161el rozd\u00edly mezi datab\u00e1z\u00ed a souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem!!\n\nShrnut\u00ed:\n  Celkov\u00fd po\u010det z\u00e1znam\u016f:\t49475\n  P\u0159idan\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy:\t\t1\n  Odebran\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy:\t\t0\n  Zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy:\t\t0\n\n---------------------------------------------------\nP\u0159idan\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy:\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nf++++++++++++++++: \/var\/www\/html\/aide.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nVid\u00edme, \u017ee vytvo\u0159en\u00fd soubor byl nalezen <code>aide.txt<\/code>.<br \/>\nPo anal\u00fdze zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch zm\u011bn aktualizujte datab\u00e1zi AIDE.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --update<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPo aktualizaci byste m\u011bli vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko: 2020-01-16 03:10:41 -0500 (AIDE 0.16)\nAIDE na\u0161el rozd\u00edly mezi datab\u00e1z\u00ed a souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem!!\nNov\u00e1 AIDE datab\u00e1ze byla zaps\u00e1na do \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.new.gz\n\nShrnut\u00ed:\n  Celkov\u00fd po\u010det polo\u017eek:\t49475\n  P\u0159idan\u00e9 polo\u017eky:\t\t1\n  Odebran\u00e9 polo\u017eky:\t\t0\n  Zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 polo\u017eky:\t\t0\n\n---------------------------------------------------\nP\u0159idan\u00e9 polo\u017eky:\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nf++++++++++++++++: \/var\/www\/html\/aide.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz vytvo\u0159\u00ed novou datab\u00e1zi <code>aide.db.new.gz<\/code> ve slo\u017ece <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/var\/lib\/aide\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u016f\u017eete ji zobrazit pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">ls -l \/var\/lib\/aide\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nResult:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">celkem 5600\n-rw------- 1 root root 2864012 Jan 16 03:09 aide.db.gz\n-rw------- 1 root root 2864100 Jan 16 03:11 aide.db.new.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed p\u0159ejmenujte novou datab\u00e1zi znovu, aby AIDE pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch zm\u011bn pou\u017e\u00edval novou datab\u00e1zi. P\u0159ejmenovat m\u016f\u017eete n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">mv \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.new.gz \/var\/lib\/aide\/aide.db.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSpus\u0165te kontrolu znovu, abyste se ujistili, \u017ee AIDE pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 novou datab\u00e1zi:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aide --check<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u011bli byste vid\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u010casov\u00e9 raz\u00edtko: 2020-01-16 03:12:29 -0500 (AIDE 0.16)\nAIDE nena\u0161el \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi datab\u00e1z\u00ed a souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. Vypad\u00e1 to v po\u0159\u00e1dku!!<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Automatizace kontroly<\/h3>\n<p>\nJe dobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad spou\u0161t\u011bt kontrolu AIDE ka\u017ed\u00fd den a pos\u00edlat zpr\u00e1vu e-mailem. Tento proces lze automatizovat pomoc\u00ed cron.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">nano \/etc\/crontab<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPro spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontroly AIDE ka\u017ed\u00fd den v 10:15 p\u0159idejte na konec souboru n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">15 10 * * * root \/usr\/sbin\/aide --check<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed v\u00e1s AIDE upozorn\u00ed e-mailem. Zpr\u00e1vy si m\u016f\u017eete zkontrolovat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkazem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">tail -f \/var\/mail\/root<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nLog AIDE si lze prohl\u00e9dnout pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">tail -f \/var\/log\/aide\/aide.log<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n<p>\nV tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku jste se nau\u010dili, jak pou\u017e\u00edvat AIDE k odhalen\u00ed zm\u011bn soubor\u016f a identifikaci neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k serveru. Pro dal\u0161\u00ed nastaven\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete zm\u011bnit konfigura\u010dn\u00ed soubor \/etc\/aide.conf. Z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f se doporu\u010duje uchov\u00e1vat datab\u00e1zi a konfigura\u010dn\u00ed soubor na m\u00e9diu dostupn\u00e9m pouze pro \u010dten\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed informace naleznete v dokumentaci. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-us\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/7\/html\/security_guide\/sec-using-aide\">AIDE Doc<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>\n<b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/BztB\/\">Zjistit v\u00edce o kurzu.<br \/>\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/496312\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430. AIDE \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u201cAdvanced Intrusion Detection Environment\u201d (\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 Linux. AIDE \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c, \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":77299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-77298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 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