{"id":78254,"date":"2020-04-18T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:45:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:45:17","slug":"veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","title":{"rendered":"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Legitimn\u00ed provoz v s\u00edti DDoS-Guard ned\u00e1vno p\u0159ekro\u010dil sto gigabit\u016f za sekundu. Nyn\u00ed 50 % ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho na\u0161eho provozu generuj\u00ed webov\u00e9 slu\u017eby klient\u016f. To jsou desetitis\u00edce dom\u00e9n, velmi r\u016fznorod\u00fdch a v\u011bt\u0161inou vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/p>\n<p>Pod \u010dl\u00e1nkem \u2014 jak spravujeme front-end uzly a distribujeme <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" title=\"SSL certifik\u00e1ty\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/ssl-sertifikat\/\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"357\">SSL certifik\u00e1ty<\/a> pro stovky tis\u00edc web\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5e4fece0f5039f0fb1af5ead9e0e0089.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nastavit frontu pro jeden web, i kdy\u017e velmi velk\u00fd, je jednoduch\u00e9. Vezmeme nginx nebo haproxy \u010di lighttpd, nastav\u00edme podle n\u00e1vod\u016f a zapomeneme. Kdy\u017e je pot\u0159eba n\u011bco zm\u011bnit, ud\u011bl\u00e1me reload a op\u011bt zapomeneme.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echno se m\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1te velk\u00e9 objemy provozu, vyhodnocujete legitimitu po\u017eadavk\u016f, komprimujete a cachujete u\u017eivatelsk\u00fd obsah, a p\u0159itom m\u011bn\u00edte parametry n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t za sekundu. U\u017eivatel chce vid\u011bt v\u00fdsledek na v\u0161ech extern\u00edch uzlech ihned pot\u00e9, co zm\u011bn\u00ed nastaven\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m rozhran\u00ed. A tak\u00e9 u\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm API nahr\u00e1t n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc (n\u011bkdy i des\u00edtky tis\u00edc) dom\u00e9n s individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed provozu. To v\u0161e by m\u011blo fungovat okam\u017eit\u011b, jak v Americe, tak v Evrop\u011b a Asii \u2014 \u00fakol to nen\u00ed zrovna trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed, s ohledem na to, \u017ee v jedn\u00e9 pouze Moskv\u011b existuje n\u011bkolik fyzicky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch uzl\u016f filtrace.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d m\u00e1me tolik velk\u00fdch a spolehliv\u00fdch uzl\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Kvalita obsluhy klientsk\u00e9ho provozu \u2014 po\u017eadavky z USA je t\u0159eba zpracov\u00e1vat p\u0159\u00edmo v USA (v\u010detn\u011b ot\u00e1zek \u00fatok\u016f, parsov\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch anom\u00e1li\u00ed), a ne je tla\u010dit do Moskvy nebo Evropy, co\u017e nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011b zvy\u0161uje zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dato\u010dn\u00fd provoz je t\u0159eba lokalizovat \u2014 tranzitn\u00ed oper\u00e1to\u0159i mohou b\u011bhem \u00fatok\u016f, jejich\u017e objem \u010dasto p\u0159ekra\u010duje 1 Tbps, degradovat. Transportovat \u00fato\u010dn\u00fd provoz p\u0159es transatlantick\u00e9 nebo transaziatsk\u00e9 linky \u2014 nen\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1pad. M\u011bli jsme re\u00e1ln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy Tier-1 oper\u00e1to\u0159i \u0159\u00edkali: \u201eObjemy \u00fatok\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1te, jsou pro n\u00e1s nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9.\u201c Proto p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed toky co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k jejich zdroj\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na kontinuitu slu\u017eeb \u2014 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed servery by nem\u011bly z\u00e1viset jeden na druh\u00e9m ani na lok\u00e1ln\u00edch ud\u00e1lostech na\u0161eho rychle se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edho sv\u011bta. Bylo odpojeno v\u0161echny 11 patra MMTs-9 na t\u00fdden? \u2014 to nen\u00ed probl\u00e9m. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd klient, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 fyzick\u00e9 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b, nebude posti\u017een a webov\u00e9 slu\u017eby nebudou nijak ohro\u017eeny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Jak to v\u0161echno \u0159\u00eddit?<\/h3>\n<p>Konfigurace slu\u017eeb by se m\u011bly co nejd\u0159\u00edve (ide\u00e1ln\u011b okam\u017eit\u011b) \u0161\u00ed\u0159it na v\u0161echny front-end uzly. Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 prost\u011b vz\u00edt a p\u0159estav\u011bt textov\u00e9 konfigurace a restartovat d\u00e9mony p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b \u2014 ten sam\u00fd nginx udr\u017euje ukon\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed se procesy (worker shutting down) je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik minut (nebo dokonce hodin, pokud jsou tam dlouh\u00e9 websocketov\u00e9 relace).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i restartu konfigurace nginx je zcela norm\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed situace:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6a1ffc01ad9bac1e51d46c3130ea2a37.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ohledn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed pam\u011bti:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/d356134b0866b8c92a3d5f7a3a8df208.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Star\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00edci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165, v\u010detn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na po\u010dtu p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, \u2014 to je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se klientsk\u00e1 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed uzav\u0159ou, tato pam\u011b\u0165 bude uvoln\u011bna.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d to nebyl probl\u00e9m, kdy\u017e nginx teprve za\u010d\u00ednal vyv\u00edjet? Nebyly ani HTTP\/2, ani WebSocket, ani masivn\u00ed dlouh\u00e1 keep-alive p\u0159ipojen\u00ed. 70 % na\u0161eho webov\u00e9ho provozu \u2014 HTTP\/2, a to jsou velmi dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed je jednoduch\u00e9 \u2014 nepou\u017e\u00edvat nginx, ne\u0159\u00eddit fronty na z\u00e1klad\u011b textov\u00fdch soubor\u016f a rozhodn\u011b neodes\u00edlat komprimovan\u00e9 textov\u00e9 konfigurace p\u0159es transpacifick\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly. Kan\u00e1ly jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b garantovan\u00e9 a rezervovan\u00e9, ale to nem\u011bn\u00ed nic na jejich transkontinent\u00e1ln\u00edm charakteru.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1me vlastn\u00ed serverov\u00fd vyrovn\u00e1va\u010d zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, jeho\u017e vnit\u0159n\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed pop\u00ed\u0161u v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch. Hlavn\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, kterou um\u00ed, je aplikovat tis\u00edce zm\u011bn konfigurace za sekundu na\u017eivo, bez restart\u016f, reload\u016f, skokov\u00e9ho n\u00e1r\u016fstu spot\u0159eby pam\u011bti a podobn\u011b. To velmi p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Hot Code Reload, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Erlangu. Data jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na v geograficky distribuovan\u00e9 key-value datab\u00e1zi a okam\u017eit\u011b je na\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 mechanismy front. Tedy, pokud jste nahr\u00e1li SSL certifik\u00e1t p\u0159es webov\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed nebo API v Moskv\u011b, za n\u011bkolik sekund je u\u017e p\u0159ipraven k pou\u017eit\u00ed v na\u0161em \u010dist\u00edc\u00edm centru v Los Angeles. Pokud by n\u00e1hodou nastala sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka a internet na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b zmizel, na\u0161e uzly budou i nad\u00e1le fungovat autonomn\u011b a oprav\u00ed split-brain, jakmile se jeden z dedikovan\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f Los Angeles-Amsterdam-Moskva, Moskva-Amsterdam-Hongkong-Los Angeles nebo alespo\u0148 jeden z rezervn\u00edch p\u0159overen\u00fdch GRE stane dostupn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p>Tento mechanismus n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje okam\u017eit\u00e9 vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/\">certifik\u00e1ty Let's Encrypt.<\/a> Velmi zjednodu\u0161en\u011b to funguje takto:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Jakmile vid\u00edme alespo\u0148 jeden HTTPS dotaz pro dom\u00e9nu na\u0161eho klienta bez certifik\u00e1tu (nebo s propadl\u00fdm certifik\u00e1tem), extern\u00ed uzel, kter\u00fd dotaz p\u0159ijal, o tom informuje vnit\u0159n\u00ed certifika\u010dn\u00ed centrum.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20830ee7c4ea57ec1d0833f0bc25412d.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Pokud u\u017eivatel neodm\u00edtl vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Let's Encrypt, certifika\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad vytvo\u0159\u00ed CSR, z\u00edsk\u00e1 od LE potvrzovac\u00ed token a rozes\u00edl\u00e1 jej na v\u0161echny fronty \u0161ifrovan\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem. Nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee jak\u00e1koliv uzel potvrdit valida\u010dn\u00ed po\u017eadavek od LE.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/1c8b295065f27c1b69c810ff74ce4018.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika okam\u017eik\u016f obdr\u017e\u00edme platn\u00fd certifik\u00e1t a soukrom\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d a op\u011bt stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem je roze\u0161leme front\u00e1m. Op\u011bt bez restartov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9mon\u016f.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/e4fc349089fbf7cbe7824ea539865daf.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 jak spravujeme provoz des\u00edtek tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>7 dn\u00ed p\u0159ed datem expirace se spou\u0161t\u00ed postup pro obnoven\u00ed certifik\u00e1tu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f rotujeme v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase 350k certifik\u00e1t\u016f zcela transparentn\u011b pro u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n<p>V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch cyklu se pod\u011bl\u00edm o dal\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho provozu v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad o anal\u00fdze RTT na z\u00e1klad\u011b ne\u00fapln\u00fdch dat pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality slu\u017eeb tranzitn\u00edch klient\u016f a v\u016fbec o ochran\u011b tranzitn\u00edho provozu p\u0159ed terabitov\u00fdmi \u00fatoky, o dod\u00e1vce a agregaci informac\u00ed o provozu, o WAF, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neomezen\u00e9m CDN a mnoha mechanismech optimalizace v\u00fdstupu obsahu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Pouze registrovan\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit ankety. <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">P\u0159ihlaste se<\/a>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">O \u010dem byste se cht\u011bli dozv\u011bd\u011bt jako prvn\u00ed?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"poll-result\">\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Algoritmy klasifikace a anal\u00fdzy kvality webov\u00e9ho provozu&lt;3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent  poll-result__data-percent_winner\">33,3%<\/strong>Vnit\u0159nosti vyva\u017eova\u010d\u016f DDoS-Guard7<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">9,5%<\/strong>Ochrana p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho L3\/L4 provozu2<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">0,0%<\/strong>Ochrana webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek v p\u0159enosov\u00e9m provozu0<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Web Application Firewall3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">28,6%<\/strong>Ochrana proti parsov\u00e1n\u00ed a klik\u00e1n\u00ed6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hlasovalo 21 u\u017eivatel\u016f. 6 u\u017eivatel\u016f se zdr\u017eelo.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ddosguard\/blog\/497632\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 DDoS-Guard \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 50% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 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