{"id":80122,"date":"2020-05-03T13:42:34","date_gmt":"2020-05-03T11:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go"},"modified":"2020-05-03T13:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-05-03T11:42:34","slug":"kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go","title":{"rendered":"Jak jsem navrhoval bloky a transakce ve sv\u00e9 blockchainov\u00e9 aplikaci v Go","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Aby se nakonec vytvo\u0159il blockchain, a nikoli jen datab\u00e1ze, mus\u00edme do sv\u00e9ho projektu p\u0159idat 3 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 prvky: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Popis datov\u00e9 struktury a metod bloku<\/li>\n<li> Popis datov\u00e9 struktury a metod transakce<\/li>\n<li> Funkce blockchainu, kter\u00e9 ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed bloky do datab\u00e1ze a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed je pomoc\u00ed jejich hashe nebo v\u00fd\u0161ky (nebo jakkoli jinak).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak jsem navrhoval bloky a transakce ve sv\u00e9 blockchainov\u00e9 aplikaci v Go\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/75099a735419b5c2bfbffa82865d1d4a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nToto je druh\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek o blockchainu pro pr\u016fmysl, prvn\u00ed <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/499732\/\">tady<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Vzpomeneme na ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 mi kladli \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i k p\u0159edchoz\u00edmu \u010dl\u00e1nku t\u00e9to s\u00e9rie, a je t\u0159eba poznamenat: pro ulo\u017een\u00ed dat blockchainu se v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze LevelDB, ale nic nebr\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed jak\u00e9koli jin\u00e9, \u0159ekn\u011bme t\u00e9\u017ee MySQL. A nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme na strukturu t\u011bchto dat.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dn\u011bme s transakcemi: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/transaction\/builder.go\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/transaction\/builder.go<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zde je jej\u00ed datov\u00e1 struktura:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">type TX struct {\n\tDataType byte\t\t\n\tTxHash string \n\tTxType byte\t\n\tTimestamp int64\t\t\n\tINs []TxIn\n\tOUTs []TxOut\n}\n\ntype TxIn struct {\n\tThatTxHash string\n\tTxOutN int\n\tByteCode string\n}\n\ntype TxOut struct {\n\tValue int\n\tByteCode string\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV TX jsou ulo\u017eeny typ dat (pro transakci 2), hash t\u00e9to transakce, typ samotn\u00e9 transakce, \u010dasov\u00e1 zna\u010dka, a tak\u00e9 vstupy a v\u00fdstupy. Vstupy TxIn uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed hash transakce, na kterou se odkazuje, \u010d\u00edslo tohoto v\u00fdstupu a bytecode, zat\u00edmco v\u00fdstupy TxOut uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bjakou hodnotu a tak\u00e9 bytecode.<\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme, jak\u00e9 operace m\u016f\u017ee transakce prov\u00e1d\u011bt se sv\u00fdmi daty, tj. prozkoumejme metody.<\/p>\n<p>Pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed transakce slou\u017e\u00ed funkce transaction.NewTransaction(txtype byte) *TX.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda AddTxIn(thattxhash []byte, txoutn int, code []byte) (*TxIn, error) p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 vstup k transakci.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda AddTxOut(value int, data []byte) (*TxOut, error) p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdstup k transakci.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda ToBytes() []byte p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed transakci na byte slice.<\/p>\n<p>Intern\u00ed funkce preByteHash(bytes []byte) string se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v Build() a Check() pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kompatibility vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho hashe transakc\u00ed s hashemi transakc\u00ed generovan\u00fdmi z aplikac\u00ed na JavaScriptu.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda Build() nastavuje hash transakce n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem: tx.TxHash = preByteHash(tx.ToBytes()).<\/p>\n<p>Metoda ToJSON() string p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed transakci na JSON \u0159et\u011bzec.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda FromJSON(data []byte) error na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 transakci z form\u00e1tu JSON, p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9ho ve form\u011b byte slice.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda Check() bool porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00edskan\u00fd hash z pole hashe transakce s hashem, kter\u00fd byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n jako v\u00fdsledek hashov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to transakce (bez zohledn\u011bn\u00ed pole hashe).<\/p>\n<p>Transakce se p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed do bloku: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/block\/builder.go\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/block\/builder.go<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Struktura dat bloku je objemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">type Block struct {\n\tDataType byte\t\t\t\t\n\tBlockHeight int\t\t\t\t\t\n        Timestamp int64\t\t\t\t \n        HeaderSize int\t\t\t\t\t\n        PrevBlockHash string\t\t\t\t \n        SelfBlockHash string\t\t\t\n\tTxsHash string\t\t\t\n\tMerkleRoot string\n\tCreatorPublicKey string\t\t\t\n\tCreatorSig string\n\tVersion int\n\tTxsN int\n\tTxs []transaction.TX\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDataType uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 typ dat, podle n\u011bho\u017e uzel rozli\u0161uje blok od transakce nebo jin\u00fdch dat. Pro blok je tato hodnota rovna 1.<\/p>\n<p>BlockHeight uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ku bloku.<br \/>\nTimestamp je \u010dasov\u00e1 zna\u010dka.<br \/>\nHeaderSize je velikost bloku v bajtech.<br \/>\nPrevBlockHash je hash p\u0159edchoz\u00edho bloku, a SelfBlockHash je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed.<br \/>\nTxsHash je celkov\u00fd hash transakc\u00ed.<br \/>\nMerkleRoot je ko\u0159en Merkleova stromu.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le jsou v pol\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d tv\u016frce bloku, podpis tv\u016frce, verze bloku, po\u010det transakc\u00ed v bloku a samotn\u00e9 transakce.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u00edvejme se na jeho metody:<br \/>\nPro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed bloku se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 funkce block.NewBlock(): NewBlock(prevBlockHash string, height int) *Block, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 hash p\u0159edchoz\u00edho bloku a v\u00fd\u0161ku nastavenou pro vytvo\u0159en\u00fd blok v blockchainu. Tak\u00e9 se nastavuje typ bloku z konstanty bal\u00ed\u010dku types: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">b.DataType = types.BLOCK_TYPE.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Metoda AddTx(tx *transaction.TX) p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 transakci do bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda Build() na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 hodnoty do pol\u00ed bloku a generuje a nastavuje jeho aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed hash.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda ToBytesHeader() []byte p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed hlavi\u010dku bloku (bez transakc\u00ed) na bajtov\u00fd \u0159ez.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda ToJSON() string p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed blok do form\u00e1tu JSON ve form\u011b \u0159et\u011bzce dat.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda FromJSON(data []byte) error na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 data z JSON do struktury bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda Check() bool generuje hash bloku a porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s t\u00edm, kter\u00fd je zad\u00e1n v poli hash bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda GetTxsHash() string vrac\u00ed celkov\u00fd hash v\u0161ech transakc\u00ed v bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda GetMerkleRoot() nastavuje ko\u0159en Merkleova stromu pro transakce v bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda Sign(privk string) podepisuje blok soukrom\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem tv\u016frce bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda SetHeight(height int) zapisuje v\u00fd\u0161ku bloku do pole struktury bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda GetHeight() int vrac\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku bloku, jak je uvedeno v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm poli struktury bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda ToGOBBytes() []byte k\u00f3duje blok do form\u00e1tu GOB a vrac\u00ed ho ve form\u011b bajtov\u00e9ho \u0159ezu.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda FromGOBBytes(data []byte) error zapisuje data bloku do struktury bloku z p\u0159edan\u00e9ho bajtov\u00e9ho \u0159ezu ve form\u00e1tu GOB.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda GetHash() string vrac\u00ed hash tohoto bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda GetPrevHash() string vrac\u00ed hash p\u0159edchoz\u00edho bloku.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda SetPublicKey(pubk string) zapisuje do bloku ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d tv\u016frce bloku.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem m\u016f\u017eeme pomoc\u00ed metod objektu Block snadno p\u0159ev\u00e9st do form\u00e1tu pro p\u0159enos po s\u00edti a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed do datab\u00e1ze LevelDB.<\/p>\n<p>Za ulo\u017een\u00ed do blockchainu odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed funkce bal\u00ed\u010dku blockchain: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/tree\/master\/blockchain\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/tree\/master\/blockchain<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>K tomu mus\u00ed blok implementovat rozhran\u00ed IBlock:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">type IGOBBytes interface {\n\tToGOBBytes() []byte\n\tFromGOBBytes(data []byte) error\n}\n\ntype IBlock interface {\n\tIGOBBytes\n\tGetHash() string\n\tGetPrevHash() string\n\tGetHeight() int\n\tCheck() bool\n\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nP\u0159ipojen\u00ed k datab\u00e1zi se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jednou p\u0159i inicializaci bal\u00ed\u010dku ve funkci init(): <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">db, err = leveldb.OpenFile(BLOCKCHAIN_DB_DEBUG, nil).<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nCloseDB() je obal pro db.Close() \u2014 je vol\u00e1na po pr\u00e1ci s funkcemi bal\u00ed\u010dku pro uzav\u0159en\u00ed spojen\u00ed s DB.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce SetTargetBlockHash(hash string) error zapisuje do DB hash aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho bloku s kl\u00ed\u010dem ur\u010den\u00fdm konstantou BLOCK_HASH.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce GetTargetBlockHash() (string, error) vrac\u00ed hash aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho bloku ulo\u017een\u00e9ho v DB.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce SetTargetBlockHeight(height int) error zapisuje do DB hodnotu v\u00fd\u0161ky blockchainu pro uzel s kl\u00ed\u010dem ur\u010den\u00fdm konstantou BLOCK_HEIGHT.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce GetTargetBlockHeight() (int, error) vrac\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku blockchainu pro dan\u00fd uzel ulo\u017eenou v DB.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce CheckBlock(block IBlock) bool prov\u00e1d\u00ed kontrolu bloku na spr\u00e1vnost p\u0159ed p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto bloku do blockchainu.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce AddBlock(block IBlock) error p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 blok do blockchainu.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed a prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed blok\u016f se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v souboru explore.go bal\u00ed\u010dku blockchain:<\/p>\n<p>Funkce GetBlockByHash(hash string) (*block.Block, error) vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd objekt bloku, na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 do n\u011bj blok z DB, jeho\u017e hash byl p\u0159ed\u00e1n, a vrac\u00ed na n\u011bj ukazatel.<\/p>\n<p>Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed genesis bloku se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed funkce Genesis() error ze souboru genesis.go bal\u00ed\u010dku blockchain.<\/p>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se budeme v\u011bnovat p\u0159ipojen\u00ed klientsk\u00fdch uzl\u016f pomoc\u00ed mechanismu WebSocket.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/499930\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c 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\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0414 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0435\u0448\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c). \u042d\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":80123,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e 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