{"id":80630,"date":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","date_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato"},"modified":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","slug":"istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o prvn\u00edm paral\u00fdze internetu: proklet\u00ed sign\u00e1lu \u201eobsazeno\u201c","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh
\nMnoh\u00e9 z prvn\u00edch poskytovatel\u016f internetu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm AOL, nebyly schopny nab\u00eddnout v polovin\u011b 90. let neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup. Tento stav p\u0159etrv\u00e1val, dokud se neobjevil ne\u010dekan\u00fd disruptor: AT&T.<\/i><\/p>\n

V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se v kontextu internetu aktivn\u011b diskutuj\u00ed jeho '\u00fazk\u00e1 m\u00edsta'. Je to logick\u00e9, proto\u017ee nyn\u00ed v\u0161ichni sed\u00ed doma a sna\u017e\u00ed se p\u0159ipojit k Zoomu<\/a><\/noindex> z 12let\u00e9ho kabelov\u00e9ho modemu. Zat\u00edmco \u010deln\u00ed \u010dinitel\u00e9 a ve\u0159ejnost vyslovovali mnohokr\u00e1t pochybnosti, internet se vcelku dob\u0159e dr\u017e\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> b\u011bhem epidemie COVID-19. Skute\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edstup. Venkovsk\u00e9 oblasti jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 stra\u0161n\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem k internetu, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se mus\u00ed pot\u00fdkat s pomal\u00fdm DSL nebo satelitn\u00edm p\u0159ipojen\u00edm<\/a><\/noindex> kv\u016fli nepln\u011bn\u00ed legislativy, kter\u00e1 tuto mezeru nezaplnila v\u010das. Ale dnes bych se cht\u011bl vr\u00e1tit o n\u011bco zp\u011bt a probrat obdob\u00ed, kdy internet \u010delil probl\u00e9m\u016fm ze strany poskytovatel\u016f. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku budeme hovo\u0159it o obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edch, kter\u00fdm internet \u010delil, kdy\u017e se poprv\u00e9 \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il dial-up. 'Pokra\u010dujte v pokusu se p\u0159ipojit, d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji se v\u00e1m poda\u0159\u00ed spojit.'
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nZamysleme se nad touto reklamou: jeden \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159ijde dom\u016f k p\u0159\u00edteli, aby zjistil, zda se mu m\u00e1 j\u00edt na baseball, ale ve skute\u010dnosti p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00e1m j\u00edt nem\u016f\u017ee. Pro\u010d vlastn\u011b p\u0159i\u0161el? Tato reklama je zalo\u017eena na logick\u00e9 chyb\u011b.<\/em><\/p>\n

Den, kdy AOL otev\u0159el br\u00e1ny internetu<\/h3>\n

\nU\u017eivatel\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u00e9ho internetu u\u017e dlouho poci\u0165ovali podez\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di America Online kv\u016fli modelu, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159ila. Nebyl to 'skute\u010dn\u00fd' internet \u2013 spole\u010dnost nenutila u\u017eivatele pou\u017e\u00edvat pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed n\u011bco jako Trumpet Winsock<\/a><\/noindex> nebo termin\u00e1l; poskytovala p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed, zat\u00edmco kontrolu si nechala pro sebe. Vzhledem k kultu\u0159e technick\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 Internet vytvo\u0159ila, byl takov\u00fd model snadn\u00fdm c\u00edlem.<\/p>\n

O n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed pozd\u011bji se velk\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b stanou velmi podobn\u00fdmi AOL, ale poskytovatel\u00e9 se zm\u011bn\u00ed. A to je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry zp\u016fsobeno z\u00e1sadn\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm, kter\u00e9 AOL u\u010dinila 1. prosince 1996. Ten den poprv\u00e9 nab\u00eddla neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k sv\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b za pevn\u00fd poplatek.<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edve spole\u010dnost nab\u00edzela r\u016fzn\u00e9 tarify, z nich\u017e nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byly 20 hodin m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b a 3 dolary za ka\u017edou dal\u0161\u00ed hodinu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed m\u011bs\u00edcem zaveden\u00ed nov\u00e9ho tarifu AOL ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee zaplacen\u00edm 19,99 dolaru m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b budou lid\u00e9 moci b\u00fdt online, kolik cht\u011bj\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho spole\u010dnost vylep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupovou technologii, aby u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohli pracovat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de a nikoli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zabudovan\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de slu\u017eby. Jak poznamenal tehdy<\/a><\/noindex> sloupka\u0159 Chicago Tribune<\/em> James Coates, tato zm\u011bna tak\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed p\u0159idat podporu Windows 95, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se spole\u010dnost \u201eprom\u011bn\u00ed v pln\u011b funk\u010dn\u00ed 32bitov\u00e9ho poskytovatele internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb s fixn\u00edm m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm poplatkem 20 dolar\u016f\u201c. (U\u017eivatel\u00e9 se kone\u010dn\u011b mohli zbavit hr\u016fzy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed program\u016f pro webov\u00e9 proch\u00e1zen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdch pro Windows 3.1 v syst\u00e9mu Windows 95!)<\/p>\n

Ale toto rozhodnut\u00ed se prom\u011bnilo v houpa\u010dku, kter\u00e1 se pohybovala ob\u011bma sm\u011bry. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f po zaveden\u00ed tarifu bylo p\u0159\u00edstup na s\u00ed\u0165 AOL prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9 \u2014 linky byly neust\u00e1le obsazen\u00e9. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 se pokou\u0161eli vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m zakoupen\u00edm samostatn\u00e9 telefonn\u00ed linky, aby byla neust\u00e1le obsazen\u00e1, a nemuseli se znovu dovol\u00e1vat. Opakovan\u00e9 dovol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bylo mu\u010den\u00edm. U\u017eivatel se nach\u00e1zel vedle rozlehl\u00e9ho digit\u00e1ln\u00edho mo\u0159e, ale musel se k n\u011bmu dovolat.<\/p>\n

\"P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh
\nProbl\u00e9m zhor\u0161ovalo i to, \u017ee v polovin\u011b 90. let AOL roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila mezi u\u017eivatele obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed disk\u016f. (Foto: monkerino\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 dob\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1valo m\u00e9n\u011b viditeln\u00fdm to, jak v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 tato zm\u011bna byla pro obchodn\u00ed model AOL. Jedn\u00edm okam\u017eikem nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed poskytovatel internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb na sv\u011bt\u011b otev\u0159el p\u0159\u00edstup k cel\u00e9mu internetu a vym\u011bnil sv\u016fj obchodn\u00ed model za sch\u00e9ma \u201emrkve\u201c, kter\u00e9ho se tenkr\u00e1t dr\u017eelo v\u011bt\u0161ina online slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n

A\u017e do t\u00e9to doby m\u011bly online slu\u017eby, jako je AOL, spolu se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159edch\u016fdci jako CompuServe<\/a><\/noindex> a Prodigy<\/a><\/noindex>, cenov\u00e9 modely zalo\u017een\u00e9 na objemu vyu\u017eit\u00fdch slu\u017eeb; \u010dasem se st\u00e1valy m\u00e9n\u011b<\/em>, nikoli v\u00edce drah\u00fdmi. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee spole\u010dnosti zd\u011bdily strategii cenotvorby od elektronick\u00fdch n\u00e1st\u011bnek a platforem digit\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad od informa\u010dn\u00edho online servisu Dow Jones<\/a><\/noindex>, vyb\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159ebytek<\/i> m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159edplatn\u00e9ho i hodinov\u00e9. Tento model nebyl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00fd pro z\u00e1kazn\u00edky a kladl p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky p\u0159ed \u00farovn\u00ed dostupnosti Internetu, kterou m\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existovaly i dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fazk\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Modemy byly pomal\u00e9 na obou stran\u00e1ch rovnice \u2013 na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let byly nejobvykl\u011bj\u0161\u00ed modemy 2400 a 9600 baud\u016f, a rychlost byla um\u011ble omezena kvalitou spojen\u00ed na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b. I kdy\u017e jste m\u011bli modem na 28,8 kilobit\u016f, pokud poskytovatel internetu mohl nab\u00eddnout maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 9600 baud\u016f, nem\u011bli jste \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Snad nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou pro trval\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup byla obchodn\u00ed model. Prvn\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 internetu prost\u011b nev\u011bd\u011bli, zda m\u00e1 smysl poskytovat n\u00e1m v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup na internet a zda se obchodn\u00ed model bez hodinov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed osv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 m\u011bli infrastrukturn\u00ed probl\u00e9my: pokud nab\u00edz\u00edte neomezen\u00fd internet v\u0161em, m\u011bli byste m\u00edt infrastrukturu dostate\u010dnou pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9 knize z roku 2016 Jak se internet stal komer\u010dn\u00edm: Inovace, privatizace a vznik nov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> Shane Greenstein vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d byly ceny za p\u0159\u00edstup k internetu v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Nikdo p\u0159esn\u011b nev\u011bd\u011bl, co se stane rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm argumentem pro \u00e9ru internetu. Takto Greenstein popisuje dva filozofick\u00e9 t\u00e1bory sv\u011bta poskytovatel\u016f:<\/p>\n

Utvo\u0159ily se dva pohledy. Jeden z nich kladl velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na st\u00ed\u017enosti u\u017eivatel\u016f ohledn\u011b ztr\u00e1ty kontroly. U\u017eivatel\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee surfov\u00e1n\u00ed na World Wide Web bylo hypnotizuj\u00edc\u00ed. U\u017eivatel\u016fm bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 sledovat \u010das, kter\u00fd str\u00e1vili online. Krom\u011b toho bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat str\u00e1ven\u00fd \u010das online, pokud v jedn\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti bylo v\u00edce u\u017eivatel\u016f. Poskytovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed sympatizovali s t\u011bmito st\u00ed\u017enostmi u\u017eivatel\u016f, pova\u017eovali neomezen\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed za pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed poplatek za p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ceny pokryje dodate\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, ot\u00e1zka v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vala, jak velk\u00e9 toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed bude. Tyto cenov\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny se obvykle naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201es pevn\u00fdm tarifem\u201c (flat rate)<\/em> nebo \u201eneomezen\u00e9\u201c (unlimited)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Protikladn\u00fd n\u00e1zor kontrastoval s prvn\u00edm. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se pova\u017eovalo, \u017ee st\u00ed\u017enosti u\u017eivatel\u016f byly do\u010dasn\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 u\u017eivatele je t\u0159eba \"nau\u010dit\" sledovat sv\u016fj \u010das. Ti, kdo tuto tezi podporovali, uv\u00e1d\u011bli jako p\u0159\u00edklady mobiln\u00ed telefony a elektronick\u00e9 n\u00e1st\u011bnky. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 za\u010d\u00ednala rozv\u00edjet mobiln\u00ed telefonie, a minutov\u00e1 tariface neodrazovala u\u017eivatele. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee jedna podnikav\u00e1 firma, nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed slu\u017eby elektronick\u00fdch n\u00e1st\u011bnek (bulletin board, BBS) \u2014 AOL, dokonce vyrostla d\u00edky takov\u00e9 tarifaci. Dr\u017eitel\u00e9 tohoto n\u00e1zoru prohl\u00e1sili, \u017ee platba za objem vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch slu\u017eeb bude v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e1 a vyzvali k prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 l\u00e9pe vyhov\u00ed obvykl\u00e9mu modelu surfov\u00e1n\u00ed technicky nezku\u0161en\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nTo vedlo k pom\u011brn\u011b smutn\u00e9mu stavu v\u011bc\u00ed a nebylo zcela jasn\u00e9, kter\u00fd model p\u0159inese v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zisk. Strana, kter\u00e1 tento gordick\u00fd uzel p\u0159etrhla, zm\u011bnila v\u0161e. Ironi\u00ed osudu to byla AT&T.<\/p>\n

\"P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh
\nJedna ze star\u00fdch reklam AT&T WorldNet \u2014 prvn\u00edho internetov\u00e9ho poskytovatele, kter\u00fd nab\u00eddl neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup za fixn\u00ed cenu. (Po\u0159izeno z Newspapers.com<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Jak AT&T prom\u011bnila neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup v de facto standard pro mainstreamov\u00fd internet<\/h3>\n

\nZn\u00e1mo je, \u017ee AT&T obvykle nebyla t\u00edm, kdo by boural bari\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n

Sp\u00ed\u0161e m\u011bla tendenci udr\u017eovat status quo. Sta\u010d\u00ed se pouze pod\u00edvat na historii syst\u00e9mu TTY, ve kter\u00e9 hluchon\u011bm\u00ed hacke\u0159i<\/a><\/noindex>, sna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se naj\u00edt zp\u016fsob, jak komunikovat s p\u0159\u00e1teli, v podstat\u011b vynalezli akustick\u00fd p\u0159evodn\u00edk (gadgets, do kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017eete doslova polo\u017eit telefon na mikrofon a reproduktor), abyste obe\u0161li omezen\u00ed \"Maminka Bell\", kter\u00e1 nedovolovala t\u0159et\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm p\u0159ipojit se k jej\u00edm telefonn\u00edm link\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Ale na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1996, kdy AT&T spustila slu\u017ebu WorldNet, se mnoh\u00e9 zm\u011bnilo. Telefonn\u00ed konektor RJ11, kter\u00fd byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n prakticky ve v\u0161ech modemech za\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let, vznikl v d\u016fsledku soudn\u00edho rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zak\u00e1zalo AT&T omezovat pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ciz\u00ed periferie. D\u00edky tomu se objevily odpov\u00edda\u010de, bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 telefony a\u2026 modemy.<\/p>\n

Do roku 1996 se spole\u010dnost ocitla v podivn\u00e9 situaci, kdy\u017e se stala poru\u0161ovatelem pravidel mlad\u00e9ho internetov\u00e9ho odv\u011btv\u00ed. Byla dost velk\u00e1 na to, aby se lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nikdy nevyu\u017eili slu\u017eby poskytovatel\u016f, rozhodli je kone\u010dn\u011b vyzkou\u0161et, a d\u00edky zvolen\u00ed fixovan\u00e9ho poplatku mohla p\u0159il\u00e1kat aktivn\u00ed u\u017eivatele \u2014 19,95 dolaru za neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, pokud jste m\u011bli zapnutou slu\u017ebu mezim\u011bstsk\u00fdch hovor\u016f spole\u010dnosti, a 24,95 dolaru, pokud ne. Aby bylo toto nab\u00eddku atraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, spole\u010dnost nab\u00eddla u\u017eivatel\u016fm p\u011bt hodin zdarma<\/a><\/noindex> internetov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho roku pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. (Je tak\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee nab\u00edzela rychlosti 28,8 kb\/s \u2014 co\u017e bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00e9.)<\/p>\n

Podle Greinstaina byla probl\u00e9mem s\u00e1zka na roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. D\u00edky tak n\u00edzk\u00e9 cen\u011b za internetov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup spole\u010dnost v podstat\u011b doufala ve p\u0159ipojen\u00ed des\u00edtek milion\u016f lid\u00ed k WorldNet \u2014 a pokud toho nebyla schopna zaru\u010dit, nic se nepoda\u0159\u00ed. \u201eAT&T na sebe vzala promy\u0161len\u00e9 rizika t\u00edm, \u017ee zvolila model slu\u017eeb, kter\u00fd nemohl b\u00fdt ziskov\u00fd, pokud by nebyl \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech USA.\u201c<\/p>\n

AT&T nebyla prvn\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed s pevnou platbou \u2014 osobn\u011b jsem vyu\u017e\u00edval slu\u017eeb internetov\u00e9ho poskytovatele, kter\u00fd nab\u00edzel neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159es dial-up je\u0161t\u011b v roce 1994. Musel jsem to vyzkou\u0161et, proto\u017ee m\u016fj nadm\u011brn\u00fd entuziasmus v mezim\u011bstsk\u00fdch hovorech na BBS se nakonec projevil na telefonn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dtech m\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f. Ale AT&T byla tak velk\u00e1, \u017ee mohla zvl\u00e1dnout spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00edho poskytovatele internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb s fixn\u00edm poplatkem, kter\u00fd by nezat\u00ed\u017eil jej\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed konkurent.<\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku New York Times<\/em> slavn\u00e9ho technick\u00e9ho autora Johna Markoffa<\/a><\/noindex> uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku cht\u011bla AT&T vybudovat vlastn\u00ed \"uzav\u0159enou zahradu\", jak to ud\u011blala AOL nebo Microsoft se svou MSN. Ale kolem roku 1995 se spole\u010dnost rozhodla jednodu\u0161e poskytnout lidem trubku do internetu s vyu\u017eit\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00fdch standard\u016f.<\/p>\n

Markoff psal: \u201ePokud AT&T vybuduje atraktivn\u00ed a cenov\u011b dostupn\u00fd port\u00e1l do internetu, n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edci? A pokud ano, z\u016fstane n\u011bco v telekomunika\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu nezm\u011bn\u011bno?\u201c<\/p>\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, odpov\u011b\u010f na druhou ot\u00e1zku byla z\u00e1porn\u00e1. Ale nejen d\u00edky AT&T, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016f, rozhoduj\u00edc se \u00fa\u010dtovat pevn\u00fd poplatek za neomezen\u00fd internet. Ve skute\u010dnosti tato oblast trvale zm\u011bnila reakci<\/em> na vstup AT&T na trh, kter\u00fd nastavil nov\u00fd standard internetov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu.<\/p>\n

\u00darove\u0148 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vzrostla. Nyn\u00ed, aby nez\u016fstali pozadu, musel ka\u017ed\u00fd poskytovatel v zemi nab\u00eddnout slu\u017eby neomezen\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed cen\u011b WorldNet.<\/p>\n

Jak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Grin\u0161tajn ve sv\u00e9 knize<\/a><\/noindex>, m\u011blo to devastuj\u00edc\u00ed dopad na st\u00e1le mlad\u00fd obor internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb: AOL a MSN se staly jedin\u00fdmi dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami, kter\u00e9 mohly stanovit takovou cenu. (Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je, \u017ee CompuServe reagovalo spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby Sprynet<\/a><\/noindex> za stejnou pevnou cenu 19,95 dolaru, jako m\u00e1 WorldNet.) Ale AT&T roz\u010dililo dokonce i \"d\u011bti Bell\"<\/a><\/noindex>: p\u0159ed asi deseti lety Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed komise p\u0159ijala rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enilo p\u0159enosov\u00fdm link\u00e1m spole\u010dnosti nedodr\u017eovat pravidla cenotvorby platn\u00e1 pro m\u00edstn\u00ed hlasov\u00e9 hovory.<\/p>\n

AOL, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla velk\u00fd podnik na obsahu, jen\u017e existoval v jej\u00edm vlastn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, se p\u016fvodn\u011b sna\u017eila hr\u00e1t na ob\u011b strany, nab\u00eddnuv\u0161\u00ed levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi<\/a><\/noindex> sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby, kter\u00e1 fungovala nad p\u0159ipojen\u00edm AT&T.<\/p>\n

Ale brzy se i ona musela sm\u00ed\u0159it s nov\u00fdm standardem \u2014 po\u017eadavkem na pevn\u00e9 platby za internetov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup po dial-upu. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed v\u0161ak p\u0159ineslo celou \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

60.3%<\/h3>\n

\nTakov\u00e1 byla \u00farove\u0148 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed hovor\u016f AOL<\/strong> podle v\u00fdzkumu na ja\u0159e 1997<\/a><\/noindex>, proveden\u00e9ho firmou Inverse, kter\u00e1 analyzuje internet. Tato hodnota byla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvakr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u druh\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti na seznamu podobn\u011b ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch, co\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bylo v\u00fdsledkem \u0161patn\u00e9 optimalizace s\u00edt\u011b dial-up za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed: \u00farove\u0148 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed CompuServe (kter\u00e1 se v pr\u016fzkumu uk\u00e1zala jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost) \u010dinila 6,5 procenta.<\/p>\n

\"P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh
\nModem na 28,8 kilobit\u016f, vysoce cen\u011bn\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00edmi u\u017eivateli internetu v polovin\u011b 90. let. (Les Orchard\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Zkrocen\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f \"obsazeno\": pro\u010d se pokusy o p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k internetu v roce 1997 staly takov\u00fdm no\u010dn\u00edm m\u016frou<\/h3>\n

\nV posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika t\u00fddnech \u010dasto sl\u00fdch\u00e1m jednu ot\u00e1zku \u2014 zvl\u00e1dne internet zv\u00fd\u0161enou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e? Stejnou ot\u00e1zku si kladli na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1997, kdy st\u00e1le v\u00edce lid\u00ed za\u010dalo tr\u00e1vit hodiny online.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee odpov\u011b\u010f byla z\u00e1porn\u00e1, a to ne proto, \u017ee by vzrostl\u00fd z\u00e1jem zt\u011b\u017eoval p\u0159\u00edstup na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. Obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bylo z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edstup k telefonn\u00edm link\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

(N\u011bkter\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky podstoupily stresov\u00fd test kv\u016fli tragick\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001, kdy internet za\u010dal trp\u011bt pod tlakem<\/a><\/noindex> vzhledem k z\u00e1jmu o d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, jako\u017e i kv\u016fli zni\u010den\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti infrastruktury jednoho z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst sv\u011bta.)<\/p>\n

Infrastruktura AOL, kter\u00e1 u\u017e byla ve stresu kv\u016fli popularit\u011b slu\u017eby, prost\u011b nebyla p\u0159ipravena na dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e. V lednu 1997, m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e m\u011bs\u00edc po zaveden\u00ed neomezen\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, za\u010dali pr\u00e1vn\u00edci po cel\u00e9 zemi vyv\u00edjet na spole\u010dnost tlak. AOL byla nucena sl\u00edbit klient\u016fm vr\u00e1cen\u00ed pen\u011bz a omezit rozsah reklamy, dokud nebude moci vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m s infrastrukturou.<\/p>\n

Podle informac\u00ed The Baltimore Sun<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, AOL p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b zdvojn\u00e1sobila po\u010det modem\u016f dostupn\u00fdch pro p\u0159edplatitele, ale pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo pou\u017e\u00edval telefonn\u00ed syst\u00e9m k p\u0159\u00edstupu k datov\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b a dost\u00e1val sign\u00e1l \"obsazeno\", bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee probl\u00e9m je v\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: telefonn\u00ed syst\u00e9m na to nebyl p\u0159ipraven a to se st\u00e1valo zcela z\u0159ejm\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku Sun<\/em> bylo \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee struktura telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b nen\u00ed ur\u010dena pro nonstop vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed linek, k \u010demu\u017e nab\u00e1daly dial-up modemy. A takov\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e na telefonn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 p\u0159im\u011bla \"Bellova d\u00edt\u011bte\" pokusit se (ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b) zav\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edplatek za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed komise pro komunikaci (FCC) to neuspokojilo, a tak jedin\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm t\u00e9to z\u00e1cpy byla nov\u00e1 technologie, kter\u00e1 \u010dasem tyto telefonn\u00ed linky obsadila.<\/p>\n

\"Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 telefonn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, proto\u017ee u\u017e existuj\u00ed,\" psal autor Michael J. Horowitz. \"Jsou pomal\u00e9 a nespolehliv\u00e9 p\u0159i p\u0159enosu dat, a neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 neodstraniteln\u00e9 d\u016fvody, pro\u010d by pot\u0159eby internetov\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f m\u011bly b\u00fdt v rozporu s z\u00e1jmy t\u011bch, kdo prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed hlasov\u00e9 hovory.\"<\/p>\n

\r\n \"P\u0159ehr\u00e1t\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nTo znamenalo, \u017ee jsme museli po dobu minim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolika let pou\u017e\u00edvat zcela nestabiln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd m\u011bl negativn\u00ed dopad nejen na u\u017eivatele AOL, ale i na v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed. Nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, zda byl Todd Rundgren, autor zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b o hn\u011bvu a frustraci \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00e9mu se nepoda\u0159ilo p\u0159ipojit k internetov\u00e9mu poskytovateli, u\u017eivatelem AOL nebo jin\u00e9ho slu\u017eby:Nesn\u00e1\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e9ho zatracen\u00e9ho poskytovatele<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Podle Greenspunova n\u00e1zoru se poskytovatel\u00e9 sna\u017eili vymyslet alternativn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed modely, aby povzbudili u\u017eivatele k m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dast\u00e9mu p\u0159ipojov\u00e1n\u00ed k internetu, zkou\u0161eli \u00fa\u010dtovat ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed poplatky nebo tla\u010dili obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 agresivn\u00ed u\u017eivatele k v\u00fdb\u011bru jin\u00e9ho poskytovatele odep\u0159en\u00edm bezlimitn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu. Po otev\u0159en\u00ed Pando\u0159iny sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ky v\u0161ak bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee bezlimitn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup se ji\u017e stal standardem.<\/p>\n

\"Jakmile se trh jako celek p\u0159eorientoval na tento model, poskytovatel\u00e9 nemohli naj\u00edt velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed milovn\u00edk\u016f jeho alternativ,\" p\u00ed\u0161e Greenspun. \"S\u00edly konkurence se zam\u011b\u0159ily na preference u\u017eivatel\u016f - bezlimitn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup.\"<\/p>\n

WorldNet spole\u010dnosti AT&T tak\u00e9 nem\u011bla imunitu v\u016f\u010di probl\u00e9m\u016fm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm bezlimitn\u00edm internetov\u00fdm servisem. Do b\u0159ezna 1998, pouh\u00e9 dva roky po spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed slu\u017eby, spole\u010dnost ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee bude \u00fa\u010dtovat u\u017eivatel\u016fm 99 cent\u016f za hodinu<\/a><\/noindex> za ka\u017edou hodinu pou\u017eit\u00e9 nad m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed limit 150 hodin. 150 hodin je st\u00e1le pom\u011brn\u011b rozumn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, co\u017e vych\u00e1z\u00ed na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u011bt hodin denn\u011b. Tyto hodiny byste mohli vy\u010derpat, pokud m\u00edsto sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \"P\u0159\u00e1tel\"<\/em> budete tr\u00e1vit v\u0161echny ve\u010dery na internetu, ale je to rozhodn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e sliby \u201ebezlimitn\u00edho\u201c internetu.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o AOL, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee se dostala k nejlep\u0161\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v t\u00e9to nepohodln\u00e9 konkuren\u010dn\u00ed situaci: utrac\u00edce stovky milion\u016f dolar\u016f za modernizaci sv\u00e9 architektury, spole\u010dnost v roce 1997 koupila CompuServe<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vlastn\u011b jedn\u00edm tahem zdvojn\u00e1sobila objem sv\u00fdch dial-up slu\u017eeb. Podle Greenspunov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f ve stejnou dobu spole\u010dnost prodala sv\u00e9 dial-up za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a p\u0159edala je dodavatel\u016fm, aby se sign\u00e1ly \u201eobsazeno\u201c staly n\u011b\u010d\u00ed ciz\u00ed probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Pokud nad t\u00edm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edte, bylo to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 geni\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dnes se to zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt o\u010dividn\u00e9<\/strong>, \u017ee jsme byli odsouzeni n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem z\u00edskat neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k internetu.<\/p>\n

Nakonec si lze p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee studenty vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol, jejich\u017e koleje m\u011bly linky T1, velmi frustrovaly technologie mimo jejich kampusy. Nerovnost byla tak z\u0159ejm\u00e1, \u017ee nemohla z\u016fstat v\u011b\u010dn\u011b. Abychom byli produktivn\u00edmi \u010dleny spole\u010dnosti, pot\u0159ebujeme neomezen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup po t\u011bchto dr\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n

(Pamatujte na m\u00e1 slova: je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee slu\u0161n\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed studovali na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v 90. letech a na za\u010d\u00e1tku 2000, prodlou\u017eilo sv\u016fj pobyt na \u0161kol\u00e1ch jen proto, \u017ee pot\u0159ebovali p\u0159\u00edstup k tehdy vz\u00e1cn\u00e9mu high-speed internetu. Z\u00edskat druh\u00fd obor? S radost\u00ed, jen abych m\u011bl dobrou rychlost stahov\u00e1n\u00ed!)<\/p>\n

Internet v kolej\u00edch byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd, ale dial-up modemy z\u0159eteln\u011b nemohly poskytnout takov\u00e9 rychlosti doma. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nedostatky vyt\u00e1\u010den\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu vedly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu k rozvoji pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00ed; DSL (kter\u00fd pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed p\u0159enos dat pou\u017e\u00edval ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed telefonn\u00ed linky) a kabelov\u00fd internet (pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed linky, na jejich\u017e p\u0159ipojen\u00ed tak\u00e9 bylo pot\u0159eba \u010dasu<\/a><\/noindex>) pomohli v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b u\u017eivatel\u016f p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit se k rychlostem internetu, kter\u00e9 byly kdysi dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 pouze na vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdch kampusech.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i psan\u00ed tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku jsem p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel, jak by vypadal sv\u011bt, kdyby se infekce podobn\u00e1 COVID-19 objevila, kdy\u017e jsme hlavn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali dial-up p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, proto\u017ee se zd\u00e1, \u017ee takov\u00e9 nemoci se objevuj\u00ed jednou za sto let. Bylo by pro n\u00e1s tak snadn\u00e9 pracovat na d\u00e1lku jako dnes? Neomezily by sign\u00e1ly \"vy\u010derpan\u00e9\" rozvoj ekonomiky? Kdyby AOL skr\u00fdvala \u010d\u00edsla vyt\u00e1\u010den\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi u\u017eivateli, jak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, vedlo by to k nepokoj\u016fm?<\/p>\n

Dok\u00e1zali bychom v\u016fbec objedn\u00e1vat zbo\u017e\u00ed dom\u016f?<\/p>\n

Nem\u00e1m odpov\u011bdi na tyto ot\u00e1zky, ale v\u00edm, \u017ee pokud mluv\u00edme o internetu, z hlediska komunikace, kdybychom museli z\u016fstat doma, je dnes nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010das.<\/p>\n

Nemohu si p\u0159edstavit, co by se stalo, kdyby sign\u00e1l \"vy\u010derpan\u00e9\" p\u0159id\u00e1val k ve\u0161ker\u00e9mu tomu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed c\u00edt\u00edme b\u011bhem karant\u00e9ny.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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